YIELD OF SUMMER MUNGBEAN AS INFLUENCED BY BIOFERTILIZER …

YIELD OF SUMMER MUNGBEAN AS INFLUENCED BY

BIOFERTILIZER AND PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER

A THESIS

BY

MONOARA AKTER

Examination Roll No. 10 Ag. Agron. JD 03 M

Registration No. 32235

Session: 2005-2006

Semester: July–December 2011

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.)

IN

AGRONOMY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER 2011



A THESIS

BY

MONOARA AKTER



Session: 2005-2006


Submitted to the Department of Agronomy

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.)

IN

AGRONOMY



MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER 2011



A THESIS

BY

MONOARA AKTER



Session: 2005-2006


Approved as to style and contents by

.…………………………………………….

Professor Dr. Md. Abdul Kader

Supervisor

……………………………………………

Professor Dr. Muhammad Salim

Co-supervisor

………………………………………………

Professor Dr. Muhammad Salim

Chairman

Examination Committee and

Head

Examination Committee



MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises are due to Almighty “Allah” the Creator, the Sustainer, Who has blessed the

author with life and enabled her to complete the research work and dissertation soundly.

The author expresses her heartiest gratitude, sincere appreciation and indebtedness to her

revered Research Supervisor. Dr. Md. Abdul Kader, Professor, Department of

Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh for his constant

supervision, valuable guidance, helpful advice, constructive criticism and unwriting help

during the whole study period.

The author deems it a proud privilege to express her deep sense of gratitude and sincere

appreciation to her Co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Salim, Professor and Head,

Department of Agronomy, BAU, Mymensingh for his valuable advice, constructive

criticism and factual comments in upgrading the quality of the research work and in the

preparation of this manuscript.

The author would desire to express her special thanks to all of her friends and well

wishers, office and field staff of Department of Agronomy, BAU, Mymensingh for their

cooperation in field and laboratory work of the research.

The author acknowledges with great regards and pleasure, her deepest sense of gratitude

and thanks to her beloved parents, brother, sister and relatives who scarified a lot during

her studies and were the constant source of inspiration.

The author

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory,

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from March to June 2011

to study the effects of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on yield of

summer mungbean (Vigna radiata) cv. Bina Mung-8. The experiment

comprised 5 levels of biofertilizer viz. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

and

four levels of phosphatic fertilizer viz. 25, 50, 75, 100 kg P ha-1

. The

experiment was laid out in randomized complet block design with three

replications. The results indicate that yield and plant characters such as plant

height, number of branches plant-1

, number of pods plant-1

, mature pods plant-

1, immeature pods plant

-1, pod length, number of seeds pod

-1, seed weight

plant-1

, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and

harvest index of summer mungbean were significantly influenced by the

application of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer. The highest seed yield

(1.96 t ha-1

) was obtained from the application of 3kg biofertilizer ha-1

followed by 4kg ha-1

(1.93 t ha-1

, 2kg ha-1

1.90 t ha-1

) and 1 kg ha-1

(1.74 t ha-

1) while the lowest seed yield (1.54 t ha

-1) was obtained from the control plot.

Number of immature pods plant-1

was found significantly highest from the

control plot. The application of phosphatic fertilizer exerted partial effect on

all the plant characters and yield. The highest seed yield (2.09 t ha-1

) was

obtained from the application 100kg P ha-1

whereas the lowest seed yield

(1.50 t ha-1

) was obtained from that of 25kg ha-1

. The highest number of

branches plant-1


, pod length, seed yield, stover yield,

biological yield and harvest index were obtained from the interaction of 4 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

×100 kg P ha-1

. The highest seed yield (2.34 t ha-1

) was

obtained from 3kg biofertilizer ha-1

. Therefore, to obtain the highest seed

yield of summer mungbean the crop should be fertilized with 3 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

in combination with 100 kg P ha-1

.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES xii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

2.1 Effect of biofertilizer 4

2.2 Effect of phosphorus 15

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23

3.1 Plant material 23

3.2 Bina Mung-8 23

3.3 Description of the Experiment site 23

3.3.1 Location and site 23

3.3.2 Soil 24

3.3.3 Climate and weather 24

3.4 Experimental treatments 24

3.5 Collection of Bradyrhizobium

inoculum as biofertilizer

25

3.6 Land preparation 25

3.7 Experimental design and layout 25

3.8 Fertilizer application 26

3.9 Seed inoculation 26

3.9 The sowing of seeds 26

3.10 Intercultural operation 26

CONTENTS


3.10.1 Weeding and thinning 26

3.10.2 Irrigation and drainage 26

3.10.3 Insect and pest control 27

3.11 Determination of maturity 27

3.12 Harvesting and sampling 27

3.13 Threshing 27

3.14 Drying, cleaning and weighing 27

3.15 The recording of data 28

3.16 Outline of data recording 28

3.17 Data analysis technique 30

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

4.1 Plant characters and yield of

mungbean (cv. Bina mung-8) as

influenced by the application of

biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer

31

4.1.1 Effect of biofertilizer 31

4.1.1 Plant height 31

4.1.2 Dry weight plant-1

31

4.1.3 Number of branches plant-1

32

4.1.4 Number of pods plant-1

32

4.1.5 Number of mature pods plant-1

32

4.1.6 Number of immature pods plant-1

32

4.1.7 Pod length 33

4.1.8 Number of seeds pod-1

33

CONTENTS


4.1.9 Seed weight plant-1

33

4.1.10 1000- seed weight (g) 33

4.1.11 Seed yield (t ha-1

) 34

4.1.12 Stover yield (t ha-1

) 34

4.1.13 Biological yield 34

4.1.14 Harvest index (%) 34

4.2 Effect of phosphatic fertilizer 35



35


35


37


37


37

4.2.7 Pod length 37


37


38

4.2.10 1000- seed weight (g) 38


) 38


) 38


4.2.14 Harvest index 39

4.3 Interaction effect 39


CONTENTS



39


41


41


41

4.3.6 Number of immature pods plant-1 41

4.3.7 Pod length 42


42


42

4.3.10 1000- seed weight 42

4.3.11 Seed yield 42

4.3.12 Stover yield 43


4.3.14 Harvest index (%) 43

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 53

REFERENCES 56

APPENDICES 68

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Effect of biofertilizer on yield and plant

characters of summer mungbean

36

2. Effect of different levels of phosphorus on yield

and plant characters of summer mungbean

40

3. Interaction effect of different levels of Biofertilizer and

phosphatic fertilizer on yield and plant characters of summer

mungbean

44

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Effect of different levels of biofertilizer on number

of branches plant-1

of summer mungbean

45

2. Effect of different levels of biofertilizer on pods

plant-1

of summer mungbean

46

3. Effect of different levels of biofertilizer on seed

yield (t ha-1

) of summer mungbean

47

4. Effect of different levels of biofertilizer on stover

yield (t ha-1


48

5. Effect of different levels of phosphatic fertilizer on

number of branches plant-1

of summer mungbean

49


number of pod plant-1

of summer mungbean

50


seed yield (t ha-1


51


stover yield (t ha-1


52

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

I. Morphological, Physical and Chemical

characteristics of soil samples

68

II. Average monthly air temperature (°C), rainfall

(mm), relative humidity (%) and sunshine (hrs)

during the experimental period between

February20 10 to June 2010 at the Bangladesh

Agricultural University, Mymensingh area,

Mymensingh.

69

III. Analysis of variance for growth and yield

contribution characters of Mungbean

70

IV Effect of biofertilizer on yield and plant

characters of summer mungbean

71

V Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on yield and

plant characters of summer mungbean

72

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Mungbean, Vigna radiata (L) is one of the major pulse crops supplementing

the cereal based diet of the poor in Asia today. Mungbean is high in protein

and easy to digest. Therefore, consumption of mungbean in combination with

cereal can significantly increase the quality of protein in a meal.

Bangladesh grows various types of pulse crops. Among the pulses, mungbean

has special importance in intensive crop production of the country due to its

short growing period. Among the pulse crops in Bangladesh, mungbean ranks

third in acreage and production but ranks first in market price. Mungbean

grains contains 51% carbohydrate, 26% protein, 10% moisture, 4% minerals

and 3% vitamins. The crop is potentially useful in improving cropping pattern

as it can be grown as a catch crop and inter crop due to its rapid growth and

early maturing characteristics. The agro-ecological conditions of Bangladesh

are favourable for growing this crop which can be cultivated both in summer

and winter seasons in the country. Therefore, it can be considered as a unique

pulse crop to be sitted in the traditional cropping pattern during the Kharif-1

season.

Cultivation of mungbean can improve the physical, chemical and biological

properties of soil as well as increase soil fertility status through biological

nitrogen fixation with symbiont Bradyrhizobium from the of atmosphere.

considering the scarcity of nitrogenous fertilizers and its price, the poor

farmers can not afford to buy fertilizers when it is necessary. Now-a-days a

number of organisms like Rhizobium or Bradyrihizobium have been

identified as biological agent for fixing atmospheric nitrogen by symbiosis

process with legume crops and making available to the plants. The

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agricultural (BINA) isolated some

Rhizobium/ Bradyrhizobium strains for some pulse crops as a substitute of

nitrogenous fertilizers. They have already selected some effective Rhizobium

strains, especially for mungbean varieties to reduce the production cost and to

fulfil the demand. More pulse production could be achieved through seed

inoculation with Rhizobium strains which is known to influence nodulation,

nitrogen fixation, growth and yield of pulse.

In Bangladesh inoculation with Rhizobium increased 57% effective nodule,

77% dry matter production, 64% grain yield and 40% hay yield over

uninoculated control in mungbean cultivation (Chanda et al., 1991).

However, few reports have been found on the response Rhizobium inoculum

on summer mungbean cultivars.

To fix nitrogen in soil, an adequate phosphorus supply must be satisfied for

the legumes, other factors being adequate. As mungbean is a legume crop, it

responds well to added phosphorus (Sarker and Banik, 1991). Phosphorus

deficiency causes yield reduction by limiting plant growth. It influences

nutrient uptake by promoting root growth and nodulation (Singh et al., 1999).

Mungbean responds favourably to phosphorus fertilizer (Chovati et al. 1993).

