Year 2 · 2016. 3. 3. · A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into...

Catholic SchoolhouseTM

Rhetoric Level Religion Guide

Year 2

by Rose Wright, M.A.

Copyright info

Introduction To the parents...

The following Rhetoric program serves as an additional at-home curriculum for those looking to use Catholic Schoolhouse as their core program. As with the grammar program, the parents are given much authority in deciding how to best implement this plan with their particular children. Pope Paul VI , in referencing Pope Pius XI states, “Since parents have given children their life, they are bound by the most serious obligation to educate their offspring and therefore must be recognized as the primary and principal educators” (Gravissimum Educationis 3). Please let us know if there are specific areas where you need assistance. Parents should have a copy of the Catholic Schoolhouse Y ear 2 Tour Guide to seize opportunities to tie in memory work topics that will interest their class. While memory work will not be officially covered in the dialectic level, the information contained should already be mastered by this age students. Study at home will be necessary for students who are new to the program to assure mastery. All ages studying and quizzing the memory work serves as an important unifying factor for families--students are never too old for memory! In Christ, The Catholic Schoolhouse Upper Level Team

Quarter 4 Background Information

Religion: Overview of Objectives

We are on a quest for Truth using Reason and Divine

Revelation. This journey will help us to uncover all areas of

the Faith so that by the end of your Rhetoric teaching you

will not only apply all the memory work you have learned

throughout the years but you will also uncover the mysteries

studied now for over two thousand years! Some mysteries

will be completely answered, others will leave you seeking

for more. We can help you begin to FIND those answers to

the mysteries by showing you important Scripture passages,

Church Documents and how to use them, but ultimately it is

the virtue of perseverance, grace and wisdom that will truly

lead you to the answers.

Christology, Heresies & the Sacraments

This fourth quarter will discuss the study of Our Lord by understanding the heresies that occurred during this

time period. In reading parts of the Fourth Lateran Council for CSH, you will see the immediate participation

in the Sacraments and the development of the liturgical development. Meanwhile, in your apologetics

notebook you will combat the heresies faced during this time, because heresy has a way of reoccurring in

history due to our fallen nature. When you understand the errors, you can better defend the Truth!

St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica: Nearly every week you will be given a reference to St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. St. Thomas

Aquinas wrote the Summa during the 13th century, the height of what is known as Scholasticism. This

quarter you will reaching the time of Scholasticism. Scholasticism refers to a movement in history that

resulted from the re-discovery of Aristotle’s works. Please see Appendix 1 on How to Read the Summa

Theologica so that you will have a better understanding throughout the year when the book is referenced. St.

Thomas Aquinas had a vision of Heaven, while working on the Summa and took his masterpiece and tried to

throw it in the fire but his fellow monks held him back. He explained that his work was so incomplete to what

the true glory of Heaven, he felt it did not do the Truth justice. The reality is the multiple volumes of the

Summa Theologica includes approximately 3,500 words. His work is truly outstanding and can be a great

benefit and reference in learning the Faith on a deeper level. This quarter we will focus on Christology, which

is the study of Jesus Christ. This study will help us gain a deeper understanding of Church history at this time

period, particularly in regards to the heresies.

Apologetics Notebook The Apologetics Notebook (you may use a spiral notebook or a three-ring binder filled with lined paper;

whatever you prefer) is for you to keep over your three years of Rhetoric. The objective is for you by the end

of your three years in the Catholic Schoolhouse program to have a notebook (or several depending upon how

detailed you become with your notebooks) that you can reference in discussions with others on the Faith.

The formatting of the notebook will be very similar to that of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. Be

sure to examine the Appendix 1 of how to read the Summa so that you are familiar with the structure and

purpose. You will be responsible for entering the arguments (called Articles) either from what is given in the

weekly assignments or on your own. These arguments will become the cornerstone of your reference guide

when you are speaking to others about the Catholic Faith. This is YOUR reference and is not to be a copy

like the Summa.

Advanced Reading You will be given advanced reading weekly. While this reading is up to the decision of your parents as to

whether or not you should read it, it is highly recommended. If you are ever not understanding the material,

go to the advanced reading which might give you some answers you were looking for regarding your work.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Each week you will be given a prayer meditation to help show you the many ways to pray. Of course in

Catholic Schoolhouse you are learning Latin Chant. Singing, according to St. Augustine, is praying twice.

The Grammar learners are discussing the Sacraments (which you should be familiar with). Throughout the

year you will learn other forms of prayer. This quarter you will work on Lectio Divina (Divine Prayer)

mediation based upon an ancient form of Benedictine prayer. The four typical steps to the Lectio Divina is to

read, meditate, pray and contemplate. You will make a prayer journal to keep for the Rhetoric years to show

you how much you have learned and grown in your prayer life. See Appendix 3 and 4 about Lection Divina

and the formatting for the Prayer Journal. Be sure to find a quiet place to do this part of your at-home

religion.

Rhetoric Level Religion Week 19

In 610 only four major civilized powers existed: Eastern Rome or Byzantine (run by Heraclius), Persia, India, and China. In 622, the Persians attacked Jerusalem and Heraclius started out on Easter Monday to stop them. Only 20 years later and one whole civilization would be wiped out and one would struggle to exist at all because of the Arabs (all due to Mohammed) who had hardly been noticed before this time. Even with a 3 to 1 ratio of Heraclius’ men to the Muslims, the Muslims won! Due to other advantages such as a sand storm and other sneaky tactics, within three years the Muslims had almost all of the fertile crescent with Heraclius rushing the True Cross from Jerusalem to Caesarea to protect it. In a matter of ten years the Muslims had covered most of the civilized world and won all conquests. There is nothing to compare it to in all of history! History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Islam by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.

Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments

Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep

Week 19 - Scholar Background

Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber, Islam by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J., “Comparing Christianity and Islam” by Peter Kreeft Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments

- Week 19

Reference Background Information

These next weeks show the affects of the Barbarian invasion, as we see corruption in various

ways (through the papacy, through the East and West struggling for power, etc.). Thankfully,

the Holy Spirit will protect the Church as always and none could see His protection more

clearly than with through Vigilius!

Theodora, wife to Justinian, and Vigilius secretly made a deal when he arrived with

Pope Agapitus to Constantinople that if she helped him become Pope, he would denounce the

Council of Chalcedon and approve the Monophysite heresy. The new Pope, Pope Silverius

was hauled way while Vigilius was made anti-pope (Justinian was unaware that Theodora

was a part of this crime.) Pope Silverius starved to death so Vigilius was recognized then at

the true Pope! Here was his chance to condemn an ecumenical council and what did he do?

HE REFUSED! He was exiled to Chalcedon of all places for many years. Theodora died and

eventually the Second Council of Constantinople was held in 553 with 166 bishops attending

and Pope Vigilius reaffirming Chalcedon! As you can see, turmoil still exists for the Church,

but even amidst the heresies and political wars, the Church remained strong and continued to

grow in places like Ireland.

A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into Spain

would last 770 years! Before Gregory the Great was Pope, he met Bishop Leander (who

would become a saint), who converted the Goths and watched a struggle between Arianism

and Catholicism. The Catholics were persecuted by the Arians until the king met St. Leander

and converted! Spain was now Catholic! (And this Catholic country would fight for the Faith

for 770 years! Can you imagine? Would you have such perseverance? Gregory is made Pope

and asks for prayers to end the plagues in Rome. Here we learn of the Legend of St. Michael

appearing at what is now known as the Castel Sant Angelo (Castle of the Holy Angel) which

will be for centuries to come a place of refuge and stronghold for Popes in danger. Pope

Gregory the Great also sent missionaries, like St. Augustine of Canterbury to Britain.

