Yellow Sea and East China Sea reported by PICES and … · is at work in these ecosystems. ... Open...
Transcript of Yellow Sea and East China Sea reported by PICES and … · is at work in these ecosystems. ... Open...
Yellow Sea and East China Seareported by PICES
and Korean Monitoring program
Chul ParkChungnam National University
Feburuary 21-23, [email protected]
Contents
Introduction of North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report
Briefing of the chapter on Yellow Sea and East China Sea
Korean Monitoring Program
Items to be considered for the Regular Process
Global International Waters Assessment
GIWA report (2006)published by the UNEP in collaboration with GEF, the Univ. of Kalmar and the Municipality of Kalmar, Sweden, and theGovernments of Sweden, Finland, and Norway.
CITATIONUNEP, 2006. Challenges to International Waters – Regional Assessments in a
GlobalPerspective. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
GIWA report
Large Marine Ecosystem Report
LME report (2009)
Coordinated by UNEP Regional Seas Programme and the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from land-based Activities in the Hague, Netherlands.GEF and NOAA also involved.
CITATIONSheman, K. Hempel, G. (Editors) 2009. The UNEP Large Marine Ecosystem Report: A perspective on changing conditions in LMEs of the world’s Regional Seas. UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 182. United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.
LME report
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Referred as NPESRNorth Pacific Ecosystem Status Report
1st version was published in 2004result of working group activityedited by I. Perry and 7 scientists
2nd version was published this yearwith slight modification in format,edited by Stewart M. McKinnell and
Michael J. Dagg
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
2nd version
SynthesisOceanicCalifornia CurrentAlaska currentBering SeaSea of OkhotskOyashioKuroshioYellow Sea/East China SeaReferences
Contents of NPESR
1st version
SynthesisOcean and climate changesYellow Sea/East China SeaJapan/East SeaOkhotsk SeaOyashio/KuroshioWestern Subartic GyreBering SeaGulf of AlaskaCalifornia CurrentGulf of CaliforniaTransition ZoneTunaPacific HalibutPacific SalmonReferences
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
2nd version
highlightsIntroductionAtmosphere and HydrologyPhysical and Chemical Ocean PhytoplanktonZooplanktonFishes and InvertebratesMarine Birds and MammalsBenthosReferences
Chapter formats (Yellow Sea and East China Sea)
1st version
highlightsbackgroundStatus and Trends
HydrographyChemistryPlanktonBenthosFish and invertebratesMarine Birds and Mammals
issuescritical factors causing change
(References integrated at the end)
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
highlightsIntroduction2.0 Atmosphere and Hydrology
2.1 Wind and pressure2.2 Precipitation and hydrology
3.0 Physical and Chemical Ocean 3.1 Hydrography3.2 Water properties
4.0 Phytoplankton4.1 Light4.2 Phytoplankton
5.0 Zooplankton6.0 Fishes and Invertebrates7.0 Marine Birds and Mammals8.0 BenthosReferences
Chapter on Yellow Sea and East China Sea
lead author: Sinjae YooMarine Living Resources DivisionKorea Ocean Research and Development Institute Ansan, Republic of Korea
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
1. Introductionshape of the sea (area, depth),circulation pattern, water masses,productivity, species numbers,human activities, etc.
2. Atmosphere and hydrologywind and pressureprecipitation
Yellow and East China Sea
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
3. Physical and Chemical Ocean
3.1 hydrographySeawater temperatures
3.2 Water propertiesOxygen and pHNutrientsOrganic sedimentationContaminants
The long-term trend of the temperature in April at the surface and 50 m in: (a) central Yellow Sea, (b) shelf of northern East China Sea, and (c) Tsushima Current area. The data were taken bimonthly at the stations of Korea Oceanographic Data Center (http://kodc.nfrdi.re.kr/page?id=eng_index) .
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
Surface distribution of salinity and horizontal distributions of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrate (DIN), phosphate and silicate (all in μM) in the upper water of the YS and the ECS in August 1998 (adapted from Wang et al. 2003).
Yellow and East China Sea
Long-term trend of the nutrients along a transect across 36°N in the Yellow Sea.(a) Dissolved Inorganic Nitrate (DIN), (b) phosphates, (c) silicates, (d) N:P ratio. Modified from Lin et al. (2005).
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton
4.1 light
4.2 Phytoplanktonspecies numberchlorophyll distributionharmful algal bloom events
Distribution of phytoplankton species numbers in the Yellow Sea, September 1992 (J.-H. Noh, unpublished data).
Changes in the satellite chlorophyll a in the central region of the Yellow Sea.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton
4.2 Phytoplankton
harmful algal bloom events
Frequency of algal blooms along the Chinese and Korean coasts inthe Yellow Sea during 1999-2008.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton
Number and area of HAB occurrences in the Chinese coastal areas on the southern East China Sea shelf including the Changjiang River vicinity during 1980-2004. Adaptedfrom Tang et al. (2006).