Phosphorus enhance the uptake of nitrogen content in the crop which

increases protein content of mungbean (Soni and Gupta, 1999).

In Bangladesh, many studies have been conducted on nutrient requirements

of mungbean, but a little attention was given to observe the effect of

biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on the yield of summer mungbean.

Considering the above facts and figures the present study was undertaken

with the following objectives:

i) To study the effect of biofertilizer on the yield of summer

mungbean.

ii) To study the effect of phosphatic fertilizer on the yield of summer

mungbean.

iii) To study the interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic

fertilizer on the yield of summer mungbean.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Research on mungbean is being carried out extensively in many countries

including Bangladesh and the South East Asian countries for its improvement

of yield and quality. More recently the Pulse Research Centre at Ishurdi,

under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and Bangladesh

Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) have started research for

improvement of this crop.

The effects of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on the growth and yield

of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) have been reviewed below in this

chapter.

2.1 Effect of biofertilizer

Islam et al. (2006) found that number of effective nodules plant-, number of

noneffective nodules plant-1

and nodule dry weight plant-1

were the highest

due to the application of biofertilizer (Rhizobium).

Ghulam et al. (2006) stated that seed inoculation with biofertilizer and

fertilizer application significantly increased the mungbean yield. Seed

inoculation+22-57kgNP/ha produced higher mung yield (1131.9 kg/ha) with

and increase of 73.98% over control.

Nadeem et al. (2004) found that the number of pod-bearing branches plant-

number of seeds pod-1

, 1000-seed weight and seed yield of mungbean were

significantly affected by seed inoculation.

Vijaypriya et al. (2003) reported from a pot experiment using a clay loam soil

to investigate into the effect of sulphur application and Bradyrhizobium

japonicum inoculation on nodulation, nitrogenase activity and yield of

soybean cv. Col. sulphur was applied at 0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0kg ha-1

through

gypsum or without Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation. There was

gradual increase in nodulation, nitrogenase activity and enhanced biological

nitrogen fixation over uninoculated control.

Sharma (2003) conducted an experiment to know the response of various

isolates of Bradyrhizobium inoculation on protein content and its yield

attributes of green gram and found that highest maximum test weight,

biological yield, seed yield and harvest index were obtained with the

inoculation of the local isolate, followed by Ludhiana and IARI isolates.

Inoculation with all the isolates produced highest yield compared to the

control.

Osunde et al. (2003) tested the response of two mungbean cultivars (TGX-

1456-2E and TGE-1660-19F) to Bradyrhizobium, inoculation in a two year

trails in the farmers fields of Nigeria. Inoculation increased 40% of seed yield

in the first cropping season, while no such yield differences occurred in the

second season. The nitrogen fixation ranged from 27% to 50% in the both

cropping seasons and this was dependent on crop management on the

farmer’s field, rather than any cultivar or inoculation effect.

Mohammad and Hossain (2003) reported that biofertilizer significantly

increased seed germination and decreased incidence of foot and root rot of

mungbean. Treatment of seeds of Binamoog-3 with biofertilizer showed

5.67% increase in germination over control, but incase of Binamoog-4

10.81% increase in germination over control was achieved by treating seeds

with biofertilizer. Biofertilizers resulted 77.79% reduction of foot and root rot

disease incidence over control in Binamoog-3 and 76.78% reduction of foot

and rot disease in Binamoog-4. Seed treatment with biofertilizer also

produced up to 20.83% highest seed yield (t ha-1

) over untreated control in

Binamoog-3.

Solaiman (2002) reported from a field experiment with Bradyrhizobium on

seed inoculation of mungbean and found that seed inoculum significantly

increased the number of nodules, nodule dry weight compared with

uninoculated control.

Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2002) carried out an experiment to study the

effect of inoculation with Rhizobium sp. and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

(PSB) on the nodulation and seed yield of mungbean cv. B-1 at West Bengal,

India and reported that plants inoculated with Rhizobium strains and PSB

showed increased rate of nodulation, N content and seed yield over control.

Sharma and Sharma (2001) reported that crop growth rate, relative growth

rate, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and grain yield were at

maximum when mungbean seeds were treated with the isolate

(Bradyrhizobia).

Roy (2001) reported that. Bradyrhizobium inoculation significantly increased

the number of nodules, nodule dry weight, root and shoot lengths, shoot dry

weight, seed and hay yields compared with uninoculated control in mungbean

cultivars.

Hasnuzzaman (2001) reported that higher number of branching plant-], seeds

pod-1

, 1000-seed weight and harvest index but lower number aborted ovules

pod-1

were obtained from BINAMUNG-2 with inoculation and under lower

population, which ultimately increased seed yield plant-1

.

Bhattacharyya and Pal (2001) conducted a field experiment in West Bengal,

India during the pre-kharif season of 1998 to study the effect of Rhizobium

inoculation on mungbean and reported that inoculation significantly

influenced the number of nodules plant-1

, dry matter accumulation in the

shoot, crop growth rate and plant height.

Kavathiya and Pandey (2000) reported that Bradyrhizobium inoculum

significantly increased the number nodules, nodule dry weight compared

with uninoculated control.

Kavathiya and Pandey (2000) carried out a pot experiment during the

summer season of 1992-93 at College of Agriculture, S.K. Nagar, Gujrat,

India to study the interaction of Macrophomina phaseolina, Meloidogyne

javanica and Rhizobium on mungbean (Vigna radiata cv.k 851).

Observations on seed germination, plant height, fresh shoot weight, root

weight, number of nodules plant-1

, number of nematode galls plant-1

45 days

after sowing were recorded and the % of reduction/increase in each character

was calculated. Maximum seed germination (96.6%), plant height (24.6 cm),

fresh shoot weight (5.33 g), fresh root weight (4.42 g) and nodulation (69

healthy nodules plant) was recorded in the Rhizobium treatment.

Deb (2000) reported that rhizobium inoculation along with fertilizer

application including MO significantly increased the number nodules and

nodule dry weight compared with uninoculated control in mungbean

cultivars.

Chowdhury et al. (2000) carried a pot experiment during kharif in 1995 with

mungbean in Salna, Bangladesh where mungbean line NM92 was inoculated

with Rhizobium strain TAL 303. Dry matter production increased with

Rhizobium inoculation compare to uninoculation.

Upadhay et al. (1999) carried out a field experiment where green gram seed

was inoculated with Rhizobium or not inoculated and 0-60 kg P2Q5 ha-1

was

given. The observed that seed yield was higher with inoculation (2.02 vs 1.87

ha-1

) and increased with upto 40 kg P2O5 (2.011).

Podder et al. (1999) reported that all the bradyrhizobial treatments showed

better performance in recording number of pod plant-1

, number of seed plant-1

1000-seed weight and seed yield over uninoculated control.

Provorov et al. (1998) observed that seed inoculation of mungbeans (Vigna

radiata) with strain CIAM 1901 of Bradyrhizobium increased the herbage

mass by 46.6%, seed mass by 39.2%, 1000-seed weight by 26%, seed N by

30.0% and number root. nodules by 25.4%. These results were equivalent to

applying 130 kg N ha-1

. Verma and Subba Rao (1974) reported that seed

yield of mungbean increased in rhizobium inoculation.

Patra and Bhattacharyya (1998) observed that seed inoculated plants

exhibited significantly greater root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry

weights compared with uniniculatei control plants.

Mozumder (1998) reported that mungbean produced significantly higher

number (17.36) and weight of nodule (135 g) per plant when inoculated with

Bradyrhizobium compared to uninoculated (13.16, 58 g) control.

Bhuiyan et al (1998) stated that Rhizobium seed inoculation with 1 kg Mo

ha-1

and 1 kg B ha-1

increased nodule number, nodule and shoot weight and

seed yield compared with the control. Seed yield was 107% and 148% higher

over control in two consecutive growing seasons.

Saraf et al. (1997) recorded that seed yield was higher with inoculation than

without (1.03 viz. 0.88 t ha-1

) in chick pea.

Poonam and Khurana (1997) Found that single strain and multistrain

Rhizobium inoculants increased the grain yield of summer mungbean (Vigna

radiata L. Wilczek) by 10.4% over uninoculated control, respectively.

Patra and Bhattacharyya (1997) reported that in a field trial, Vigna radiata cv.

B-1 was inoculated with Rhizohium and/or given 25 kg urea ha-1

. All

treatments increased nodulation compared with controls, with the highest

nodule numbers and seed yield given by Rhizobium + urea.

Yadav and Sanoria (1996) found that seed inoculated plants of Rabi and

Kharif mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) exhibited significantly greater root-

shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights compared with uniniculated control

plants.

Shukla and Dixit (1996) carried.out a field experiment to find out the effect of

rhizobial inoculation, plant population and phosphorus on growth and yield

of summer green gram. They found that seed inoculation increased seed

yield.

Deka and Kakati (1996) conducted a field experiment in Rabi 1986/87 at

Jorhat, Assam; India Vigna radiata cv. K-851 was given seed or soil

inoculation with Rhizobium strains Majuli-10 or CRP-21 and application of

0-60 kg P2O5 ha-1

. Seed yield and total N and P uptake harvest were not

significantly different between the 2 Rhizobium strains. Seed yield was

highest with seed inoculation compared with soil inoculation and increased

significantly with up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

.

Sattar and Ahmed (1995) carried out a field experiment on mungbean (Vigna

radiata L.) to study the response of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium

inoculants incorporating BINA 403, BINA 407, RCR 3824 and RCR 3825

strains as single and mixed culture and observed that Bradyrhizobium

inoculation increased the number of nodules, nodule dry weight, hay and total

protein yield significantly.

Badole and Umale (1995)carried out a field experiment during the rainy

season of 1990 with green gram (Phaseolus radiatus) cv. TAP 7, application

of no fertilizers (not specified) gave seed yields of 0.92, 1.04, 1.17, 1.13 and

0.99 t ha-1

, respectively. Seed treatment in a magnetic field (200 gauss) or

with ammonium molybdate + Iron oxide + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

or seed inoculation with Rhizobium gave seed yields of 1.26, 1.01 and 1.021

ha-1

, respectively.

Iohal and Chahal (1994) carried out an experiment where viable Vigna

radiata seeds were surface sterilized and treated with 5 concentrations of Mo

as sodium molybdate and then inoculated with Hup + Rhizobium strain-2.