While the Muslims are invading Spain, heresy still continues. The 3rd Council of

Constantinople of 690 (and the sixth ecumenical council in all) condemned Monothelitism.

The Muslims entered France, leading to Charles Martel’s battle of Tours and the Muslims be-

ing defeated in France. Martel’s son, Pepin, when he ruled called a synod with the Church

and further developed a relationship between the Faith and France. Eventually Pepin’s son,

Charlemagne, would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope solidifying that relation-

ship.

NOTE: This transition period from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West to the founda-

tion of the Holy Roman Empire, covering 476-800 teaches three fundamental lessons: (1) The

Church possesses unconquerable optimism in the face of the most desperate situations. The

Church never despairs. (2) The Church is assured of the unfailing aid of Divine Providence.

(3) The Church performs a vitalizing action on society. Does the Church experience this to-

day? Do the people of the Church experience this today?

Need a Recap of

Church History?

Read A Short His-

tory of the Catholic

Church at https://

archive.org/details/

AShortHistoryOfT

heCatholicChurch

Chapters V-VIII

pgs. 41-85

If you are inter-

ested in reading

more about this

time period, con-

sider the series

on Christendom

written by Dr.

Warren Carroll,

an excellent his-

torian and even

better weaver of

history’s stories.

Ecumenical

Councils:

-2nd Council of

Constantinople

(553) Confirmed

Chalcedon

-3rd Council of

Constantinople

(680) Con-

demned Mono-

thelitism

-2nd Council of

Nicaea (787)

condemned Icon-

oclasm

Defining the Terms Read: Before moving forward this week, please read Appendix 5 to provide a bigger picture to

Quarter 4 and what you will accomplish by the end of this school year!

Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you

should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Gnosticism,

Marcionism, Montanism, Novatianism, Modalism, Subordinatism, Arianism, Nestorianism,

Monophysitism, Donatism, Pelagianism, and (this time period) Monothelitism, Islam (or

Mohammadism)

Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)

Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use

your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Penance, Religion of Islam

Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with

explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)

Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to

make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous

page) Heresies of this time period: Monothelitism, Iconoclast Heresy

Recap Reading (Optional) In order to understand history, one should be sure he knows the information fairly well before moving

forward. This week you have a bit more reading in order to make sure you understand the important

heresies and declarations. Ask for your parents’ guidance in what to read if you cannot read it all.

Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i, Ch. 5, Ar ticle II: On the

Heresy of Pelagius (p. 109-119) and its Refutation V and VI ( p. 443-451, p 451-457), Art. III: The

Nestorian Heresy (p. 119-136) and its Refutation VII (p. 457-470), Art. Eutyches (p. 136-150) and its

Refutation VIII (p. 470-481) and Council of Chalcedon (p. 150-163)

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLIV, sec. I-VIII,

Park XLV, sec. I-VII and XLVI, sec. I-VI, Penance, on pages 242-350 of https://archive.org/details/

christianmission04marsuoft CHOOSE 5 stories at least from each section since this reading is larger.

Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an

annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://

archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures Book IV chap. 56-58 pgs. 383-384, chap. 70-72 pgs. 392-395

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Penance found at http://

www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=73

Read: (Sacraments) “Reconciliation” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060300.htm

Week 19 Religion

Week 19 - At-Home

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Continued Read: (Islam) Peter Kreeft’s “Comparing Christianity and Islam” at http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics-

more/religions_islam.htm

Read: (Islam) Fr . John Hardon, S.J . “Islam” at http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Protestantism/

Protestantism_001.htm

Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/

generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Period, including the Introduction and chapters 6-11 at pgs. 69-

122.

Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/

details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter VI-VII pgs. 166-188.

Read: Partial Chapter 7 star ting at...“From Chalcedon to the Monothelites” by Fr. John Hardon, S.J. at

http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_024.htm

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Questions 84-90 (Penance) and Supplement

Questions 1-28. Add notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Inventio This quarter you will continue to work on your rhetoric skills by persuading others either through short

essays or speeches.. Remember, in Inventio, one prepares the argument, gathers the research, and creates

the thesis. Rhetoric looks at the particular make-up of the person you’re trying to persuade and figures out

what will move them to your side of the argument.

Write: Write a 1-2 page essay persuading whether or not Islam is a danger to our future.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Again, this quarter you will choose each week a passage you enjoy from the Gospels. Try to keep in mind what you are learning about Christ in your readings when you pick your passage. (See Appendix 3 &4)

- Week 19

Checklist:

Read: Be sure to complete the several read-

ing assignments this week but thankfully no

question box (reading assignment) to answer.

Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your

apologetics notebook and answer the questions

on separate paper.

Advanced Reading: Summa Questions 53-56.

Add notes to the Apologetics Notebook.

Apologetics Notebook: Add the following

arguments to your notebook with cited an-

swers: Sacrament of Penance and Islam

Apologetics Note-

book: Ecumenical

Council/Heresy

Chart

Apologetics Notebook: Scr ipture Reference list

and explanation for the Sacrament of the week.

Rhetoric: Write a 1-2 page essay persuading

whether or not Islam is a danger to our future.

Prayer Journal: Choose any Gospel passage.


For your Rhetoric lessons this quarter you will find each week is either a speech or an essay. Remember you are working on your ability to persuade others. In order to do that, however, first you must have the correct facts! Also take your studies seriously so that you learn to discern truth from fiction. Your confidence will grow as well the more you study. Note that before 1050 A.D. the average person was more likely than not to be uneducated and familiar with nothing beyond how to scratch out a living, he had no surplus wealth or property but just barely enough to survive; he lived in constant fear of bandits and war. From 1050 on nore and more people could be more confident of dying a natural death rather than being killed by bandits or raiding tribes; had some leisure time to think about art and architecture and learning and to celebrate with festivals; ad might have some surplus property or possessions to trade with their neighbors. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………

Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already.


Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep


Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber, Christian Apologetics by Rev. W. Devivier Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments

Background Information

Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious. Unlike his father,

his religious faith was not accompanied by a commanding personality. By the time of Louis

the Pious’ death the different sections of the Empire were becoming more and more inde-

pendent.

When Louis died his 3 sons fought over the crown. Their quarrels were brought to an end by

the Treaty of Verdun which was signed in 843. The treaty split the empire in three parts.

France in the east, Germany in the west, and Lotharingia in the middle. Lotharingia included

northern Italy, Holland and Belgium (all countries exist today) and Alsace, Lorraine and Bur-

gundy (which today are part of France). The Treaty of Verdun is an important historical land-

mark, making Germany and France independent kingdoms. It marked the beginning of the

modern idea of nations (IMPORTANT!) The area of Lotharingia became a constant battle-

ground of France and Germany (even as late as World War II). Finally, the treaty which cre-

ated a division of the Empire also weakened the Empire, making way for the Vikings.

The Vikings were defeated in Britain by King Alfred the Great, and this defeat established

England as a nation, which would be Christian.

Some great missionaries at this time were Sts. Cyril and Methodius. These brothers were

apostles to the Slavs. They helped to change the liturgy of the Germans. They said the liturgy

in the Slavic language. They devised the Slavonic alphabet (or the Cyrillic Alphabet). They

also helped to convert the Bulgars. Other missionaries were also in action, in Ireland, Russia,

Denmark and Norway.

- Week 20

Ecumenical

Councils:

-4th Council of

Constantinople

(869) condemned

Photius

Need a Quick

Recap of

Church

History for this

week?

Read A Short

History of the

Catholic Church

at

https://

archive.org/

details/

AShortHistoryOf

TheCatholicChur

ch

Chapters IX-X

pgs. 86-94.

Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you

should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Photius, Photian

Schism, Primacy of Peter



your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Holy Eucharist, the

Catholic Church as the True Church (specifically about the Primacy of Peter)





page) Heresies of this time period: Errors of Photius

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Euchar ist Par t XLI

sec. I-VII, XLII sec. I-VII and XLIII sec. I-IV, on pages 141-241 of https://archive.org/details/

christianmission04marsuoft CHOOSE 5 stories at least in each section



archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 61-69 pgs. 386-391

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Holy Euchar ist found at http://

www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=74 (NOTE: The website will change each week,

because the website listed is the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)

Read: (Sacraments) “The Eucharist: The Lord’s Supper” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/

ap060500.htm

Read: (Catholic Church as the True Church in connection with the Primacy of Peter) Christian

Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part

2) Chap. 1 pgs. 299-309, Chap. 2 Article 5 “Primacy of Peter,” pgs. 373-390. (Note: You are studying

this topic now due to the great involvement the Popes will have during this time period in history.)


generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch General Statement and Chpt. 12-13 part 1 pgs. 124-

134.

Week 20 - At-Home

Week 20 Religion

Reading on Church History continued Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/

details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter IX (Greek Schism/Photius) pgs. 201-223.

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Questions 73-83 (Eucharist). Add notes to the

Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Inventio Continuing with Inventio, or the Canon of Invention, recall the difference between Invention and

Discovery. A discovery is that which we find, because it already exists; an invention is that which we

create, not previously in existence.

Remember: In Inventio, one prepares the argument, gathers the research, and creates the thesis. Rhetoric

looks at the particular make-up of the person you’re trying to persuade and figures out what will move

them to your side of the argument. Give a speech (or write an essay) persuading a nonbeliever the

Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Our Lord, Jesus Christ.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels. Use the Prayer Journal

template (found in the Appendix) for help.

- Week 20

Checklist:


ing assignments this week but thankfully you

have no question box (reading assignment) to

answer.


apologetics notebook.

Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica

Apologetics Arguments: Add the following

arguments to your notebook with cited an-

swers: Sacra-

ment of Holy

Eucharist, the

Primacy of Peter

Apologetics

Notebook: Ecu-

menical Council/

Heresy Chart

Apologetics Notebook: Scr ipture Reference

list and explanation for the Sacrament of the

week.

Rhetoric: Give a

speech (or write an

essay) persuading

an atheist that Jesus

is in fact God. Re-

member to use persuasive arguments.



You have been given in the Background information a recap on Church History. Please note that usually the reading is very brief with the idea that if some of your reading is too intense and you just need a quick refresher of the time period, particularly from the viewpoint of the Church. Also, please remember the goal of your studies is to see the relationship of the Church with history at this time. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………

Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.


Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep


Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments


The Great East-West Schism started much sooner than 1054. In 381 the Council of Constan-

tinople decreed that the Bishops of Constantinople were to be honored next to the Bishops of

Rome, given the title of Patriarch. The Council of Chalecedon (451) made them Patriarchs in

fact which gave them authority over large numbers of bishops. The diversity of characters,

language, rites and disciplines brought strain when councils were held and the Pope would

refuse to accept their customs as binding on the Faith. The Iconoclast heresy of the eighth

century called strain as well due to the influence of the Muslims and Jews who disapproved

of all images. The Emperor ordered them to be destroyed and many monasteries were razed

to the ground with monks dying as martyrs for the faith and traditional usage of the Church.

The coronation of Charlemagne brought strain on East versus the West. These events, along

with powerful men who deceived others, causing the Pope to condemn then led to the strain

and eventual Schism.

Feudalism developed due to the Viking raids. It was an exchange of labor for protection. The

men who provided protection were knights and the laborers were the serfs. Those who

owned the land were known as nobles or noblemen. Please know that bishops and priests

owned their own land and were heavily involved in the feudalistic system. This involvement

will lead to problems when the clergy are not as holy as they should be and become more

interested in power than in the Faith. Thankfully, the saints outweigh the sinners.

- Week 21

Ecumenical

Councils

1st Lateran

Council (1123)

abolished the

right claimed by

lay princes, of

investiture with

ring and crosier

to ecclesiastical

benefices

Recovered the

Holy Land

-2nd Lateran

(1139) Con-

demned Arnold

of Brescia

Need a Quick

Recap of

Church

History for this

week?

Read A Short

History of the

Catholic Church

at

https://

archive.org/

details/

AShortHistoryOf

TheCatholicChur

ch

Chapters XI-part

I-II pgs. 94-103.

Week 21 Religion

Week 21 - At-Home


should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Greek Schism (East-

West Schism)



your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Confirmation, the Greek

Schism





page) Heresies of this time period: Greek Schism

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Confirmation book

XXXIX sec. I-V on pages 73-105 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft



archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 60 pgs. 386

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Confirmation found at http://



Read: (Sacraments) “Confirmation” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060400.htm

Read: (Greek Schism) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://archive.org/

details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 2 article 4 “Schismatic Greek Church” pgs. 360-368.

Read: (Greek Schism) Religions of the W orld by Fr . John A. Hardon, S.J ., Chapter 15 “Eastern

Orthodoxy” at http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Protestantism/Protestantism_034.htm


generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch General Statement and Chpt. 13 part 2 through Chapter

15 Part 1 pgs. 135-171.


details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X-XI (article 1 only) pgs. 223-226.

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Question 72 (Confirmation). Add notes to the

Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

Read: The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc: Introduction pgs. 1-6 and Part II: Christendom

Established Section 1: The Siege of Christendom AD 500– AD 1000 at https://archive.org/details/

TheCrisisOfOurCivilization-HilaireBelloc

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: This week in Rhetoric we will refresh our learning about the Canon of Arrangement: Putting together the

structure of the coherent argument - utilizing an introduction, statement of facts, division, proof, refutation

and conclusion. The arrangement of your presentation or paper remains important to the success of your

delivery.

Hilaire Belloc, one of the great Catholic historians of the 20th century, argues we are in a crisis in our

civilization. After reading part of his book, write an essay or give a speech on the Middle Ages, persuading

your audience they were either the best time in civilization or the worst point in civilization. You will need

to be very persuasive to convince others!

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose any Gospel passage. Use the Prayer Journal template for help.

Checklist:






Reading Assignment: Answer the questions

about your reading on separate paper (not to be

in your Apologetics Notebook).



arguments to your

notebook with cit-

ed answers: Sacra-

ment of Confirma-

tion, the Greek

Schism.

Rhetoric: Create a

speech or write an

essay on the Middle Ages, persuading your audience

they were either the best time in civilization or the

worst point in civilization.

Prayer Journal: Choose your own passage from

any of the Gospels.

