Yield-scaled N2O emissions in pastures:effect of earthworms and fertilizer additon
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Transcript of Yield-scaled N2O emissions in pastures:effect of earthworms and fertilizer additon
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Yield-scaled N2O emissions in pastures: effect of earthworm (EW) activity and
fertilizer (F) addition Sebastian Yanore MSc. Thesis, end colloquium 29-03-2016
Supervisors: Ingrid Lubbers, Jan Willem van Groenigen
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N2O emissions
Potent greenhouse gas Ozone depleting substance 70% emitted from agricultural activities (UNEP,
2013) 21% of agricultural lands in Europe is used for
grassland production 18% of N2O emissions in Europe comes from
pasture lands
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NO3- N2NO2
- NO
NH3 NH4+ NH2OH NO2
- NO3-Nitrification
Denitrification
(Nitrifier Denitrification)
N2O
N2O
(Wrage et al.,2004)
How is N2O formed in soil?
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Oxygen
Soil structure
N2OSubstrateAvailabilit
y(N,C)
Soil mesofaun
aeg EW
Moisture content
(Porre et al., 2015)
Factors controlling N2O formation in soil?
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• It describes the N2O efficiency of a cropping system
Yield-scaled N2O emissions
(Van Groenigen et al., 2010)
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What is known?
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What is known?
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What is known?
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What is known?
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What is known?
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How EW increase N2O emissions
How EW increase crop production
What is known?
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How EW activity affects the amount of N2O emitted per unit dry matter of a pasture system
How EW density affects yield-scaled N2O emissions of different pasture systems
How fertilizer addition changes the effect of EW on the amount of N2O emissions per unit dry matter of a pasture system
What is not known?
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H1: EW presence increases yield-scaled N2O emission of clover, has no effect on yield-scaled N2O emission of grass, and increases slightly the yield-scaled N2O of the mixed pasture
Hypotheses
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Yield
Yield
N2O
Grass, YSE =
Mixture, YSE=
Clover, YSE=
YSE =
H2: Higher EW density increases crop yield, but does not affect N2O emissions, and thus lower yield-scaled N2O emissions for the three different pastures in an order grass-mixture-clover
Hypotheses
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H3: Addition of fertilizer increases the effects of EW on yield-scaled N2O emissions of all three pastures
Hypotheses
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Experiment
60 days greenhouse experiment Intact soil columns Steam sterilized once at 700C for 3.5
hrs Normal EW density: 175 individuals
m-2
High EW density: 350 individuals m-2
(Didden,2010)
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Experiment Fertilization: Mixture of farm yard
manure and composted fodder at ~25 kg N kg ha-1 yr-1
Trifolium repens (clover) at 6 kg ha-1
Lolium perenne (grass) at 45 kg ha-1
Clover-grass mixture at 3 and 23 kg ha-1 Starter gift: cow manure grains at 45 kg
N kg ha-1 yr-1
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TreatmentsTreatment code
EW additions
Fertilization
Replicates
Control No No 5EN Normal No 5EH High No 5F No Yes 5FEN Normal Yes 5
In total: 5 treatments × 3 plant community × 5 reps = 75 columns Completely randomised into 5 blocks
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N2O fluxes 25 times in 60 days Biomass harvest
Three cuts Moisture content with TDR Soil sampling with auger Destructive sampling: EW, soil
samples
Measurements
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Clover Grass Mixture0
5
10
15
20
25
Cum
ulat
ive
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
(m
g N
2O-N
m
-2)
a
b
a
Results: cumulative N2O emission of pasture systems
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Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Clover Grass Mixture
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Cum
ulat
ive
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
(m
g N
2O-
N m
-2)
Treatments effect on cumulative N2O emission
Results
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Clover Grass Mixture0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Yiel
d (g
m-2
) a
b b
Yield(DM) of pasture systems
Results
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Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Clover Grass Mixture
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Yiel
d (g
m-2
)Treatments effect on yield(DM)
Results
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Clover Grass Mixture0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Yiel
d-sc
aled
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
s (m
g N
2O-N
g-
1)
a a
b
Yield-scaled N2O emission
Results
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Treatments effect on yield-scaled N2O emission
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Cont
rol
EH EN
F
FEN
Clover Grass Mixture
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Yiel
d-sc
aled
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
s (
mg
N2O
-N g
-1)
Results
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R = +0.64, P < 0.001
Results
Water filled pore space (%WFPS)
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R = -0.79P < 0.001
Results
Water filled pore space (%WFPS)
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R = + 0.67 P < 0.001
Results
Water filled pore space (%WFPS)
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H1: EW presence increases yield–scaled N2O emission of clover, has no effect on yield–scaled N2O emission of grass, and increases slightly the yield-scaled N2O emission of the mixed pasture
Borten et.al., 2000, Rizhiya et.al., 2007
✓✗✗
Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Clover Grass Mixture
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Yiel
d-sc
aled
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
s (m
g N
2O-N
g-1
)
Results and discussion
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Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Cont
rol
EH ENF
FEN
Clover Grass Mixture
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Yiel
d-sc
aled
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
s (m
g N
2O-N
g-1
)✗ H2: Higher EW density
increases crop yield, but does not affect N2O emissions, and thus lower yield-scaled N2O emissions for the three different pastures in an order grass-mixture-clover
Results and discussion
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H3: Addition of fertilizer increases the effects of EW on yield-scaled N2O emissions of all three pastures
~25 kg N kg ha-1 yr-1
✗Co
ntro
lEH EN
FFE
NCo
ntro
lEH EN
FFE
NCo
ntro
lEH EN
FFE
N
Clover Grass Mixture
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Yiel
d-sc
aled
N2O
-N e
mis
sion
s (m
g N
2O-N
g-1
)
Results and discussion
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As simulated rainfall was constant for all treatments and clover establishment was slow due to sterilization-induced growth inhibition, %WFPS was significantly higher in the clover monocultures
We conclude that neither earthworm activity nor composted manure addition nor their interaction were determinants of yield-scaled N2O emission
Instead, in our experiment increased %WFPS was the driving factor for yield-scaled N2O emissions
Conclusions
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A long(er) duration in the field At least one month after sterilization before
seeding Establishment of clover before grass in the a
mixed pasture system
Research recommendations
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My supervisors: Ingrid Lubbers and Jan Willem van Groenigen
Gerlinde De Deyn CBLB André Maassen and John van
der Lippe
Acknowledgements
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Thank You!