Seeds were sown in pots containing sterilized sandy loam soil that was poor

in nutrients. Rhizobium inoculation increased all growth characteristics

compared with the uninoculated treatments.

Sarker et al. (1993) reported that Rhizobium inoculation along with P

application and Rhizobium inoculation along with Azotobacter chroococcum

were equally effective in enhancing seed yield of green gram. Sharma et al.

(1993) observed that in pot experiments seed and stover yield of Vigna

radiata cv. Pusa Baishakhi increased with increase P up to or equivalent to 60

kg P ha-1

and with Rhizobium inoculation and with a starter dose of nitrogen.

Sarkar et al. (1993) found that seed inoculation of green gram cv. T 44 during

the summer seasons of 1990-91 with Rhizobium + Azotobacter chroococcum

produced seed yield of 1.29 t ha-1

( in both seasons) which were not

significantly different from rhizobial inoculation with 20 kg N ha-1

(1.26 and

1.24 t ha-1

).

Rao and Rao (1993) carried out a pot experiment to study the effect of dual

inoculation of blackgram (Vigna mungo) and greengram (Phaseolus radiatus)

with VAM fungi, Glomes mosseae or Glomus epigaeum (both soil inoculated

and seed inoculated). Rhizobium was studied and compared with plants which

received dual inoculation showed significant increase in growth, P and N

uptake, nodulation, Leaf chlorophyll and total soluble sugars, total phenols

and free amino acids contents in roots compared with those inoculated with

Rhizobium.

Khurana and Sharma (1993) reported that seed inoculation with the

Bradyrhizobium strains increased the seed yields by 21.8% and 35.1% over

uninoculated controls in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Jat and Rathore (1994)

reported that inoculation of green gram seed with Rhizobium gave increased

yield.

Khurana and Poonam (1993) studied the Bradyrhizobium strains (LMR 107,

KM 1, M 10, GMBS I and MO 5) and Vigna radiata cv. ML 267 and PS 16,

under field condition, seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strains increase

the seed yield by 21.5% and 35.1% over uninoculated controls.

Ardeshna et al. (1993) reported that mungbean seed yield increased with the

application up to 20 kg N ha-1

as urea, 40 kg P2O5 as single superphosphate

and seed inoculation with Rhizobium (0.76 t ha-1

Vs. 0.70t ha-1

without seed

inoculation).

Solaiman and Habibullah (1992) conducted an experiment to observe the

effect of rhizobial inoculation on groundnut and reported that higher

nodulation (33.7%) and total dry matter yield (28.10) were found under

inoculation.

Chowdhury and Rosari (1992) carried out an experiment to determine the

effects of Rhizobial inoculation on the growth and yield performance of

mungbean at los Banos, Philippines in 1988. They observed that seed

inoculation with Rhizobium increased seed yield and dry matter of mungbean.

Pandher et al. (1991) reported that Vigna radiata cv. ML 131 with single and

multiple strains of Rhizobium increased root nodule number and seed yield.

Multiple strain inoculation did not increase dry weight (DW) of plants and

nodule compared to uninoculated controls.

Samantaray et al. (1990) observed that total dry matter and shoot length were

the highest in the control (0% mine waste) with rhizobial inoculation.

Basu and Bandyopadhyay (1990) carried out a field trial during the Kharif

season in West Bengal where Vignar radiata was inoculated with Rhizobium

strain M-10 or JCa-1, and grown in presence of 30-40kg N ha-1

. Inoculation

increased number of pods.

Singh and Kumari (1990) reported that Vigna radiate seed when inoculated

with Rhizobium increased Mn and P content in seeds and stover and N

content in stover only. Chanda et al. (1991) reported that Rhizobium

inoculums responded positively with the varieties of mungbean viz., MB 87

and MB 246. Dry matter production increased 77% due to inoculation over

the non-inoculated (control).

Yousef et al. (1989) reported a field experiment of mungbean grown on a

silty clay (pH-8.0) soil irrigation at 40, 80 and 120% of the potential

evapotranspiration (PET) from a class of pan. Before sowing, seeds were

inoculated with Rhizobium. Inoculation and irrigation at 80 and 120% PET

increased number of pods and pod dry weight plant-1

. Inoculation also

increased N and P content of seeds and plants tops with 80% potential

evapotranspiration.

Ahmed (1989) studied the response of inoculation with Rhizobium inoculant

incorporating BINA 403, BINA 407, RCR 3824 and RCR 3825 strain as

single and mixed cultures and 4 levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-

1 from triple superphosphate) with a basal dose of potassium 30 kg K2O ha

-1

from muriate of potash on growth, root nodulation, yield and yield

contributing characters and protein and phosphorus content of mungbean.

Rhizobium inoculation increased significantly the number of nodules, nodule

weight, root and shoot length and weight, seed, hay and total protein yields.

1988 Saraswathi et al. (1988) found that seed treatment with fungicide after

rhizobial inoculation was significantly superior to fungicidal seed treatment

before or at the same time as rhizobial inoculation.

Padmakar et al. (1988) reported that UV radiation (exposure 15-180s) and/or

inoculation of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek seeds increased the chlorophyll

content in leaves, N content in different plant parts and protein in seeds;

inoculation of seeds followed by 15s exposure to UV radiation produced the

highest increases. Both these treatments increased the soil N content. Pandher

et al. (1988) reported that five Rhizobium strain isolates varied in their

polysaccharide production ability.

Maiti et al. (1988) found in trials with green gram (Phaseolus radiatus) and

lentil grown in soils given (a) 60 or (b) 100 kg ha-1

each of P2O5 and K2O, that

seed inoculation with Rhizobium increased nodule nitrogenase activity by 36-

54% in Phaseolus radiatus and 28-34% in lentils. Nitrogen and seed

inoculation increased the Phaseolus radiatus seed yields by 15-20 and 5-

10%, respectively, but had no significant effect on lentil seed yields.

Gupta et al. (1988) in pot trials with Vigna radiata grown in a P-deficient soil

found that seed inoculation with Rhizobium and/or application of 40 kg P ha-1

increased the plant dry weight, nodulation and seed yield plant-1

.

Chahal and Chahal (1987) reported that Rhizobium strain R-1 produced the

greatest yield of mungbean plants but M incognita multiplied at a greater rate

when the seedlings were inoculated with Rhizobium. They suggested this due

to the better development of the plant in a supply of fixed N.

Patel et al. (1985) reported that treatment of mungbean seeds with Dithane

M-45 (mancozeb), Brassicol (quintozene), Captan and Thiram followed by

inoculation with a Rhizobium sp. increased the number of nodules and their

fresh weight and Dithane M-45 was the most effective treatment. Patel et al.

(1986) found that response of Rhizobium inoculation in respect of nodulation

and seed yield of mungbean was found that response of Rhizobium

inoculation in respect of nodulation and seed yield of mungbean.

Chowdhury et al. (1985) reported that amino acid concentration was highest

in leaves, followed by root and stem of mungbean. When the crop was grown

on sand amino acid concentration was higher in plants not treated with

Rhizobium. Gill et al. (1985) reported that inoculation significantly increased


, pods plant-1

, seeds pod-1

, stover yield, seed yield

and harvest index of mungbean.

Ali and Chandra (1985) observed that Rhizobium inoculum increased the seed

yield of most of the pulse crops from 10 to 15 per cent but the legume

required a specific group of Rhizobia.

Bhuiyan et al. (1984) carried out a field experiment at Bangladesh

Agricultural University farm and observed that the inoculation of mungbean

gave higher dry matter weight of nodules and shoot per plant compared to

control. They also reported that larger sized nodules were produced due to

inoculation.

Vaishya et al. (1983) reported that the seed inoculation with Rhizobium

strain MI significantly increased the number of nodules and seed yield of 12

Vigna radiata cultivars. The yield increased was 42.3% on an average and

ranged from 4.3% in cv. Pusa Baishakhi to 162% in cv J-10.

2.2 Effect of phosphorus

Khan et al. (2002) suggested that the number of pods plant-1

increase with

increasing phosphorus fertilizer up to a certain limit. Masthan et al. (1999)

stated that number of pods plant-1

of summer mungbean cv. LGG 127

increased with increasing phosphorus levels. Mitra et al. (1999) reported that

mungbean grown in acid soils gave the maximum number of pods plant-' was

recorded with application of 50 kg P2O5 ha-1

. Singh et al. (1999) studied that

number of pods plant-1

of mungbean cv. NDM-1 grown at Faisalabad, Uttar

Pradesh, India in summer 1996 generally increased with up to 26.4 kg P ha-1

.

Sharma and Sing (1997) carried a field experiment during 1989-90 to study

the effects of various levels of phosphorus (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha") on the

growth, yield and yield attributes of mungbean. They observed that

application of phosphorus at 50 kg ha-1

significantly enhanced the number of

pods plant".

Soni and Gupta (1999) made a field experiment to study of effect of irrigation

and phosphorus levels on mungbean. They found that application of 40 kg

P2O5 ha-1

was significantly superior to 20 kg P2O5 ha-1

. Singh et al. (1999)

reported that increasing level of P significantly increased plant height,

number of nodules, fresh and dry weights of nodules, number of primary

branches, test weight and grain and straw yields up to 26.40 kg P ha-1

in

mungbean.

Singh et al. (1999) studied a field trial on mungbean cv NDM-1 grown at

Faisalabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, in summer 1996, with the application 0-26.4

kg P ha-1

. Their study revealed that number of seeds pod-1

generally increased

with up to 26.4 kg P ha-1

. Mitra et al. (1999) stated that application of rock

phosphate (50 kg P2O5 ha-1

) to summer mungbean grown in acid soils of

Tripura, India, during the Kharif (rainy) seasons of 1996 and 1997, maximize

the number of seeds pod-1

. In a field trial, carried out by Masthan et al. (1999)

found that number of seeds pod-1

of summer mungbean cv. LGG E, increased

with increasing residual phosphorus rates.

Mandal and Sikder (1999) conducted greenhouse pot experiment to study the

effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of mungbean grown in

saline soil of Khulna. They reported that growth and yield increased

significantly with N application, while P significantly increased the setting of

pods and seeds. Raj Singh et al. (1999) reported that application of 60 kg

P2O5 ha-1

produced a maximum seed yield of 300.12 kg ha-1

, however, it did

not differ significantly with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

.