- Week 21


Notice this week includes several Ecumenical Councils of the Church with many more to follow. Please organize your notes in such a way that it is easy to follow what took place during those Councils. Perhaps even make notecards of what the councils discussed as a way to help you with future assignments and understanding the WHYs behind the Church’s actions. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………



Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep


Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments


The Dark Ages ended due to the reform of the Church, the revival of the Holy Roman Em-pire and the Peace and economic revival resulting from the feudal system. By 1400, virtu-ally every European will be Catholic. Europe in these Middle Ages built a Christian civili-zation rich and glorious with such contributions in art, architecture and intellect. The Sum-ma Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas was the intellectual height of the Middle Ages while the artistic height was the cathedral at Chartres in France. The Crusades also began at this time, lead by Pope Blessed Urban II and the First Cru-sade. The Pope gave a speech to the council, after which they took the red cross as the em-blem for the Crusades and gave the name Crusaders (cruz is Latin for ‘cross’). Crosses were even sown on their sleeves. Why were the Crusades a just war? Well, the Muslims had been the aggressors against Christians since the 7th century while the Christian na-tions of Europe were not aggressors. The Christians were just defending themselves. The Crusaders never attacked the Muslim homeland of Arabia, but only originally Christian territories conquered by Muslims. It is appropriate for Christians, the innocent and the helpless to defend themselves. Any immoral actions that were taken during the Crusades should be condemned (and were!); however, an immoral action does not mean the war itself was unjust. St. Bernard of Clairvaux with his twelve monks founded the Cistercians at this time. St. Bernard wanted to devote his life to prayer but the Church needed him so he helped with reforms of other orders, and with ecclesiastical problems of the times. St. Thomas Becket also came from this time and became Archbishop of Canterbury. His moral concerns led him into conflict with King Henry II of England. Henry was keeping a tax for himself; Thomas ordered his bishops not pay the tax so Henry brought St. Thomas Becket to trial for treason and the trial was rigged so that Thomas went in exile. Finally he was allowed to return by the King. One of Thomas’s friends told Henry that Henry would not have peace in his kingdom with Thomas around and Henry responded back, not mean-ing what he said, that perhaps Thomas should be dead! Thomas was in his cathedral in Canterbury when the knights arrived. They pretended to be on orders for his arrest and entered the cathedral, violating the rule that no weapons could be brought into the church. Thomas made no attempt to defend himself and was brutally struck down before the altar and killed. King Henry, upon hearing of St. Thomas’s death, repented and led a reform to restore all that St. Thomas had requested. And a pilgrimage in St. Thomas’s honor started, which is where we get Chaucer’s famous Canterbury Tales. King Henry II’s (and Lady Eleanor of Aquitaine) son was Richard the Lion Heart. He led the third Crusade. He was quite successful in battle, and when eventually he did fall to a bow, he forgave the man who killed him and received the Last Rites of the Church.

Ecumenical

Councils:

1st Lateran

Council (1123):

First one held at

Rome. It abol-

ished the right

claimed by lay

princes, of in-

vestiture to

ecclesiastical

benefices

2nd Lateran

Council (1139)

condemned

repackaged

heresy of the

Manichaeans.

3rd Lateran

Council (1179)

condemned the

Albigenses and

Waldenses and

issued refor-

mation of mor-

als

- Week 22

This week we discuss the First Ecumenical Council, the Council of Nicaea in AD 325. All the bishops gath-ered, including Constantine and discussed how to deal with the problem of Arian-ism. One of the most im-portant facts you could learn about the Church is that Di-vine Revelation ENDED with the death of St. John the Apostle but the UN-DERSTANDING of the Di-vine Revelation continues to this day. That understanding

Need a Quick Recap of Church History for this week?

Read A Short History of the Catholic Church at

https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch

Chapters XI-part III-IV pgs. 103-108.


should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Validity of the Crusades

Arnold of Brescia, Lay Investiture, Crusades, Albigenses, Waldenses



your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Holy Orders, Validity of the

Crusades, lay investiture





page) Heresies of this time period: Validity of the Crusades, lay investiture, Arnold of Brescia,

Manicheans, Albigenses, Waldenses

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVII, Holy

Orders, section V-VII on pages 371-385 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft



archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 74-77 pgs. 397-401.

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Holy Orders found at http://



Read: (Sacraments) “Holy Orders” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060800.htm

Read: (Validity of the Crusades) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://

archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 5 “Crusades” pgs. 503-507.

Read: (Albigensian Heresy) Albigensianism by Fr . John A. Hardon, S.J ., http://

www.therealpresence.org/archives/Heresies_Heretics/Heresies_Heretics_006.htm


generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch Chpt. 15 part 2 through Chapter 17 Part 2 pgs. 171-

214.

Week 22 Religion

Week 22 - At-Home

Reading on Church History continued Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/


Read: Fr . John A Hardon’s (Manuscript) “Christology of Thomas Aquinas” at http://

www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_025.htm PARTIAL: Beginning through

Hypostatic Union

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 34-40 (Holy Orders). Add

notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Canon of Style The next Canon of Rhetoric we are going to recall from learning the Five Canons is the Canon of Style:

This canon refers to presenting the argument to stir the emotions; there are five encompassing concerns of

style which relate style to grammar, audience, effective and affective appeals, the guiding principle of

decorum, and the importance of ornamenting language through figurative speech.

Write a short essay (focusing particularly on style) that persuades readers for or against your choice of the

following: Crusades (that the Church had a valid reason for encouraging it), Sacrament of Holy Orders, or

one of the heresies (Lay Investiture, Albigenses, Waldenses)

Looking over the 4X4s of Effective Essays from last quarter, make sure you have the style of your essay

flowing well, using the correct grammar, remembering your audience, the proper arguments, etc.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels.

- Week 22

Checklist:








arguments to

your notebook

with cited an-

swers: Sacra-

ment of Holy Or-

ders

Apologetics Notebook: Ecumenical Council/

Heresy Chart

Apologetics Note-

book: Scr ipture

Reference list and

explanation for the

Sacrament of the week.

Rhetoric: Write a shor t essay (focusing par -

ticularly on style) that persuades readers for or

against your choice of the following: Crusades

(that the Church had a valid reason for encourag-

ing it), Sacrament of Holy Orders, or one of the

heresies (Lay Investiture, Albigenses, Walden-

ses)



This week take you Apologetics Book and make sure you have organized a place to

add these heresies. The purpose of adding these heresies is not just to memorize a

bunch of facts but rather so that you can identify them in today’s world. Often times,

a “new idea” is really just a repackaged one. If you can learn to understand the errors

in these heresies, you can then hopefully help others who are heading off the wrong

direction and steer them back to Truth.

History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………



Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep


Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments

Background Information The Albigensian heresy was a powerful attack on the Catholic life at this time. The heresy claimed two principles of existence in the universe. The evil principle, creating all material things and natural phenomena, is responsible for all the moral evil because matter led to sin. It imprisoned souls in the body after deceiving them into leaving the kingdom of light. The good principle created all spiritual things. Earth was a place of punishment and there was no hell. Notice that since the body was evil and the soul was imprisoned, suicide was commend-ed! No Resurrection of Jesus or any resurrection of the body for humans existed (Bleak, eh?) Who was interested in such a heresy? Well, those who thought themselves better than anyone else, and those attracted by the teaching that sins of the flesh were not really sins since we are imprisoned in our bodies so they used it to sin freely. They used force against those who would not accept their teaching, making it a threat to the social order as well as Catholic Doc-trine. St. Dominic was given a blessing by Pope Innocent II to go into spiritual combat with the Albigensians. He established an order of nuns to counteract the heretics on women and later he established an Order of Preachers called Dominicans! So he reconverted heretics all over France. St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican, would settle the Albigensian heresy (this heresy that really was just a repackaging of the Manichaean heresy). St. Francis of Assisi exemplified the joyful life of a saint who’s whole life was dedicated to God. He also started an order for men and St. Clare started an order for women under the Franciscan rule.

- Week 23

Ecumenical

Councils

4th Lateran

Council (1215)

was held under

Pope Innocent III

and condemned

the Albigenses

again along with

the Trinitarian

errors of Abbot

Joachim and pub-

lished 70 im-

portant reforma-

tory decrees. This

is the most im-

portant council of

the Middle Ages,

and it marks the

culminating point

of ecclesiastical

life and papal

power.

1st Council of

Lyons (1245)

excommunicated

and deposed Em-

peror Frederick II

and directed a

new crusade un-

der St. Louis

2nd Council of

Lyons (1274)

brought about a

temporary reun-

ion of the Greek

Church with

Rome. The word

filoque was added

to the symbol of

Constantinople

and means were

sought for recov-

ering Palestine

from the Turks. It

also laid down

rules for papal

elections. Need a Quick Recap of Church History for this week?

