• You are now your own country so you need a few things (make sure to write this on a piece of paper):– Name your country• Design a flag

– System of government: • Chose between a monarchy, an absolute monarchy, a

democracy, or an anarchy but the most important thing is why?

– A way to choose your leaders • Is it passed down? Do you vote? Something else?

– How do you defend yourselves?

The Enlightenment

The Social Contract Theory• Thomas Hobbes– Not as negative as everyone says, he’s more of a realist – He believed that there would be “war…of every man against

every man”– The phrase life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” is one

of his most famous quotes– He argued in his book the Leviathan (1651) that in order to

escape the life that existed, me had to give up their rights to one strong ruler• This was called the Social Contract, we saw it as the Commonwealth• He wanted an absolute monarchy because he felt that was the best way

to avoid unnecessary war since the monarch (king) would have complete control over the people he was governing– This kept them from fighting amongst themselves, something that Hobbes said

men did because they were too selfish to work for the betterment of society

John Locke• Much more of an idealist • Believed people were able to improve themselves and learn from experience• A key difference between Locke and Hobbes was how they felt men thought

– Hobbes looked at men as intelligent animals that never really lost their need to compete and provide only for oneself

– Locke felt men were reasonable and able to govern themselves while thinking about what was the best for society

• Locke hated absolute monarchies and championed the idea that men should be allowed to govern themselves

• He believed that all men had inalienable, or natural, rights:– Life, liberty, and property– The purpose of gov’t is simply to protect these rights– If the gov’t fails to protect the rights, men have the right to overthrow the gov’t

because its not working anymore • The key to all Locke’s ideas uses the Social Contract in a different way because

he said, men have the right to rebel because they give the gov’t the right to exist in the first place so they can also disband if its not protecting them

The Philosophes and Reason• Philosophes were philosophers who focused on social

critiques – They believed in using reason in all aspects of life, including

government– They had five concepts that formed the core of their belief:

• Reason – truth discovered through reason or logical thinking• Nature – what was natural was good and reasonable• Happiness – believed that men should find fulfillment on earth

(easy to say when you are the wealthy but whatever)• Progress – stressed that society and humans could improve• Liberty – This tends to be more strictly French but the French

philosophes wanted the same rights the English people had won in the Glorious Revolution

Voltaire• Born Francois-Marie Arouet, he would become on of the most influential

writers in the Enlightenment• He wrote in satire (a lot like Erasmus) and would go after the clergy, the

Church, the state, pretty much anyone in the establishment – he had a problem with authority

• He wrote extensively including writing plays, poetry, historical works, and philosophical works but he did it all to further his fight to say what he wanted – This would become the idea of free speech when it made it to America but Voltaire

never expressly named it that• He went to jail (the Bastille in France) twice and was exiled twice

– The second time he was sent to England for three years until he moved back to Paris only to insult someone else and be run out again

– He still lived outside of Paris for 15 years before he was eventually granted reentry • He died in 1778• One of his most famous quotes is, “I do not agree with a word you say but I

will defend to the death your right to say it.”

• What kind of rights would the people of your country have?– You don’t have to model this on the United States

either, use your own experiences – Are there certain things you think people should be

allowed to do and aren’t? – Are there things that you think people should not be

allowed to do and are?

Baron de Montesquieu• This guy was interested in quite a lot of stuff– He studied law at the University of Bordeaux and when he

uncle died and he was left the title of Baron de Montesquieu he settled down to study:• Roman Law (which is really dense by the way)• Geology (yay rocks!)• Biology (yay living things!)• Physics (yay stars and laws!)

– Then he decided he really wanted to be a writer so he attempted to enter the academie francaise and he was elected there in 1728• From here he traveled to England on multiple occasions and met

many people there, he made so many acquaintances that he became a member of the Royal Society

Montesquieu con’t• He wrote mostly about law and how law should

govern a country– He felt Britain was the best governed country of the day

and also believed they were the most politically balanced – In his model:

• The king and his ministers held executive power to carry out the laws of the state

• The judges interpreted the law, judicial power• Parliament held legislative power because they were the ones

who were making the laws

– We see this today as the separation of powers, this came out of his most famous book, On the Spirit of Laws (1748)

• Take few minutes to modify your country now…if you wish– You don’t have to change it at all if you don’t want

to

• Committed to individual freedom• Believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural

goodness– “Man is born free and everywhere else, he’s in chains.”

• Wanted a direct democracy, which he explained in his book The Social Contract (1762)– Controlled completely by the people directly and guided by

what he called the “general will” of society– He said, much like Hobbes and Locke, that some rights had to

be given up in order to make this work but he varied in that:• Hobbes said the Social Contract was between the society and the

gov’t• Locke wanted a much more narrow democracy that what Rousseau

wanted

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Believed that law existed to preserve social order, not avenge crimes

• Criticized ideas of what he considered common abuses of justice– This included torture (of suspects), irregular proceedings in trials,

and cruel punishments– Said a person accused of a crime should have a speedy trial (because

they would hold them in prison and that sucked really bad) and torture never be used (because it never got any accurate results)

– Also believed that the degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime

– Believed capital punishment should be abolished• Gov’ts should seek the greatest good for greatest number of

people

Cesare Beccaria

• Someone in your country just broke the law, what do you do with them?– What was the offense?– Now, how do you deal with it?

Women in the Enlightenment• Mary Astell– She was taught at home by her uncle who would die when

she was 13 • She continued to read more subjects including philosophy and

political debates• She was mostly self educated but was able to exist in well-known

and educated circles, including the London aristocracy• Astell realized that women could be intellectual and had ideas to

offer to the Enlightenment and she pushed for that

– A Serious Proposal to the Ladies • This addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women • “If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it

to be so in a family?...If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Mary Wollstonecraft• Wollstonecraft built on the ideas of Astell• She was raised by an abusive father and so at 21 she left

home to make a living as a writer– She worked as a teacher and then became a governess for

wealthy family in Ireland– From here she found herself working as a translator and advisor

to Joseph Johnson (a publisher of radical texts) and this is where she got the experience and platform to write her most famous work

• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)– She took on Rousseau directly, arguing that women should be

educated like men because it made women useful and virtuous – And more controversially, argued that women should enter

male-dominated fields like medicine and politics

• What role will women have in your country?– Will they have a role? Why?

• What role will men play?

Yes this is something that people had (and still have) to think about

Legacy of the Enlightenment• What you guys just did is a legacy of the Enlightenment• The importance of progress

– This era is providing answers to old questions as well as creating new questions that needed answers

– That is considered a good thing by the period (at least the wealthiest people)

• A wider focus on the secular– Thinkers are beginning to question the way governments have been run

for a long time– Coming up with new ways to construct society and the laws that govern it

• The importance of the individual– There was an increased stress on what the person could do and should be

expected to do– Stressing education and the importance of people in governmental

decisions are good examples of this