Singh and Ahlawat (1998) reported that application of phosphorus to

mungbean cv. PS 16 increased the number of seeds pod-' when grown in a

sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon and N, and medium in P and K and

with a pH of 7.8. Shukla and Dixit (1996) conducted a field experiment with

mungbean and reported that application of phosphorus significantly increased

the number of seeds pod-) up to 40 kg P205 ha

-1. A field experiment was carried

out by Gopala Rao et al. (1993) to find out the response of mungbean to

different levels of phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 kg P205 ha-1

).

Abd-El-Lateef et al. (1998) observed the effect of 0, 15.5 or 31 kg P2O5 and 0

or 24 kg K2O feddan-1

. Seed yield was the highest by the lower rate of P.

Sharma and Singh (1997) stated that application of phosphorus up to 50 kg

P2O5 ha-1

enhanced the straw yield of mungbean significantly. Sharma et al.

(1993) observed that straw yield of mungbean cv. Pusa Baishakhi increased

with increase of phosphorus up to or equivalent of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

.

Thakur et al. (1996) carried out a field trail with 0,25,50 or 75 kg P2O5 ha-1

as

single superphosphate or diammonium phosphate and reproted that 50 kg

P2O5 gave the highest seed yield (1.24 t ha-1

). Tomar et al. (1996) studied that

60 kg P ha-1

gave the highest seed yield with the irrigation at 100 mm

cumulative pan evaporation (CPE). Tomar et al. (1996) observed that 60 kg

P2O5 ha-1

with 150 mm CPE gave the highest harvest index and net returns.

They also reported that leaf number, branch number and dry weight plant-1

were the highest with 20 kg seed ha-1

. 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

and irrigation at 100

mm CPE. Saraf and Shivakumar (1996) showed that growth parameters with

grain yield increased with the increase of phosphorus up to 60 kg P ha-1

(866

kg ha-1

) on growth, yield attributes and yield of green gram. They reported

that application of phosphorus @ 50 kg ha-1

enhanced the plant height,

branches plant-1

, pods plant-1

, grains pod-1

and grain and straw yields

significantly. Ramamoorthy and Raj (1997) observed that 25 kg P2O5 ha-1

gave the highest (1044 kg ha-1

) seed yield in mungbean.

Shukla and Dixit (1996) conducted a field trial during 1989-90 to study the

response of mungbean to Rhizobium inoculation and different levels of

phosphorus. Rhizobium inoculation increased the plant height of mungbean.

Their study showed that the plz increased with 40kg P2O5 ha-1

, increased

from 28.30 to 32.00 cm and 26.91 to 30.80 cm over the unfertilized control

during the first and second season respectively. A field experiment was

carried out by Gopala Rao et al. (1993) to find out the response of four

mungbean cultivars (Pusa Baiskakhi, LGG 407, LGG 410 and MS 267) with

3 levels of phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 kg P2O5 ha') in sandy loam soil-of

Bapalta. The soil was low in available P2O5 (9 kg ha-1

). A uniform dose of 20

kg N ha-1

was applied as basal for all the treatments. Experimental results

showed that plant height significantly increased with the increase in P levels

from 0 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1

.

Shukla and Dixit (1996) carried out a field experiment in 1989-90 at

Faisalabad, Uttara Pradesh, India. Mungbean cv. Pusa Baishakhi was seed

inoculated with Rhizobium and 0-60 kg P2O5 ha-1

. They reported that seed

yield increased with up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

(0.86 and 0.66 t ha-1

in 1989 and

1990, respectively). Kalita et al. (1995) conducted an experiment during the

winter season of 1988-89 in India. Results reported that application of

phosphorus significantly increased the seed yield of mungbean Patel and

Patel (1994) carried out a field experiment during the summer seasons of

1990-91 at Navasari, Gujarat, India. Mungbean cv. K 851 given 20kg

N+40kg P2O5 ha-1

(recommended rate) gave the highest seed yield (1.74 t

ha-1

).

Results of the experiment carried out by Shukla and Dixit (1996) revealed

that application of phosphorus to mungbean et al. (1993) reported that


increased significantly with increasing phosphorus

levels from 0 to 50 kg ha-1

where a uniform dose of 20 kg N ha-1

was applied

as a basal for all the treatments. Tank et al. (1992) found that mungbean

fertilized with 20 kg N along with up to the level of 40 kg P could be

assigned to significantly higher number of pods plant-1

over the unfertilized

control. Ahmed et al. (1986) studied a field experiment to investigate the

effects of various levels of phosphorus on the growth and yield of mungbean

and reported that phosphorus application up to 60kg ha-1

progressively and

significantly increased the number of pods plant-1

.

Tomar et al. (1995) conducted a field experiment to study the effect of seed

rate moisture regime and phosphorus levels on mungbean. They found that

absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and dry matter

at all the growth stages and crop growth rate at 65 days recorded significantly

higher with application of phosphorus at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

as compared to the

other levels of phosphorus. Saxena et al. (1996) reported that seed yield was

the highest with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

in 1988 and increased with up to 30 kg P2O5

ha-1

in 1989. Seed yield was positively correlated with leaf area, dry matter

plant-1

, relative moisture content in leaves, number of branches plant-1

,


, seed yield plant-1

, 1000-seeds weight and harvest

index.

Sharma et al. (1994) observed the effect of 0-90 kg P2O5 ha-1

. sprayed 35

days after sowing with water or 10 ppm IAA and inter-row hoeing after the

first irrigation on green gram. Leaf and stem dry matter yields at maturity

were the highest with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

and with hoeing and IAA. Nodule

number and nodule dry weight plant-1

at 50 days after sowing were the

highest in the same treatment. Patro and Sahoo (1994) observed that

application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

gave the highest seed yield (125 kg ha-1

) in

mungbean.

Patel and Patel (1994) found that 20 kg N+40kg P2O5 ha-1

gave the highest

seed yield (1.74 t ha-1

) which was not significantly different from foliar

application of urea (1.5%) + DAP (0.5%) at 30 and 40 days after sowing

(1.67t ha-1

). Sinha et al. (1994) observed that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

with irrigation at vegetative + flowering stages gave the highest seed yield

(1.54 t ha-1

) in mungbean.

Gopala Rao et al. (1993) conducted a field trail to find out the response of

four mungbean cultivars (Pusa Baishakhi, LGG 407, LGG 410 and MS 267)

with three levels of phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 kg P2O5 P2O5 (9 kg ha-1

). They

found that number of branches plant-1

increased significantly with the

increase in phosphorus up to 50 kg ha-1

along with 20 kg N ha-1

.

Tank et al. (1992) observed that pod length significantly increased up to the

levels of 40 kg P205 ha-1

over the control. But in an another experiment Patel

and Patel (1991) revealed that pods of mungbean varieties showed superiority

at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

followed by 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

application rate. Thus pod

length was found to be increased with increasing of phosphorus from 0 to 60

kg PI-05 ha-1

.

Sarkar and Banik (1991) reported that increasing levels of P2O5 up to 60 kg

ha-1

resulted in correspondingly higher straw yield of mungbean. Increased

straw yield might be due to higher synthesis of carbohydrates and protein.

Patel and Patel (1991) conducted a field experiment to study the response of

mungbean varieties to phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation involving,

combination of two varieties viz., Gujarat 2 and Type 44, four levels of P2O5

(0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1

) and two levels of Rhizobium culture including a

control. Results of their studies revealed that yield components like number

of pods plant-1

showed superiority at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

followed by 40 kg ha-1

P2O5 application rate. Suhartatik (1991) observed that phosphorus fertilizer

with adequate level of nitrogen and potassium significantly increased the


of mungbean. Samiullah et al. (1987) reported and

observed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers

resulted significant increases in the number of pods plant-1

of mungbean.

In a field experiment, Patel and Patel (1991) observed that plant height of

mungbean showed superiority at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

followed by 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

application rate, grown on the soil which was sandy in texture, low in total N

(0.04%), higher in available P (77.33 kg ha-1

) and rich in available K (388.15

kg ha-1

) with the pH 7.5. Thus plant height was found to be increased with

increasing levels of phosphorus from 0 to 60 kg P2O5 ha-'. An experiment was

conducted by Sardana and Verma (1987) in New Delhi, India. They stated

that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers resulted in

significant increases in plant height of mungbean.

Kalita (1989) found effect of 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1

on green and

reported that application of phosphate significantly increased all the yield

attributing characters, grain yield and dry matter with increasing levels of

phosphate. However, difference in grain yield due to 30 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1

was not significant.

Gupta et al. (1989) carried out a field trails on Vigna radiata to find out the

optimum rate of P on different sowing dates with availabel soil moisture and

found that optimum P rate was 25.6, 19.7 and 19.9 kg ha-1

for sowing on 15

March, 5 April and 25 April, respectively, at 60% available soil moisture.

Balaguravaiah et al. (1989) conducted of field experiment in 2 kharif seasons

to study the response of Vigna radiata to applied P under rainfed conditions

and found that there was significant response to phosphate equivalent to 60

kg ha-1

in terms of the level of soil available P.

Arya and Kalra (1988) conducted an experiment to study the effect of

phosphorus on the yield and quality of mungbean and reported that

application of 25-75 kg P2O5 ha-1

increased the yield components, seed and

protein yields and P uptake. The optimum economic rate was found to be 50

kg P2O5 ha-1

.

During field trial, carried out by Sardana and Verma (1987) in Delhi, India, in

1983-84, it was followed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium fertilizers resulted in significant increases in pod length of

mungbean. Suhartatik (1991) noted that residue of lime with NPK fertilizer

significantly increased the pod length of mungbean.

In an experiment, Yein et al. (1981) applied nitrogen and phosphorus

fertilizers to mungbean and reported that combined application of nitrogen

and phosphorus fertilizers increased the number of pods plant-1

. In a trials, on

clayey soils during the summer seasons of 1979 and 1980, Patel et al. (1984)

studied the effects of 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg N ha-1

and 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg

P2O5 ha-1

on the growth and seed yield of mungbean. Results of their studies

revealed that application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

along with up to 20 kg N ha-1

significantly increased the number of pods plant-1

of mungbean further

increase in phosphorus rates was not economical.