Read A Short History of the Catholic Church at

https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch

Chapters XII-part I-III pgs. 108-122.

Week 23 Religion

Week 23- At-Home


should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Trinitarian errors of

Abbot Joachim, Transubstantiation, filoque



your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Matrimony, Papal power





page) Heresies of this time period: Trinitarian errors of Abbot Joachim, Transubstantiation, filoque, those

condemned

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVIII,

Matrimony, section I-VII on pages 386-421 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft



archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 78 pg. 402

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Matr imony found at http://



Read: (Sacraments) “Matrimony” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060700.htm

Read: (Papal Power) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith at https://archive.org/

details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 6 “The Papal Power Over Temporal Rulers”

pgs. 507-512.


generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch chapter 17 part 3 to the end of the chapter pgs. 215-

222.


details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X (article 3 Heresies of the 13th Century)

pgs. 234-243.

Reading on Church History continued Read: Fr . John A Hardon’s (Manuscript) “Christology of Thomas Aquinas” at http://

www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_025.htm PARTIAL: Start at “Grace and

Wisdom” and read to the end.

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 41-68 (Matrimony). Add

notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

Read: Hilaire Belloc, The Crisis of Our Civilization at https://archive.org/details/

TheCrisisOfOurCivilization-HilaireBelloc “The High Middle Ages” pgs. 78-92.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Memory This week the Canon of Rhetoric we are recalling again is the Canon of Memory: Speaking without having

to prepare or memorize a speech. Memory is the "treasury of things invented," thus linking Memory with

the first canon of rhetoric, Invention. This alludes to the practice of storing up common places or other

material arrived at through the topics of invention, for use as called for in a given occasion. Recall your

CSH discussion quarter 1: What are mnemonics? How does one employ them to recall and present a body

of knowledge? Example: when preparing to speak, consider the venue and audience. Divide the room

into visual sections. Each section represents part of your speech. When presenting that speech, as your

eyes fall upon a section, you will recall that portion of your speech. This is a mnemonic device.

After reading Hilaire Belloc’s “High Middle Ages” in The Crisis of Our Civilization give a persuasive

speech on what you believe were the most important achievements of the Middle Ages and the biggest

determents.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose any Gospel passage. Use the Prayer Journal template for help.

- Week 23

Checklist:







Apologetics

Arguments: Add

the following ar-

guments to your

notebook with

cited answers:

Sacrament of Matrimony, Papal Power

Apologetics Notebook: Ecumenical Council/

Heresy Chart

Apologetics Note-

book: Scr ipture

Reference list and

explanation for the Sacrament of the week.

Rhetoric: After reading Hilaire Belloc’s “High

Middle Ages” in The Crisis of Our Civilization

give a persuasive speech on what you believe

were the most important achievements of the

Middle Ages and the biggest determents.



Go over this last quarter and make sure you have not missed any heresies or Ecumenical Councils that would be important for your Apologetic Notebook. The time you take now to refine your work will help you in the future. This quarter you spent examining the Middle Ages of the Church. The achievements made during these times greatly affects the Church and world of today. We could not have the advances of today without the labor and intellectualism of these important years in history and for the Church. What was your favorite event in time? What information were you most surprised to learn? Have you grown in your faith over this year? History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Europe and the Faith by Hilaire Belloc. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………



Introduction

Supplies

Scholar Prep

Week 24- Scholar Background

Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A Gen-eral History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments

Background Information Many achievements should be celebrated in the High Middle Ages. The Church learned to

protect the people from tyrannical kings and emperors. The Church also played an important

part in civilizing the knights and barons. During the Dark Ages these men had been forced to

spend most of their time fighting. When the Viking attacks ceased, the feudal lords turned to

fighting each other. To end this pattern of violence, the Church instituted two customs, the

Peace of God and Truce of God. The Peace of God forbad the lords from attacking certain

people while the Truce of God forbade warfare during Advent and Lent. Slowly, feudal war-

fare was reduced and chivalry, the Christian code of conduct emerged!

The serfs were freed. New inventions made it possible for an individual man to work more

land, so that more food could be produced by fewer men. Farmers had more free time and

were not so closely tied to the land. The Church had always acts to protect the serfs from

ill0treatment by their overlords; now she began freeing whatever serfs were still working on

lands owned by abbeys and bishops. Gradually the nobles followed the Church’s example so

that more men could own their own land.

Education began to spread during this time, and parishes began to have their own schools.

Although critics of the Church have said that she tried to keep people in ignorance so that

they would not question the decisions of the bishops, the opposite is true. Without the Church,

education would not have exited. At this time also, the great universities, such as those at

which St. Thomas Aquinas taught, flourished.

Modern science had its beginnings during the High Middle Ages, especially through the ef-

forts of St. Albert the Great and Roger Bacon, who learned to observe and experiment with

nature. Roger Bacon predicted such inventions as steamboats, balloons, cranes, submarines,

microscopes, telescopes and gunpowder. Bacon formulated the laws of the refraction of light,

and wrote a whole book to prove the absurdity of magic.

Art and literature reached new heights during the Middle High Ages. An Italian shephered

named Giotto became the founder of a new school of art which portrayed reality realistically

and beautifully. Another Italian—a poet named Dante—wrote a great masterpiece, The Di-

vine Comedy. In this poem, imaginary journey by Dante through Hell, Purgatory and Heav-

en, Dante give san overall picture of medieval life and faith.

The Hundred Years War became the war of nationalism. Both England and France wanted to

be their own nation. St. Joan of Arc, an 18– year-old peasant girl responds to voices from

Heaven who say choose your flag and raise it boldly You shall deliver France from the Eng-

lish and so she did. The English had her burned at the stake but France was saved!

The final problem for the Church (which led to the end of the High Middle Ages) was the bu-

bonic plague, or Black Death. Overall, an estimated thirty percent of the population of Europe

was lost to the Black Death and at such speed that many were terrified. Naturally, the less that

holy clergy raced to the country to be safe while the holy clergy would stay behind and risk

their lives to attend to others. The quality of clergy left had a much lower moral standard

which would cause future problems.

Remember to

consider read-

ing Dr. Warren

Carroll’s 6 vol

set on Church

History for

wonderful sto-

ries of history,

the saints and

the Church

- Week 24

Need a Quick

Recap of

Church

History for this

week?

Read A Short

History of the

Catholic Church

at https://

archive.org/

details/

AShortHistoryOf

TheCatholicChur

ch with Chapter

XIII-part I-IV

and Chapt. XIV

part I pg. 122-

127, 131

Ecumenical

Councils

Council of

Vienne (1311-

1313) The Avi-

gnon Papacy

issue

-Council of

Constance

(1414-1415)

Great Schism

of the West,

condemned

Wycliffe and

Hus

-Council of

Florance brief

Greek reunion


should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Avignon Papacy, the

Great Schism of the West, John Wycliffe, John Hus



your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick, the

Great Schism





page) Heresies of this time period: Great Schism, John Wycliffe, John Hus

Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVII, Extreme

Unction (Anointing of the Sick), section I-IV on pages 351-371 of https://archive.org/details/

christianmission04marsuoft



archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 73 pgs. 396

Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the “Extreme Unction” found at http://www.radioreplies.info/

radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=80 (NOTE: The website will change each week, because the website listed is

the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)

Read: (Sacraments) “Anointing of the Sick” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060600.htm

Read: (Pope And Temporal Order) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://

archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 6 part 2 pgs. 512-520.


generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Third Epoch Chpt. 18-20 part 2 through Chapter 15 Part 2 pgs. 223-

272.



Week 24 Religion

Week 24 - At-Home

Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 29-33 (Extreme Unction).

Add notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.