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Standardized (SCOR-WG 125) time series of monthly zooplankton biomass (ln[mg·m-3) in the eastern Yellow Sea. Small circles indicate missing data. See Kang et al. (2009) for further details of the analysis.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Seasonal and interannual comparison of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods and chaetognaths in the eastern Yellow Sea.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Seasonal and interannual comparison of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods and chaetognaths in the northern East China Sea.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea6. Fishes and Invertebrates
List of major commercial species
Demersal and semi-demersal fishes
Common Name SpeciesSmall yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactisHairtail Trichiurus lepturusFilefish Stephanolepis cirrhiferPomfret Pampus argenteusCorvenias Collichthys niveatusLarge yellow croaker Pseudosciaena croceaWhite croaker Argyrosomus argentatusBrown croaker Miichths miiuyRoundnose flounder Eopsetta grigorjewiBastard halibut Paralichthys olivaceusCommon seabass Epinephelus septemfasciatusPacific cod Gadus macrocephalusPuffers TetraodontidaeSharptoothed eel Muraenesox cinereusRed seabream Pagrus majorSea-devil Lophiomus setigerusBigeyed herring Herklotsichthys zunasiRockfish Sebastes inermisFlathead Platycephalus indicusSkateray Raja kenojei
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea6. Fishes and Invertebrates
List of major commercial species (3 categories)
Pelagic fishes
Common Name SpeciesAnchovy Engraulis japonicaSardine Sardinops melanostictusPacific herring Clupea pallasiiCommon mackerel Scomber japonicusHorse mackerel Trachurus japonicusSpanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius
Shellfish
Common Name SpeciesCuttlefish Sepia esculentaBlue crab Portunus trituberculatusLarge shrimp Penaeus orientalisCommon squid Todarodes pacificus
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates
Catch data for major target fisheries
Long-term trend in the catch by Korean fisheries in the Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS) and the sum of the two seas (YES).
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates
Trends in catch efforts
Long-term trend of effort by Korean fisheries in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS).
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates
Changes in trophic levels
Mean trophic level of the fisheries catch in the Yellow Sea. It increased in 2003-2008 period due to increased catch of demersals and cephalopods.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates
Changes in trophic levels
Mean trophic level of the fisheries catch in the East China Sea. Although it has decreased in the long term, it is similar in 1997-2002 and 2003-2008.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
7. Marine Birds and Mammals7.1 Pinnipeds
7.2 CetaceansMinke whale numbers
7.3 Seabirds
Census of spotted seal (Phoca larga) around Bak-ryoung island in 2000 to 2002 and 2006 to 2008.
Annual fluctuation in the number of species and individuals of wintering populations of water birds in South Korea.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
8. Benthos
Composition and abundance at higher categories (zoobenthos)
Macrobenthos in the central Yellow Sea: total species composition in winter and summer 2008.
Comparison of macrobenthos abundance (ind.·m-2) in the central Yellow Sea in 1999-2000 and 2008.
Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Highlights
�� The Yellow Sea and East China Sea have undergone drastic changes in the past decades (species shifts, outbreaks of HABs, jellyfish blooms, macroalgal blooms, eutrophication, appearance of an hypoxic area).
����Changjiang River discharge has been reduced with an accompanying impact onecosystem productivity and structure in the vicinity of the river mouth.
��The most prominent pressures to the ecosystem in the past decades were overfishing, eutrophication and disturbances in the freshwater budget.
��A recent survey indicates that the volume of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Wateris reduced. ��A complicated network of pressures, anthropogenic as well as natural, is at work in these ecosystems.
These changes are expected to have a significant impact on the resource utilization of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.
Yellow and East China Sea
Korean Monitoring Program
Responsible AdministrationMinistry of Environment(MOE) since 1994Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries(MOMAF) since 1996Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs(MLTM) since 2008
Three Major Programs +Serial Oceanographic ObservationCoastal Environmental MonitoringMarine Ecosystem Investigation
+ HAB monitoring, Jellyfish monitoringFixed real time oceanographic observation tower (station)
Outline- 1921 ~ Present (NFRDI)- Station number: 208 stations- Survey period: Bi-monthly or
Seasonally- Parameters: Water Temperature,
Salinity, DO, Nutrients, Chlorophyll a, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton etc.
Korean Monitoring Program
Serial Oceanographic Observation
Korean Monitoring Program
Coastal Environmental Monitoring
Sampling station number : 296 - offshore : 40, coastal area : 256
Sampling period : Seasonal survey- offshore : Summer
Result service : Website and reports
Scientific committee : Annual meeting
Korean Monitoring Program
Coastal Environmental Monitoring
Required monitoring components
General items SST, Salinity, pH, DO, COD, TN, TP, NO2 - N, NO3 -N, NH4 - N, PO4 - P, SS, Oil & Grease
Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr+6, total Hg, As, CNSEAWATER
Organic contaminants PCBs, TBT
General items Particle size, IL, AVS, COD
Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr+6, total Hg, As, CNSEDIMENT
Organic contaminants PCBs, TBT, Pesticides, PAHs, PCDDs/DFs
General items Chl a
Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr+6, total Hg, As, CNORGANISM
Organic contaminants PCBs, TBT, Pesticides, PAHs, PCDDs/DFs
Ecosystem componentsPhytoplankton, Zooplankton, Benthic algae, Benthic animal, Fishes, Marine Birds and mammalsProtozoansEnvironmental factors
Every 10 years by Law
Designation of Marine Protected Area
Korean Monitoring Program
Marine Ecosystem Investigation
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
Format of the report
Definition of the Target area (at Sea level)Sulu Sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea, Yellow Sea,
Subdivision of the sea ?? (Habitat type)Widespread Habitats (seafloor and water column):
Coastal areas, Continental Shelves and slopes, Open Ocean Deep-Sea, Enclosed and Semi-enclosed seas
Specialised habitats:Coral (and other biogenic) reefs, Estuaries and deltas,Mangroves and other macro-vegetation areas,Seamounts, CanyonsOceans and seas covered in ice for much of the year, Hydrothermal ventsKelp forests
To be considered for future reporting
Decision of items to be included in the reportGeneral feature of the sea areaGeological aspects, atmospheric conditions, Physical, chemical properties of the sea,Biological components
Data collectionkinds, format, space-time scale, degree of precision etc.
Contact pointsshared sea area
Description style
To be considered for future reporting