From the above mentioned it can be concluded that biofertilizer and

phosphatic fertilizer had significant effect on the yield of summer mungbean.

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory,

Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period

from March to June 2011 in the Kharif season to study the effect of

biofertilizer and phosphorus levels on the yield performance of mungbean

(cv. BINAMung-8). Materials used and methodologies followed in the

present investigation have been described in this chapter.

3.1 Plant material

Mungbean variety Bina Mung-8 was used as the experimental crop

3.2 Bina Mung-8

BINA Mung-8, a high yielding variety developed by BINA, was released in

2010, which is suitable for cultivation both in Kharif-1 and Kharif-2 season.

It is resistant to Cerecospora leaf spot and tolerant to yellow mosaic virus. Its

life cycle is about 64-67 days. Average yield of this cultivar is about 1800 kg

ha-1

.

3.3 Description of the Experiment site

3.3.1 Location and site

The experimental field is located at 24.75° N latitude and 90.50°E longitude

at an average altitude of 18 m above the mean of sea level. The experimental

site belongs to the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain (AEZ-9). The region

occupies a large area of Brahmaputra sediments which are laid down before

the river shifted into its present Jamuna channel 200 years ago (UNDP and

3.3.2 Soil

Non-calcareous dark-grey, floodplain soils generally predominant in the site.

The land was medium high and the soil was silty loam and well drained and

its general fertility level was low. The soil of the experimental field was more

or less neutral in nature (pH 6.8) and low in organic matter content (1.19%).

The morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the

field are presented in Appendix I.

3.3.3 Climate and weather

The experimental area was characterized by high temperature, high humidity

and heavy precipitation with occasional gusty winds in Kharif season (April-

September) and scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature

during the Rabi season (October-March). The monthly average air

temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm) and sunshine (hour

day-1

) during the experimental period have been presented in Appendix II.

3.4 Experimental treatments

The study consisted of two factors viz. (A) Biofertilizer and (B) phosphatic

fertilizer.

Factor A: Biofertilizer

There were five levels of biofertilizer inoculation of seeds as follows:

i) I0 = Control (no biofertilizer)

ii) I1 = 1.0 kg ha-1

biofertilizer

iii) I2 = 2.0 kg ha-1

biofertilizer

iv) I3 = 3.0 kg ha-1

biofertilizer

v) I4 = 4.0 kg ha-1

biofertilizer

Factor B: Phosphatic fertilizer

The following four levels of phosphatic fertilizer were used:

i. P1 = 25 kg ha-1

ii. P2 = 50 kg ha-1

iii. P3 = 75 kg ha-1

iv. P4 = 100 kg ha-1

3.5 Collection of Bradyrhizobium inoculum as biofertilizer

Liquid broth of BINA-MB mix culture, a mixture of three Bradyrhizobium

strains viz. BINA-MB-441, BINA-MB-169 and BINA-MB-301 were used in

this experiment. The Bradyrhizobium strains used in the present study were

collected from the Soil Microbiology Laboratory of BINA, Mymensingh.

3.6 Land preparation

The experimental plot was opened with a power tiller on 13 March 2011 and

subsequently ploughed twice with country plough followed by laddering to

achieve a medium tilth required for the crop. The land was finally prepared

on 15 March 2011 by country plough followed by laddering.

3.7 Experimental design and layout

The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with

three replications. Each replication had 20 unit plots to which the treatment

combinations were assigned at random. The unit plot size was 5 m2

(4m×1.25m). The blocks and unit plots were separated by 1 m and 0.75 m

spacing, respectively. Lay out of the experiment was done on 15 March 2011.

3.8 Fertilizer application

The fertilizers were applied at final land preparation. The specific rate of

Biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer were applied at specific plots. All other

fertilizers such as Muriate of potash (MoP) and Gypsum were applied @ 30

kg ha-1

and 2 kg ha-1

, respectively.

3.9 Seed inoculation

The quantity of seed required for each plot were weighed on the basis of

recommended seed rate 25 kg ha-1

and kept in polythene packets. The seed in

each packet were mixed thoroughly with liquid culture Bradyrhizobium to

make the seeds soaked. Then inoculated seeds were then planted in the field.

3.9 The sowing of seeds

Seeds were sown on the furrow on 16 March 2011 and the furrows were

covered by soil soon after seeding. The line to line (Furrow to furrow)

distance was maintained at 30 cm with continuous distributions of seeds in

the line.

3.10 Intercultural operation

3.10.1 Weeding and thinning

Weeding and thinning were done at 18 days after sowing (DAS) when the

plant attained a height of about 8-10 cm. Plant to plant distance was

maintained at 6-7 cm. Second weeding and thinning were done at 35 DAS

when the plants attained about 28-30cm height.

3.10.2 Irrigation and drainage

No irrigation was given as there was no symptom of moisture stress during

the experimentation. During experimental period, there was heavy rainfall for

several times. So it was essential to remove the excess water from the field.

3.10.3 Insect and pest control

Aphid and pod borer were successfully controlled by application of

Malathion 57EC g1.5 L ha-1

at 50% pod formation stage (55 DAS).

3.11 Determination of maturity

At the time when 80% of the pods turned brown colour, the crop was

assessed to attain maturity.

3.12 Harvesting and sampling

The crop was harvested at 75 DAS from prefixed 1m2 area in each plot.

Before harvesting five plants were selected randomly from each plot and

were uprooted for data recording. The rest of the plants of prefixed 1m2

area

were harvested plot-wise and were bundled separately, tagged and brought to

the threshing floor of Agronomy Field Laboratory.

3.13 Threshing

The crop bundles were sun dried for three days by placing them on the open

threshing floor. Seeds were separated from the plants by beating the bundles

with bamboo sticks.

3.14 Drying, cleaning and weighing

The seeds thus collected were dried in the sun for reducing the moisture in

the seeds to a constant level. The dried seeds and stover were cleaned and

weighed. Finally the seed and stover yields were converted as t ha-1

.

3.15 The recording of data

Data were recorded on the following parameters:

i. Plant height (cm)

ii. Number of branches plant-1

iii. Number of mature pods plant-1

iv. Number of immature pods plant-1

v. Pod length (cm)

vi. Number of mature seeds pod-1

vii. Number of immature seeds pod-1

viii. 1000-seed weight (g)

ix. Dry weight plant-1

x. Seed yield (t ha-1

)

xi. Stover yield (t ha-1

)

xii. Biological yield (t ha-1

)

xiii. Harvest index (HI %)

3.16 Outline of data recording

A brief outline of data recording is given below:

i) Plant height (cm)

The height of the selected plant was measured from the ground level to the

tip of the plant after harvesting.

i i ) Number of branches plant-1

Number of branches plant was counted from each selected plant sample.

i i i ) Number of mature pods plant-1

Numbers of mature pods plant-1

were counted from each selected plant

sample.

iv) Number of immature pods plant-1

The seedless immature pods of the selected plant were counted

v) Pod length

Pod length was measured with the help of a centimeter scale of the five

selected pods from each of the selected plant sample, then mean value was

calculated.

vi) Number of mature seeds pod-1

Number of mature seeds pod-1

was counted from five selected pods of each

selected plant, and then the average seed number pod-1

was calculated.

vii) Number of immature seeds pod-1

Number of immature seeds pod-1

was counted from five selected pods of each

selected plant, and then the average seed number pod-1

was calculated.

viii) 1000- seed weight

1000-seeds were counted, which were taken from the seed sample of each

plot separately, then weight was taken in an electrical balance.

ix) Dry weight plant-1

Dry weight of five selected plants was taken by using an electrical balance

after proper drying in an oven. Then the average dry weight plant-' was

calculated.

x) Seed yield (t ha-1

)

Manually the seeds of the pods were separated from the plants of 1 m2 area

and were dried in the sun to a constant weight. Then weight was taken in an

electrical balance, and the yield was converted to t ha-1

.

xi) Stover yield (t ha-1

)

Plants of 1m2 area was collected and then dried in the sun. After proper

drying the weight was taken with a balance.

xii) Biological yield

Grain yield and stover yield are regarded as biological yield and was

calculated with the following formula:

Biological yield = Grain yield + stover yield

xiii) Harvest index (HI %)

Harvest index was calculated according to following formula and it was dry

weight basis.

Harvest index (HI %) = Seed yield

Biological yield × 100

3.17 Data analysis technique

The collected data were compiled and analyzed statistically using the analysis

of variance (ANOVA) technique with the help of a computer package

program MSTAT-C and the mean differences were adjudged by Duncan's

New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of

biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer levels on the yield performance of

mungbean. Five levels of biofertilizer (I0), No. biofertilzier (control

treatment), 1kg ha-1

(I1), 2 kg ha-1

(I2), 3 kg ha-1

(I3), 4 kg ha-1

(I4) and four

levels of posphatic fertilizer viz. No 25 kg ha-1

(P1), 50 kg ha-1

(P2), 75 kg ha-1

(P3), 100 kg ha-1

(P4) were used in experiment. Data on different parameter as

per experimental requirement were recorded and the analysis of variance in

respect of yield, yield attributes including various plant characters of

mungbean with their soruce of variation and corresponding degress of

freedom have been shown in Appendix III. The results of the experiment

have been presented and discussed in this chapter under the following

headings and subheadings.

4.1 Plant characters and yield of mungbean (cv. Bina mung-8) as

influenced by the application of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer

4.1.1 Effect of Biofertilizer

4.1.1 Plant height

Plant height was significant influenced by biofertilizer. The highest plant

height of 51.29cm was produced at 3kg ha-1

of biofertilizer (Table 1). The

shortest plant height of 39.34cm was found from no biofertilizer treatment

shows that plant height was increased with increasing level of biofertilizer.


Dry weight plant-1

differed significantly due to different level of biofertilizer

(Table 1). The highest dry weight plant-1

(7.59g) was obtained from seed

inoculation with biofertilizer @ 3 kg ha-1

and the lowest dry weight plant-1

(6.55g) was produced from the control treatment. It was observed that

biofertilizer increased dry weight plant-1

upto 3 kg ha-1

and further application

of biofertilizer decreased the dry weight plant-1

. This might be due to the

corrosive action of excess uptake of biofertilizer.