Read: Hilaire Belloc’s Europe and the Faith the introduction called “The Catholic Conscience of History”

The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Delivery Recall the final canon of Rhetoric is the Canon of Delivery: Making effective use of voice, gesture,

etc. Delivery takes place in the context of public presentation.

Delivery also has much to do with how one establishes ethos (credibility) and appeals through pathos

(emotion), and in this sense is complementary to Invention, which is more strictly concerned with logos

(logic).

In Europe and the Faith Hilaire Belloc states “The Catholic brings to history...self-knowledge”. Present a

speech or essay to one of your parents using this statement and expounding upon it, either supporting that a

Catholic naturally understands history because he is part of that history or that as a Catholic he does not

bring knowledge to it already. Make sure to you persuade your audience by have strong support for your

opinions (using quotes from the texts to either support Belloc or go against his argument.) Provide whether

or not you believe studying history is important for your future, your faith and your salvation.

Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels.

Checklist:

Read: The Catechism of Examples pgs. 203-

219 and the partial Chapters 7 from Historical

Christology


Reading Assignment & Vocabulary: An-

swer questions and add vocabulary terms to

your apologetics notebook.

Apologetics Notebook: Prepare your intro-

duction pages to the notebook. (See Appendix

2).

Apologetics

Arguments: Add

the following

arguments to

your notebook

with cited an-

swers: Add the heresies you have studied up to

this point and give explanations to what makes

them heresy.

Rhetoric: Present

a speech or essay to

one of your parents

using this statement

and expounding

upon it, either supporting that a Catholic natural-

ly understands history because he is part of that

history or that as a Catholic he does not bring

knowledge to it already. Make sure to you per-

suade your audience by have strong support for

your opinions (using quotes from the texts to

either support Belloc or go against his argu-

ment.) Provide whether or not you believe stud-

ying history is important for your future, your

faith and your salvation.

Prayer Journal: Choose your own passage from

any of the Gospels. (Follow the Appendix Guide-

lines.)

- Week 24

Appendix 1 How to Read St. Thomas Aquinas’

Summa Theologica

Question The Summa Theologica is broken into three parts, and of those parts, St. Thomas Aquinas uses a general

heading as a question, with a more specific question regarding the heading given in the articles.

Article Each Article is a question (sometimes even called a question rather than article)

When you see an Article, you know it is the question St. Thomas is trying to answer.

Objection Each Objection is an opposite position from the truth

An objection is giving a different answer than the one St. Thomas Aquinas is trying to propose as truth.

On the Contrary (Sed Contra) Each sed contra or “on the contrary” gives the answer from Divine Revelation

When you see “on the contrary” (in Latin means sed contra) you are seeing an argument from authori-

ty, usually Ecclesiastical authority, either what Scripture says, or Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium

have said, giving support that the objection MUST be wrong because Scripture says otherwise! The sed

contra may also include Philosophical Authority like Aristotle.

I Answer That (Respondeo) Each “I answer that” is Reason’s answer (via St. Thomas Aquinas’ thought using the Aristotelian

method)

“I answer that” is St. Thomas Aquinas now providing the responses necessary for understanding the

fullness of the answer given by authority. St. Thomas Aquinas’ whole point is not to leave the answer

at Scripture but to also use logic, Theology and philosophy to arrive scientifically to the answer and

demonstrate its truth of the answer.

Reply to the Objection Each Reply to the Objection is targeting the objections

Each reply to the objection is targeting the objections and why they are wrong to have a fuller, more

broad knowledge of the question. When you can answer objections to the opposite position you have a

lot stronger certitude about your truth and if you could only argue the truth directly. For example, if you

say God exists because you see there is order and intelligence in the world and someone answered

“yeah but if God exists there should be no evil in the world”. You need the reply to such an objection to

show why it’s wrong. This structure in St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa gives you the answer to the most

common or thoughtful objections.

Appendix 1-1 - At-Home Religion

Appendix 1 How to Read St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica


Citing the Summa Theologica The Summa is made of 3 parts, with articles in each part, objections, sed contras, respondeos, etc.

Do not use page numbers to cite the Summa (or other Church Document)

When citing Church encyclicals, use the paragraph number.

When citing the Summa Theologica use the following as a guideline (taken from http://

douglasbeaumont.com/2010/09/21/citing-thomas-aquinass-summa-theologiae/ )

Part number

First Part: “I” or “Ia”

First Part of Second Part: “I-II” or “Ia-IIæ”

Second Part of the Second Part: “II-II” or “IIa-IIæ”

Third Part: “III” or “IIIa”

**Supplement: “Suppl.” or “Suppl. IIIae”

Question number

Article number

If it is a Reply to an objection, abbreviate adversus as “ad” followed by its number

Examples:

Sum I-II, 2, ii, ad. 1.

ST I-II, Q. 3, Art. 2, ad. 1.

ST I-II, Q 3, A 2, ad. 1.

S.T. I-II, 2, ii, a.1.

Ia.22.2

Ia.I: 19, 34, 193(53)

Ia. 3, 2 ad 3. 2a2ae. 180, 10. 3a 35, 8.

Example to understand the Summa Theologica Still having a hard time understanding how to read it?

Here’s an example using a made-up question to then understand how to read the Summa Theologica. Visit:

http://thomistica.net/news/2012/6/5/how-to-read-an-article-in-aquinass-summa-theologiae.html

Appendix 2 Apologetics Notebook

The Apologetics Notebook Checklist:

Title Page: The Fir st Page Should be your Title Page.

Subtitle Page: The Second Page Should be your Heading for the par ticular topic.

Following Pages: The rest of the pages should include definitions along with suppor t for trusted author ities

(which could be Ecclesiastical. Like Scripture, the Magisterium or the Doctors of the Church or Philosophical

which could be Aristotle)

Include any and all information that will be helpful to you in discussing the Catholic Faith with others.

Apologetics

Notebook

By Me!

Year 2

Quarter 1

Existence of God

Title of the

Page goes here While the Quarter

Topic Goes here


Yes, that is in fact

YOU! Yippee!

- Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Article: Why God Created Man

Objection(s):

God created man because He was

lonely.

Sed Contra:

God is Social (According

to St. Augustine in On the

Trinity)

God said “let us make man in our

image” (Gen 1:26)

I Answer That: God

The Apologetics Notebook Checklist Continued...

References: ALWAYS INCLUDE REFERENCES so that you are leaving yourself clues to find this

information later when you need it. (For example, Scripture reference like Gen 3:15, CCC for the Catechism of the

Catholic Church, Summa articles to reference St. Thomas Aquinas, etc. )

Vocabulary & Notes: Always define your terms in the notebook for easy reference. Leave a blank page

between articles so that you can add notes at a later date!

Note: This project does not have to be perfect. Its purpose is to get you thinking cr itically and to help you

prepare a document to use when you are discussing your faith with others.

Existence

of God

Genesis

1:26

Existence

of God

St. Thomas

Aquinas

Summa

Theologica


isn’t lonely because as Three Persons

in One God He is social, and there-

fore happy with Himself. God is per-

fect; therefore, He cannot lack.

Reply to Objections: (put

here)

Vocabulary: Idealism, Materialism,

Monism

References: The Bi-

ble, Summa Theo-

logica,

Notes:

Use St. T.A.’s

formatting but

your own words

Repeat Topic Here

so you can find it

easily

Article is the spe-

cific question you

are addressing

Put sources in

the margin to

find easily

Define Vocab

from readings

List References

here when more

details are needed

but ALWAYS in-

clude them in the

margins. LEAVE space

for notes!!!!

Prayer: Lectio Divina This year we will work on a form of prayer called Lectio Divina which is a traditional Benedictine

form of prayer, using the Sacred Scriptures as a Living Word, not as a text, and meditating on the Word of God. For the at-home section you will find part of your assignment will be to participate in Lectio Divina or meditation on a reading from the Church Fathers. Below you will see an example of Week 1’s assignment so that you can read the Sacred Scripture and use this guide to help you un-derstand what the assignment is.

Meditation is a personal and intimate conversation with God. It is meant to enlighten and strengthen, in your heart and soul, your decision to identify with the purpose of your life: God’s holy will. It is a renewal from God that should encompass your principles, emotions, motivations and decisions.

As you begin your meditation, call on the Holy Spirit in faith. Remember that he is “the soul’s delightful guest,” and that however much you strive to become holy and be an apostle, you will achieve nothing solid or lasting without Him.

Put your whole self (your intelligence, will, emotions, imagination, feelings, problems, weaknesses, interests and longings…) into your prayer so that these moments of personal contact with God will bear fruit in your daily life and lead to a continuous renewal of your principles, motivations and de-cisions.

Forms of Meditation

One form of meditation is known as “discursive-affective” prayer. In it you reflect on an idea or fundamental principle so as to understand it more deeply and make it your own. It is not simply a mental exercise, but rather a reflection from the heart on the mystery of your own life, done in the light of faith and from God’s perspective. The deeper understanding this gives you has to lead you to want to become one with God, express your love for Him, thank Him for His gifts, ask for His help, recognize that you are a sinful creature, and give yourself trustingly to Him. This culminates the conversion of heart, that is, the decision to live from now on in accordance with the truth you have considered in God’s light.

Another form of mental prayer is “contemplation.” In it you take a mystery or an event in the life of Christ or the Blessed Virgin, or in salvation history; you contemplate (look at) it (observe the peo-ple, listen to their words, consider their actions) and its implications for your own life, allowing the movement of grace to stir your heart and move your will towards giving yourself and imitating what you have contemplated.

Or finally, prayer may involve all three of the above elements: discursive, affective and contem-plative. Your choice of one or other of these forms of prayer will depend on the inspirations of the Holy Spirit and the needs of your soul, always under the guidance of your parents and perhaps even a spiritual director.

It is not enough to reflect or contemplate. Meditation is above all an attentive, loving conversa-tion with God. Accordingly, it is necessary to learn to listen to God in the silence of your soul, and to open your heart to him in a conversation full of faith and love that will lead to the personal con-tact with God that will make you holy. At this point is where, under the light and power of the Holy Spirit, your will is conformed to God’s and the decisions that ought to direct your life emerge.

Example for how to participate in Lectio Divina

The Form for Lectio Divina is usually something as follows:

Appendix 3 Lectio Divina


Appendix 3 –2 At-Home Religion

Sacred Scripture Chosen Sacred Scripture reading chosen. (Should be short, something readable in a few minutes)

“Come, Holy Spirit” prayer Call upon the Holy Spirit by praying to Him. Come, Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of Thy faithful and en-

kindle in them the fire of Thy love. V. Send forth Thy Spirit and they shall be created. R. And Thou shalt

renew the face of the earth. Let us pray. O God, Who didst instruct the hearts of the faithful by the light

of the Holy Spirit, grant us in the same Spirit to be truly wise, and ever rejoice in His consolation.

Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Read the selected Scripture Take time to quietly and slowly read the text. See what jumps out at you. You can imagine yourself there

in the moment, or try to see what one of the people in the text is seeing and thinking, or focus on a saying

or phrase that really speaks to you.

Find Three Points that speak to you Example: Week 1 you will read Jeremiah 1:4-9. Practice with this reading.

Point 1: “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you.”

Resolution Write down a resolution, something you would like to work on for the week. This resolution does not

have to be difficult or extremely personal.

The idea is to get you thinking about how to apply your prayer to your life.

Closing Prayer Write down a personal prayer.

Appendix 3 Lectio Divina

Appendix 4 Prayer Journal

Objectives: The objectives for creating a prayer journal are two-fold.

First, writing down your prayer will help you to improve your prayer life and learn some new tech-

niques.

Secondly, after the three years of various prayers written down in your journal, you will be able to look

back and see how much your prayer life has grown and perhaps use the prayers again and discover new

points of light from the Holy Spirit.

Supplies: Buy a nice journal at a book store, hobby store, online or a big box store OR make your own prayer

journal using a spiral notebook and decorating the front cover with your own design.

A good Catholic Bible

Template for writing in your Journal: Write the date and Scripture verse citation so that you can refer to it in the future.

Provide your three points, including the Scripture verses. (see journal example)

Point 1: “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you”: While this text is written to Jeremiah, re-

call the Bible is not an ordinary text. Sacred Scripture is Divine Revelation; therefore, God speaks of

you as well Recall what we learned this week about what St. Augustine said. If God forgot to think of

us, we would cease to exist. He has known us, inside and out, before we even know ourselves

Point 2: “Ah, Lord God” I said, “I do not know how to speak, I am too young!” But the Lord an-

swered me, “Do not say, “I am too young.” God sees who we are. He knows us. Even as a teenager,

especially as a teenager, we have a lot to offer the world. Everyone presumes we are “punks”. Shock

them by extending charity, particularly to the old who long for the youth to see them. What mission are

you meant to do NOW as a teenager?

Point 3: “Then the Lord extended His hand and touched my mouth, saying to me, ‘See, I place my

words in your mouth!’” As Catholic teens, we represent the Church. Are we a good example for the

Church? How can we improve? How is our prayer life? What makes me special? In that special gift, am

I giving it back to God and His Church?

Write your simple resolution for the week.

Write a prayer and then be sure to pray it before you finish your journal.


Appendix 5: Philosophical Thought

Objective: This appendix should provide you with clarity on why Quarter 4 is structured as it is for your learning.

You will see the connection between studying Church History, the Sacraments and Apologetics.

Comparison of Philosophies The Modern Mind has changed drastically in its thinking, certainly from the Middle Ages, but even just

within the last two hundred years. In the Middle Ages, the authority of the Church and the Faith were syn-

onymous. Theologians would study Tradition and Scripture and sometimes, those theologians would stray

from the Faith. If those in ecclesiastical authority, such as the Pope, corrected the theologian, and he came

to see the error and retracted his statement, all was amended and fine; however, if the theologian would

stand his ground, such danger in his errors created such absolute chaos that if further discussion did not

stop, he would need to be condemned and his errors deemed heresy.

The Middle Ages did not have a sense of indifferentism as we Americans do which leads to toleration of

all religions. The Faith is Jesus Christ, which includes all that He gave (Tradition) and all that He told (the

Word), and since Jesus gave the Church, the Faith, to the people, He could not give a lie; the Faith is infal-

lible. Any separation from the Faith would be a separation from Jesus Christ and the Truth.

Now, understanding the Modern world, generally speaking, two modes of philosophical thought have been

given to the times. From the 19th century, Modernism was born as the way of thinking. This thinking stat-

ed that truth did not exist. This Modern thought was a result of the French Revolution and various ideas of

removing authority from one’s life. (Please understand this explanation is quite simplified but hopefully

gives you a sense of the overall philosophy.) This philosophy is a form of subjective truth (or moral rela-

tivism).

Modernism believed no authority had truth, because truth did not exist; therefore because of this modern

philosophy, the argument with an atheist, or a Protestant would be to show them the authority (and Truth)

of the Catholic Church. During this Modernist era, in debating the Faith with someone, the argument to

use effectively with the person would be about authority: that either the Catholic Church was a true au-

thority (for example, in the true interpretation of Scripture) or they were not.

People like Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman wrote specifically on this issue of interpreting Scrip-

ture. He explained that the authority of the Church to interpret Scripture is given to them because Jesus

gave the Church to us, and therefore on faith and morals the Church is protected (because Jesus cannot

give anything false since He is God.)