Effect of biofertilizer on number of branches plant-1

(Fig. 1). The highest


(2.69) was found in 3 kg ha-1

biofertilizer and the

lowest number of branches plant-1

(2.16) was recorded with no biofertilizer

treatment.


Number of pods plant-1

differed significantly due to biofertilizer (Fig. 2). The

highest number of pods plant-1

(20.35) was observed in seed inoculated with

biofertilizer @ 3kg ha-1

. The control treatment (no biofertilizer) produced the

lowest number of pods plant-1

(17.82). The highest pods plant-1

may be the

resultant effect of maximum number of branches were produced from the

same treatment.


Number of mature pods plant-1

was significantly affected by different

biofertilizer level. The highest number of mature pods plant-1

(14.87) were

observed at the treatment of biofertilizer at 3 kg ha-1

and the lowest number

of mature pods plant-1

(11.10) was recorded in I0 i.e. no biofertilizer. Above

observations it was considered that number of mature pods plant-1

of

mungbean was highly affected by biofertilizer.


Immature pod production was severely affected by various level of

biofertilizer. The highest number of immature pods (6.72) production were

counted from control plot whereas the lowest number of immature pods

plant-1

(5.47) was recorded from the plot under treatment 3kg biofertilizer

ha-1

.

4.1.7 Pod length

Pod length different significantly when different levels of biofertilizer was

applied. Plant received 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

gave the longest pod (9.73 cm).

The shortest pod was recorded from the control plot (I0). It indicated that

biofertilizer had significant effect on pod length (Table 1).


Biofertilizer had a significantly effect of on the number of seeds pod-1

(Table 1). The highest number of seeds pod-1

(17.23) was produced 3 kg ha-1

of biofertilizer. The highest number of seeds pod-1

were obtained at 3 kg ha-1

just because of highest corresponding value of number of branches, number

of pod, pod length as well. The lowest number of seeds pod-1

(14.25) was

obtained from the control treatment.


A significant variation was observed among the various levels of biofertilizer

in respect of seed plant-1

(Table 1). The highest seed weight plant-1

(28.32g)

was obtained from 3 kg biofertilizer ha-1

. The lowest seed weight plant-1

(12.34g) was found from control treatment. Because of quantative effect of

maximum number of branches plant-1


, length pod-1

and number of seeds pod-1

.

4.1.10 1000- seed weight (g)

Weight of 1000 seeds was significant by the different levels of biofertilizer.

However, apparently BINAMung-8 produced the highest 1000 seed weight

(40.68g) with 3 kg biofertilizer ha-1

and the lowest one (35.16g) was observed

in the control treatment (Table 1).


)

Significant variation was observed on the seed yield when the crop was

treated with different levels of biofertilizer. The highest seed yield (1.96

t ha-1

) was obtained when the crop was given 3 kg biofertilizer ha-1

. The

lowest seed yield (1.54 t ha-1

) was recorded from the control treatment (Fig.

3).


)

A significant effect was observed on the stover production of mungbean due

to the use of different levels of biofertilizer. The highest stover yield (3.22 t

ha-1

) was recorded from the plot under the treatment of 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

.

The lowest stover yield (2.15 t ha-1

) was obtained in the control treatment.

The improvement of vegetative growth in terms of number of leaves plant-1

,

plant height, number of branches plant-1

and number of pods plant-1

, plant

height, number of branches plant-1

and number of pods plant-1

due to the

application of biofertilizer as to the requirements of crop resulted in the

improvement of stover yield (Fig. 4.).

4.1.13 Biological yield

Biological yield was affected significantly by different levels of biofertilizer.

It was noticed that the highest biological yield (5.25 t ha-1

) was recorded

when the crop was fertilized with 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

and the lowest

biological yield (3.7 t ha-1

) was obtained from the control plot (Table 1).

4.1.14 Harvest index (%)

Harvest index was significantly affected by different levels of biofertilizer.

The highest harvest index (45.81%) was found in treatment 2 kg biofertilizer

ha-1

and the lowest one (36.61%) was obtained from the application of 4 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

.

4.2 Effect of phosphatic fertilizer

4.2.1 Plant height

Plant height was significantly influenced by phosphatic fertilizer (Table 2.).

Plant treated with 100 kg P ha-1

gave the tallest plant (47.04 cm). The

treatment with the phosphatic fertilizer level 25kg P ha-1

produced the

shortest plant (41.20 cm).


The influence of phosphatic fertilizer on dry weight plant-1

was found

significant (Table 2). The highest dry weight plant-1

(7.61g) was obtained

from the application of 100kg P ha-1

and the lowest dry weight plant-1

(6.76g)

was obtained from the application of 25kg P ha-1

. It was observed that

increase of level of phosphatic fertilizer increased plant dry weight.


The number of branches plant-1

varied significantly due to the different levels

of phosphatic fertilizer (Fig. 2). The highest number of branches plant-1

(2.67)

was counted from the treatment (100 kg P ha-1

). The lowest number of

branches plant-1

was counted (2.16cm) from the P level of 25 kg ha-1

. If there

is available phosphorus in the soil, it helps the uptake of other nutrients,

which ultimately produces healthy plant with the maximum productive

branches of the crop. Lack of available phosphorus results in low rate of plant

growth and plant branching.

Table 1. Effect of biofertilizer on yield and plant characters of summer mungbean

Level of

Biofertilzier

Plant height

(cm)

Dry weight

plant-1

(g)

Mature pods

plant-1

(No.)

Immature

pods plant-1

(No.)

Length of

pod (cm)

No. of seeds

plant-1

Seed wt (g)

plant-1

1000-seed

wt(g)

Biological

yield (t ha-1

)

Harvest

Index (%)

I0 39.34c 6.55d 11.10d 6.72a 8.65d 14.25d 12.34d 35.16c 3.70e 41.59b

I1 39.77c 6.86c 12.29c 6.30bc 9.09c 15.94b 16.78c 37.17b 4.39c 39.86c

I2 41.85c 7.14b 12.69c 6.19c 9.13c 15.19c 17.11c 35.56c 4.16d 45.81a

I3 51.29a 7.59a 14.87a 5.47d 9.40b 17.23a 28.32a 40.68a 4.96b 39.58c

I4 46.43b 7.55a 13.41b 6.44b 9.73a 17.22a 25.38b 40.56a 5.25a 36.61d

CV(%) 6.64 2.66 4.39 4.25 2.75 2.69 7.23 3.39 4.27 3.92

Level of sig. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

In a column, figures having similar letter (s) do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per DMRT.

** = Significant at 1% level of probability

I0 = No Biofertilizer

I1 = 1 Biofertilizer kg ha-1





Number of pods plant-1

was significant affected by various levels of

phosphatic fertilizer (Fig. 6). Plants fertilized with 100kg P ha-1

produced the

higher number of pod plant-1

(20.14), where as 25 kg P ha-1

produced the

lower number of pods plant-1

(17.98).


Number of mature pods plant-1

was significantly affected by various levels of

phosphatic fertilizer (Table 2). Plants fertilized with phosphorus level of 100

kg ha-1

produced the highest number of mature pods (14.11) plant-1

and plants

fertilized with phosphorus level of 25 kg ha-1

produced the lowest number

(11.52) of mature pods plant-1

.


Phosphatic fertilizer has a significant effect on pod production of mungbean

(cv. BINA Mung-8). The highest number of immature pods plant-1

(6.47)

were recorded from where phosphorus level of 25 kg P ha-1

. On the other

hand the lowest number immature pods plant-1

(6.03) were counted from the

plot under treatment 100 kg P ha-1

.

4.2.7 Pod length

Pod length varied significantly when different levels of phosphatic fertilizer

was applied. Plant received 100 kg P ha-1

gave the highest length of pod

(9.80cm). On the other hand the shortest pod (8.74cm) as recorded when the

level of P was 25kg ha-1

applied (Table 2).


A highly significant variation was observed among the level of phosphorus in

respect of number of seeds pod-1

(Table 2). It was observed that the highest

numebr of seeds pod-1

(16.32) was produced by the phosphorus level of 100

kg ha-1

. The lowest number of seeds pod-1

(15.16) were counted from the

level of 25kg P ha-1

.


Weight of seed plant-1

was highly influenced by phosphatic (Table 2). The

highest seed weight (25.97) was found from the phosphorus level of 75kg

ha-1

and the lowest seed weight plant-1

(13.78) was found under the treatment

of 25 kg P ha-1

.

4.2.10 1000- seed weight (g)

Weight of 1000 seeds was significantly affected by the different levels of

phosphatic fertilizer (Table 2). However, apparently BINAMung-8 produced

the highest 1000-seed weight (40.03g) with 1000 kg P ha-1

and the lowest one

(35.09g) was recorded in the level of 25 kg P ha-1

.


)

Seed yield was significantly influenced by different levels of phosphatic

fertilizer. It was found that 100 kg P ha-1

produced the highest seed yield

(2.09 t ha-1

) (Fig. 7). The lowest seed yield (1.5 t ha-1

) was recorded from the

phosphorus level of 25kg ha-1

. Seed yield increased due to the application of

phosphatic fertilizer.


)

Stover yield of mungbean varied significantly due to different levels of

phosphatic fertilizer (Fig. 8). The highest stover yield (3.08 t ha-1

) were

recorded when the crop received 100 kg P ha-1

. The lowest stover yield (2.31

t ha-1

) was produced by the crop under the phosphorus level of 25 kg ha-1

.


The different levels of phosphatic fertilizer significantly affected the

biological yield of mungbean (cv. BINAMung-8). The highest biological

yield (5.17 t ha-1

) was recorded from the plot treated with 100kg P ha-1

. The

lowest biological yield (3.82 t ha-1

) was obtained from the phosphorus level

of 25 kg ha-1

.

4.2.14 Harvest index

Harvest index was significantly affected by the interaction between

biofertilzier and phosphatic fertilizer. The highest harvest index was recorded

from the combination 2kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 75 kg P ha-1

. The lowest harvest

index (33.69%).

4.3 Interaction effect

4.3.1 Plant height

Interaction effects of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer were significant in

respect of plant height (Table 3). The tallest plant 57.86 was found from the

plant treated with 3kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 kg P ha-1

. The shortest plant

was obtained from the 0kg biofertilizer × 50 kg P ha-1

. This might be due to

the lack of biofertilizer and P nutrient element which reduced the cell

division, carbohydrate and protein synthesis and also lowered the normal

activities of the cambium tissue which resulted in shorter plant height.


The interaction between biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer had significant

effect on dry weight plant-1

. The highest dry weight plant-1

(8.31g) was

obtained from the plant treated with 3kg biofertilizer with 100 kg ha-1

. The

lowest amount of dry weight plant-1

6.18g was found from control treatment.

Table 2. Effect of different levels of phosphorus on yield and plant characters of summer mungbean

Level of

phosphorus

Plant height

(cm)

Dry weight

plant-1

(g)

Mature pods

plant-1

(No.)

Immature

pods plant-1

(No.)

Length of

pod (cm)

No. of seeds

plant-1

Seed wt (g)

plant-1

1000-seed

wt(g)

Biological

yield (t ha-1

)

Harvest

Index (%)

P1 41.20c 6.76c 11.52d 6.47a 8.74c 15.16b 13.78c 35.09c 3.82c 39.61d

P2 42.19bc 7.00b 12.58c 6.36b 9.01b 16.21a 20.09b 37.83bc 4.22bc 39.78c

P3 44.52b 7.18ab 13.28b 6.04c 9.26ab 16.18a 20.97ab 38.35b 4.76b 42.57a

P4 47.04a 7.61a 14.11a 6.03c 9.80a 16.32a 25.09a 40.03a 5.17a 40.80b

CV(%) 6.64 2.66 4.39 4.25 2.75 2.69 7.23 3.39 4.27 3.92

Level of sig. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **



P1 = 25 kg P ha-1

P2 = 50 kg P ha-1

P3 = 75 kg P ha-1

P4 = 100 kg P ha-1


Interaction effects of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer was significant in

respect of number of branches plant-1

(Table 3). However, maximum number

of branches plant-1

(2.90) was counted in the treatment combination of 4kg

biofertilizer ha-1

× 100kg P ha-1

. The lowest number of branches plant-1

(1.7)

was recorded from the absolute control treatment.


There was significant variation in number of pods plant-1

due to the

interaction between biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer (Table 3). The

highest number of pods plant-1

(22.11) was produced from the treatment of 4

kg biofertilizer ha-1

with 100 kg P ha-1

and the lowest number of pods plant-1

(17.51) was obtained from the control treatment.


Interaction effects of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer were identically

significant. The highest number of mature pods plant-1

15.47 were recorded

from the treatment of 3kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100kg P ha-1

in the lowest

number of mature pods plant-1

(10.24) were counted from the control plot.

This might be due to the influence by biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer

which lowered the plant growth and development.


Interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on immature pods

plant-1

was significant. The highest number of immature pods plant-1

(4.35)

was recorded from the control plot. The lowest amount of immature pods

plant-1

(2.27) was recorded from the plot under treatment of 3kg biofertilizer

ha-1

with 100 kg p ha-1

. From the above observation it was clear that

biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer influenced the production of immature

pods plant-1

of summer mungbean (cv. BINA Mung-8).

4.3.7 Pod length

Interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer identically

significant on pod length of mungbean. The tallest pod (10.30cm) was

observed from the plot under the treatment 4kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 kg P

ha-1

and the shortest pod (8.15cm) was recorded from the control plot (Table

3).


Interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer was significant on

weight of seed plant-1

. The highest weight of seed plant-1

(32.84g) was

produced from interaction between 3 kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 50 kg P ha-1

. The

lowest seed weight plant-1

was produced from (7.61g) control treatment

(Table 3).


Interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer was significant on

weight of seed plant-1

. The highest weight of seed plant-1

(32.84g) was

produced from interaction between 3kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 50 kg P ha-1

. The

lowest seed weight plant-1

was produced from (7.61g) control treatment

(Table 3).

4.3.10 1000- seed weight

The interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer was significant

in respect of 1000-seed weight of BINAMung-8. The highest 1000-seed

weight (42.40g) was recorded with 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 P ha-1

(Table 3).

4.3.11 Seed yield

The interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on seed yield

(kg ha-1

) was highly significant. The highest seed yield (2.27 t ha-1

) was

observed when the combination was 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 kg P ha-1

.

The lowest seed yield (1.18 t ha-1

) was recorded from the control plot.

4.3.12 Stover yield

Interaction effect between biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer were highly

significant in respect of stover yield production of mungbean. The maximum

stover yield was obtained when the crop (3.73 t ha-1

) was treated with 3 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 kg P ha-1

and the lowest (1.72 t ha-1

) from the absolute

control treatment (Table 3).


Interaction effect of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer was highly

significant on biological yield of mungbean (cv. BINAMung-8). The highest

biological yield (6.07 t ha-1

) was obtained when the crop was treated with 3

kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 100 kg P ha-1

and the lowest biological yield (2.90 t

ha-1

) was obtained from the control treatment (Table 3).

4.3.14 Harvest index (%)

Harvest index was significantly affected by the interaction between

biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer. The highest harvest index (49.35%)

was recorded from the combination of 2 kg biofertilizer ha-1

× 75 kg P ha-1

.

The lowest harvest index (33.69%) was obtained from the application of 4 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

with 50 kg P ha-1

.

Table 3. Interaction effect of different levels of Biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer on yield and plant characters of summer mungbean

Interaction

(Biofertilzier

× Phosphatic

fertilizer)

Plant

height

(cm)

Dry

weight

plant-1

(g)

No. of

Branches

plant-1

No. of

pods

plant-1

Mature

pods (No.)

plant-1

Immature

pods

(No.)

plant-1

Length of

pod (cm)

No. of

seeds

plant-1

Seed wt

(g)

plant-1

1000-seed

wt(g)

Seed

yield

(t ha-1

)

Stover

yield

(t ha-1

)

Biological

yield

(t ha-1

)

Harvest

Index

(%)

I0P1 40.88cde 6.18j 1.71h 17.51gh 10.24i 7.27a 8.15g 14.22fgh 7.61n 30.56g 1.18l 1.72g 2.90k 40.82d-h

I0P2 34.53f 6.32j 2.11fg 17.80fgh 10.83hi 6.97abc 8.53fg 14.09gh 10.69m 33.17f 1.39k 2.12ef 3.51ij 39.73e-i

I0P3 39.27def 6.66hi 2.32e 17.87fgh 11.45gh 6.42de 8.80ef 14.77efg 15.12k 38.44c 1.83ghi 2.41d 4.24fg 43.15cd

I0P4 42.67cd 7.02efg 2.50cd 18.10fgh 11.89fg 6.21d-g 9.11cde 13.92h 15.93ij 38.46c 1.78hij 2.38de 4.15fg 42.65de

I1P1 41.51cd 6.45ij 1.99g 18.09fgh 10.99ghi 7.10ab 8.53fg 14.94ef 11.07m 33.92ef 1.31k 2.05f 3.36j 39.02f-j

I1P2 35.89ef 6.77ghi 2.14f 18.01fgh 11.44gh 6.57cd 9.08cde 16.10d 15.12k 38.40c 1.63j 2.15def 3.78hi 43.33cd

I1P3 40.09de 7.08d-g 2.34e 18.42fg 12.59ef 5.84fgh 9.20cde 16.19d 18.07g 37.68cd 1.98def 2.95c 4.93cd 40.31d-h

I1P4 41.58cd 7.16c-f 2.52cd 19.84bcd 14.16bcd 5.68h 9.53bc 16.53cd 22.86e 38.68c 2.02c-f 3.48b 5.50b 36.77ijk

I2P1 42.54cd 6.81fgh 2.32e 16.41i 10.81hi 5.60h 8.30g 14.43fgh 12.49l 34.60ef 1.74hij 2.40d 4.14fg 41.98def

I2P2 44.02cd 7.21cde 2.45de 18.67ef 12.62ef 6.05e-h 9.05de 14.57e-h 15.39jk 34.23ef 1.88fgh 2.25def 4.13fg 45.57bc

I2P3 41.26cde 7.09d-g 2.40de 19.59cde 13.15de 6.45de 9.42bcd 15.27e 17.29h 35.87de 1.94efg 1.99f 3.93gh 49.35a

I2P4 39.58def 7.45bcd 2.65bc 20.84b 14.18bcd 6.66bcd 9.75b 16.47cd 23.26e 37.55cd 2.05cde 2.38de 4.43ef 46.34b

I3P1 39.94de 7.27b-e 2.47de 20.63bc 14.03cd 6.60cd 9.46bcd 16.17d 21.43f 38.25c 1.65j 2.35de 4.00gh 41.38d-g

I3P2 51.73b 7.33b-e 2.89a 20.80b 14.87abc 5.93fgh 8.81ef 18.47a 32.84a 41.37ab 1.69ij 2.95c 4.64de 36.56jk

I3P3 55.63ab 7.46bc 2.65bc 20.15bcd 15.13ab 5.02i 9.04de 17.10bc 27.48c 40.02bc 2.14bc 2.98c 5.12c 41.84def

I3P4 57.86a 8.31a 2.75ab 19.82bcd 15.47a 4.35j 10.30a 17.18bc 31.51b 43.07a 2.34a 3.73a 6.07a 38.55g-j

I4P1 41.13cde 7.09d-g 2.31e 17.29hi 11.52gh 5.77gh 9.23cde 16.05d 16.29i 38.12cd 1.64j 3.05c 4.69de 34.86kl

I4P2 44.76cd 7.37b-e 2.69b 19.44de 13.15de 6.29def 9.56bc 17.80ab 26.41d 41.97ab 1.70ij 3.34b 5.04c 33.69l

I4P3 46.35c 7.62b 2.74b 20.55bc 14.08bcd 6.47de 9.84b 17.56b 26.92cd 39.74bc 2.12cd 3.44b 5.56b 38.18hij

I4P4 53.49ab 8.14a 2.90a 22.11a 14.87abc 7.24a 10.30a 17.48b 31.88b 42.40a 2.27ab 3.45b 5.71b 39.70ei