After World War II, Postmodernism emerged, a philosophical position that truth is your OWN truth.

While this idea is still one of moral relativism, now, each individual remains its own authority and truth

(rather than none at all). (NOTE: Either way, the Church has lost respect as authority among nonbeliev-

ers.)

So, when discussing apologetics with someone, whether that is an atheist or a Protestant, the last many

years have been more micro-focused upon taking individual Scripture verses and arguing their interpreta-

tion between the person’s “truth” and the real Truth, because if they think they are the “authority” and

once they come to form their own option as to the truth (which happens to be the Catholic interpretation

as well) then you have won them to the Truth and the REAL authority, the Catholic Church. Unfortu-

nately, due to today’s lack of understanding Truth you must win them on multiple points of Truth before

they will accept the Catholic Church has the Truth.

Here comes the point: This quarter seems perhaps disjointed. One moment you are studying history,

then the sacraments and then apologetics. They all tie together as the one Faith. During the time period

you are studying, you will see that while the churchmen automatically are giving the gift of Faith and

know the Truth, those who are not given the gift of Faith and follow heresy lead the churchmen to wise-

ly define what the Truth is they have always followed (for example the 4th Lateran Council will define

important beliefs about the Eucharist and Penance). Therefore, you are learning the development of the

Church at this time, but you also must be able to defend it to someone of a Modern mind. Therefore, you

are asked to read documents and jot down scriptural evidence to support these Sacraments so that you

may share the Truth with all men and women.

As you hopefully recall, in Quarter 2, we discussed the interpretation of Scripture and read Blessed John

Henry Cardinal Newman’s work on interpretation of Scripture. In today’s world, it seems each person is

their own authority and the concept of an ecclesiastical authority has been lost to a certain degree. So go

back to Quarter 2 to help you with connecting interpretation of Scripture to the Sacraments.

“To be deep in history is to cease to be a Protestant.” —Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman

Appendix 5: Philosophical Thought

Appendix 6: Ecumenical Councils

Objectives: The objectives for creating a chart for each ecumenical council is twofold: Making a chart of brief in-

formation occurring during the Council will help you to understand the events more clearly by visually

seeing the chart (which will help in the future when you need to reference the information quickly).

Any time you are forced to summarize what you have read, you must have a knowledge of that reading

and therefore, if you cannot summarize it, that is an indicator that you have not fully understood what

happened. When you must teach the information to someone (by creating a chart let’s say), you are

much more likely to understand what you have read.

Supplies: You need your Apologetics Notebook. Find a section, perhaps at the end of your book so that you can

add the Ecumenical Councils as you go through history, making sure you have enough room for twenty

-one councils (the number of Ecumenical Councils the Church currently has). Organizing this notebook

will help you have a quick reference book for the future when in discussion with Catholics and non-

Catholics.

Chart Template: Add the below chart for EACH Ecumenical Council . Copy the below example for your first council.

Date Ecumenical Council Heresy

Name 1st Council of Nicaea Arianism

Key People St. Athanasius, Arius

Key Events/ Nicene Creed, Condeming

Def. Jesus, Son of God NOT Divine

Key Effects Still use Nicene Creed

Arianism continued but at

least it was condemned and

would not defeat Church

This council

was AD 325

Emperor Constantine

Understanding Arius, homoousios, fixing date

for Easter

Councils: In order to catch up to the current time period, you will need to do the following Ecumenical Councils this

week INCLUDING what you find in Week 19. This exercise will be a great refresher for you to make sure

you know the material well. Include as much information as you need on your chart!

Ecumenical Councils: 1st Council of Nicaea (325), 1st Council of Constantinople (381), Council of

Ephesus (431), Council of Chalcedon (451)

Here’s a quick reference for a definition of the heresies you have studied. Please have these heresies in

your apologetics notebook and study them well in context of how they are against the Faith and how they

affected Church History. The heresies are given in order of their occurrence in history.

Gnosticism—Eternal salvation depends on knowledge (gnosis) of the Divine rather than on faith or good

works. Some Gnostic sects denied the Divinity of Christ.

Marcionism—Outgrowth of Gnosticism, founder Marcion, denied relationship b/n the Old and the New

Testament, denial of the Incarnation, and a rejection of the validity of most of the New Testament

Montanism—Founder, Montanus, believed what they taught themselves was Divine inspiration as op-

posed to the Church

Novatianism—Novation first anti-pope He established his own church that said serious sinners were ex-

communicated and couldn’t ever be readmitted to membership.

Modalism—Said the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit were not distinct Persons of the Blessed Trinity

but simply three modes of one Divine Person.

Subordinatism—Jesus Christ was a distinct Person from the Father, He was subordinate to Him and thus

on a lower scale in power and dignity.

Arianism—denied Divinity of Jesus, Council of Nicea

Nestorianism—2 distinct persons in Jesus Christ, one Divine and one human, with the Divine dwelling in

the human as in a temple

Monophysitism—Taught only one nature, Council of Chalcedon

Donatism—Sinners can’t be readmitted to the fellowship of the Church

Pelagianism—Denied Original Sin

Appendix 7 Heresies

Appendix 7-1 At-Home Religion

Appendix 8 4x4s of Effective Essays

4 X 4s Essay

The Four by Fours

Structure

of Effective Essays

Style

Technical

Topic

Title: Needs 4 of the following: conciseness, relevancy, allitera-tion, rhythm, parallelism, sym-

bolism and play on words

Does your essay include at least four elements of style which

enhance your wordings? These include:

Use good verbs and verbals (avoid using linking verbs by themselves, and use action verbs which effectively “show’—also, use effective participles, gerunds and/or in-finitives.)

Have you eliminated errors in the four technical area such as

Punctuation errors (P)?

Introduction

Introduction: Needs 4 Parts (Note: choose key word from

thesis) 1. Good opening statement 2. A “picture” expansion (no body points in intro, they re-main in the body of the essay) 3. A tie-in sentence to this “opening” as well as to the the-sis 4. An effective thesis

Use good parallels (especially needed on both sides of a con-junction; with two to three ad-

jectives before a noun, and with the use of not only and but al-

so.)

Have you eliminated errors in the four technical areas such as

Spelling errors (S)?

Body of the Essay

Does your body have para-graphs which include the four

areas that make up a good para-graph?

1. Does each sentence include a good tie-in? 2. Did you begin with a good topic sentence? 3. Afterwards, did you include some clear primary supports (P.S.)/subtopics? 4. Finally, does each P.S. area have effective specific supports to help show? (Remember you don’t need to add concluding comments for body paragraphs in an essay; add conclusion sentences only for self-contained, individual paragraphs.)

Use effective sentence-length variations (whereby you have short, medium and long sen-

tences intermixed) or effective word choice/order which helps the rhythmic flow of your sen-

tences.


Grammar errors (Gr)?

Conclusion

Does your concluding para-graph include the four parts which make up an effective

conclusion? 1.Do you begin with a conclud-ing transition? 2. Did you follow the transition with a restatement of your the-sis? 2.Then do you summarize or list each topic sentence area cov-ered in your essay? 3.Finally, do you have an effec-tive ending comment? (Note: tie ending into the title/intro para-graph & include overall results.)

Use conciseness to enhance the impact of your writings (have the subject do the action and eliminate unnecessary word-ings.) Use effective “sound” techniques (alliteration, asso-nance and consonance) and

“figurative” language (simile, metaphor and personification,

and analogy).


Sentence Fragments (Fr)?

Appendix 7-2 At-Home Religion

Year 2 · 2016. 3. 3. · A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into...

Documents

Transcript of Year 2 · 2016. 3. 3. · A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into...