CV(%) 6.64 2.66 3.52 3.04 4.39 4.25 2.75 2.69 7.23 3.39 4.42 5.61 4.27 3.92

Level of sig. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **


** = Significant at 1% level of probability I0 = No Biofertilizer

I1 = 1 kg Biofertilizer ha-1




P1 = 25 kg P ha-1

P2 = 50 kg P ha-1

P3 = 75 kg P ha-1

P4 = 100 kg P ha-1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Nu

mb

er

of

bra

nch

es

pla

nt-1

0 1 2 3 4

Level of biofertilizer (t ha-1

)

Fig. 1. Effect of biofertilizer on number of branches plant-1

of

summer mungbean

Fig. 1. Effect of different level of biofertilizer on number of

branches plant-1

in summer mungbean

Level of biofertilizer (kg ha-1

)

16.5

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

Nu

mb

er

of

po

ds

pla

nt-1

0 1 2 3 4


)

Fig. 2. Effect of biofertilizer on number of number of pods plant-1

of

summer mungbean

Fig. 2. Effect of different level of biofertilizer on pods plant-1

in summer mungbean


)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Se

ed

yie

ld (

t h

a-1

)

0 1 2 3 4


)

Fig. 3. Effect of different level of biofertilizer on seed yield

in summer mungbean


)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Sto

ver

yie

ld (

t h

a-1

)

0 1 2 3 4


)

Fig. 4. Effect of different level of biofertilizer on stover yield

in summer mungbean


)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Nu

mb

er

of

bra

nc

he

s p

lan

t-1

25 50 75 100

Level of phosphorus (t ha-1

)

Fig. 5. Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on number of branches plant-1

of summer mungbean

Fig. 5. Effect of different level of phosphatic fertilizer on number of

branches plant-1

in summer mungbean

Level of phosphorus (kg ha-1

)

16.5

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

Nu

mb

er

of

po

ds

pla

nt-1

25 50 75 100


)

Fig. 6. Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on number of pods plant-1

of

summer mungbean

Fig. 6. Effect of different level of phosphatic fertilizer on number of

pod plant-1

in summer mungbean


)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Se

ed

yie

ld (

t h

a-1

)

25 50 75 100


)

Fig. 7. Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on seed yield (t ha-1

)

of summer mungbean

Fig. 7. Effect of different level of phosphatic fertilizer on seed yield

(t ha-1

) in summer mungbean


)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Sto

ve

r y

ield

(t

ha

-1)

25 50 75 100


)

Fig. 8. Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on stover yield (t ha-1

)

of summer mungbean

Fig. 8. Effect of different level of phosphatic fertilizer on stover

yield (t ha-1

) in summer mungbean


)

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory,

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from

March to June 2011 to find out the effects different levels of biofertilizer and

phosphatic fertilizer on the performance of summer mungbean (Bina Mung-

8). The experimental area belongs to the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Agro-

Ecological Zone (AEZ-9) with non calcarious dark grey floodplain soil under

sonatola soil series. The experiment consisted of five levels of biofertilizer

viz., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 kg ha-1

and four levels of phosphatic fertilizer viz., 25, 50,

75, 100 kg P ha-1

. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block

design with three replications. The unit plot size was 4 m ×1.25 m. Total

amount of other fertilizers such as Muriate of potash (MoP) and Gypsum

were applied @ 30 kg ha-1

and 2 kg ha-1

respectively. Seeds were sown in

lines after the final land preparation. Data on yield and various plant

characters were recorded timely. The collected data were analyzed

statistically and mean differences were adjudged by DMRT.

Result revealed that growth parameters like plant height were significantly

influenced by different level of biofertilizer. The highest plant height

(51.29cm) was obtained from 3 kg biofertilizer ha-1

.

Biofertilizer had also significant influence on dry weight plant-1

. The highest

dry weight plant-1

(7.59g) was produced from the treatment of 3 kg

biofertilizer ha-1

.

Yield and yield contributing characters were significantly influenced by

different levels of biofertilizer. The highest number of branches plant-1

(2.69),


(20.35), dry weight plant-1

(7.5gm), stover yield (3.32

t ha-1

), biological yield (5.25 t ha-1

), were produced from application of 3kg

biofertilizer ha-1

. The highest harvest index (45.81%) was obtained from

biofertilizer used @ 4 kg ha-1

.

Experimental results also revealed that the yield and plant characters such as

plant height, number of branches plant-1

, number of pod plant-1

, mature pods

plant-1

, immature pods plant-1

, pod length, number of seeds pod-1

, seed weight

plant-1

, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and

harvest index were significantly influenced by different phosphorus levels.

The highest number of mature pods plant-1

, pod length, seed yield (2.09 t ha-

1), stover yield (3.08 t ha

-1), biological yield (5.17 t ha

-1), harvest index

(40.80%) were found with the application of 100 kg P ha-1

.

Interaction between biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer had significant

influence on number of pods plant-1

, length pod-1

, number of seeds pod-1

, seed

weight plant-1

, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield

except number of seed pod-1

and harvest index.

The highest number of pods plant-1

(22.11), length pod-1

(10.30cm), seed

yield (2.27 t ha-1

), stover yield (3.45 t ha-1

), biological yield (6.07 t ha-1

) were

produced from the treatment of 4 kg biofertilizer ha-1

with 100 kg phosphorus

ha-1

.

From the above results it is revealed that yield and yield attributes differed

with different levels of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer. The highest

yield (2.34 t ha-1

) was produced from seed inoculated with biofertilizer @

3kg ha-1

with 100 kg P ha-1

. The results obtained in the experiment also

indicated that there is scope to increase the yield of mungbean by applying

proper dose of biofertilizer and phosphatic fertilizer in Binamung-8.

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APPENDICES

Appendix I. Morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of soil

samples

a) Morphological characteristics of soil

(i) Location Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh

Agricultural University, Mymensingh

(ii) Agro-ecological Zones Old Brahmaputra Flood

Plain (AEZ-9)

(iii) Soil Types Non-calcareous Dark-Grey Flood Plain

(iv) Soil Series Sonatola

(v) Parent Materials Old Brahmaputra River Borne Deposit

b) Physical characteristics of soil

(i) Sand (2.00-0.5 mm dia) : 25.2%

(ii) Silt (0.5-0.002 mm dia) : 72.0%

(iii) Clay (below 0.002 mm dia) : 2.8%

(iv) Textural Class : Silty loam

c) Chemical characteristics of soil

S1. No. Chemical Properties Analytical data

1. pH 6.8

2. Organic carbon (%) 0.93

3. Total nitrogen (%) 0.13

4. Available phosphorus (ppm) 13.9

5. Available potassium (ppm) 16.3

6. Exchangeable potassium (ppm) 0.28

Appendix II. Average monthly air temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), relative

humidity (%) and sunshine (hrs) during the experimental

period between February20 10 to June 2010 at the

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh area,

Mymensingh.

Year

2011

Months

Monthly average air

temperature (OC)

Monthly

total

rainfall

(mm)

Monthly

average

relative

humidity

Monthly

total

sunshine

(hrs) Maximum Minimum Average

2011

March 31.95 20.72 26.34 16.20 74.54 210.90

April 32.24 23.45 27.85 123.5 83.17 187.4

May 32.45 24.16 28.31 337.0 82.35 193.9

June 31.52 25.73 28.63 352.3 87.93 106.6

Source: Weather Yard, Department of Irrigation and Water Management,

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.

Appendix III. Analysis of variance for growth and yield contribution characters of Mungbean

Source of

variation df

Mean square values

Plant

hight

cm./plant

Dry

weight/plnt

No of

Branches /

Plant

No of

pods/plant

Mature

pod/plant

Imature

pod/plant

Length of

pod

No of

seed/pod

Seed

wt./plant

1000-seed

wt(g)

Seed

yield/t/ha

Stover

yield/t/ha

Biological

yield

Harvest

Index

Replication 2 7.097 0.052 0.012 0.494 0.493 0.365 6.884 3.016 4.135 24.763 0.041 0.248 0.395 16.068

Factor A 4 308.951** 2.404** 0.679** 12.189** 23.382** 20.206** 526.643** 84.838** 36.293** 290.779** 0.363** 2.908** 4.639** 136.912**

Factor B 3 101.651** 1.963** 0.66** 11.989** 18.089** 4.374** 327.812** 63.155** 116.219** 158.246** 1.162** 1.582** 5.321** 27.606**

A×B 12 59.708** 0.074** 0.047** 3.444** 0.687** 1.169** 15.298** 7.389** 3.632** 32.301** 0.036** 0.323** 0.474** 18.047**

Error 38 8.443 0.036 0.007 0.337 0.32 0.184 2.085 1.642 0.644 2.258 0.006 0.023 0.037 2.539


Appendix IV. Effect of biofertilizer on yield and plant characters of

summer mungbean

Level of

Biofertilzier

No. of

Branches

plant-1

No. of pods

plant-1

Seed yield

(t ha-1

)

Stover yield

(t ha-1

)

I0 2.16d 17.82d 1.54c 2.15d

I1 2.25c 18.59c 1.74b 2.66c

I2 2.45b 18.88c 1.90a 2.26d

I3 2.69a 20.35a 1.96a 3.00b

I4 2.66a 19.85b 1.93a 3.32a

CV (%) 3.52 3.04 4.42 5.61

Level of sig. ** ** ** **


In a column, figures having similar letter (s) do not differ significantly whereas

figures with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per DMRT.

I0 = No Biofertilizer





Appendix V. Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on yield and plant

characters

of summer mungbean

Level of

phosphorus

No. of

Branches

plant-1

No. of pods

plant-1

Seed yield

(t ha-1

)

Stover yield

(t ha-1

)

P1 2.16c 17.98d 1.50b 2.31c

P2 2.45bc 18.95c 1.66b 2.56b

P3 2.49ab 19.32b 2.00a 2.75b

P4 2.67a 20.14a 2.09a 3.08a

CV(%) 3.52 3.04 4.42 5.61

Level of sig. ** ** ** ** ** = Significant at 1% level of probability In a column, figures having similar letter (s) do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter

(s) differ significantly as per DMRT.

P1 = 25 kg P ha-1

P2 = 50 kg P ha-1

P3 = 75 kg P ha-1

P4 = 100 kg P ha-1

YIELD OF SUMMER MUNGBEAN AS INFLUENCED BY BIOFERTILIZER …

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