Year 1 Report - ncrste.msstate.edu fileWaheed Uddin, Ph.D., P.E. Director, CAIT [email protected]...

Waheed Uddin, Ph.D., P.E.Director, [email protected]

Year 1 ReportYear 1 Report

US DOT RSPAUS DOT RSPAAir Quality ProjectAir Quality Project

October 2001October 2001

StudentsSergio Garza (Ph.D. Student)Javier Garcia (M.S. Student)

Lucy Phillips (Senior)

Air Quality Project DirectorMississippi State University (NCRST-E Lead University)

US DOT RSPAAir Quality Project

Year 1 Year 1 Project Partners Project Partners

• CAIT, University of Mississippi• Skyborne, Inc.

Other Cooperative AgenciesOther Cooperative Agencies• City of Oxford, Mississippi• City of Tupelo, Mississippi• Tupelo Regional Airport Authority, Mississippi• Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)


Primary Air PollutantsPrimary Air Pollutants• Stratosphere ( 6 – 30 miles above surface )

Upper – atmospheric Ozone (Good Ozone)natural occurrence

• Troposphere ( Ground-level, above earth surface )Ground-level Ozone (Bad Ozone)toxic to living organismsVOC + NO2 + heat + sunlight = ground-level Ozone (O3)

• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Absorbs the blue band of light and forms “smog”Contributes to chronics lung diseases such as asthma and “Silo filler’s disease”


SmogAir QualityAir Quality

Clean Air Act, Section 309 Public Law 91-604, 1970. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

• 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments direct the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement strong environmental policies and regulations that will ensure cleaner air quality.

• EPA established National Ambient Air Quality Standards for various “criteria” pollutants that adversely affect human health and welfare.

•Affects public health•Affects quality of life•Changes from day to day•Air Quality Index (AQI)•Information available to public

0 – 64

65 - 8485 - 104

105 - 124125 - 374

(*)

O3 (ppb)8-hour

301+AQI

201-300151-200101-150

51-1000-51

AIR QUALITY

Good

Moderate

Unhealthy(for sensitive groups)

Unhealthy

Hazardous

Very Unhealthy

EPA StandardO3 1-hour: 120 ppb

-

-125 - 164

165 - 204205 - 404

405 - 504

O3 (ppb)1-hour

* When 8-hour O3 concentrations exceed 374 ppb, AQI values of 301 or higher must be calculated with 1-hour O3 concentrations

AQI scale by EPA


Clean Air Act RequirementsClean Air Act RequirementsNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Ambient Air Quality Standards

• 1970 Clean Air Act, Section 309 Public Law 91-604 § 12(a), 42 U.S.C. § 7609, was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1970

(Annual average)0.053 ppmNitrogen dioxide (NO2)

(24-hour average)0.14 ppmSulfur dioxide (SO2)

(Annual average)0.03 ppmSulfur dioxide (SO2)

(1-hour average)35 ppmCarbon monoxide (CO)

(8-hour average)9 ppmCarbon monoxide (CO)

(Annual average)50 microgram/m3Particular matter (PM10)

(24-hour average)150 microgram/m3Particular matter (PM10)

(24-hour average)*65 microgram/m3Particular matter (PM2.5)

(Annual average)*15 microgram/m3Particular matter (PM2.5)

0.08 ppm

0.12 ppm

(8-hour average)*Ground-level Ozone (O3)

(1-hour average)Ground-level Ozone (O3)

Maximum Concentration Standard Maximum Concentration Standard ––NAAQSNAAQSPollutantsPollutants

* New proposed standard


O3

Mod

e rat

e

Map of Mississippi Showing locations of DEQ Monitoring Stations

PM10

Unhealthful > 100

Goo

dM

ode r

ate

Goo

d

1999

1991

Tupelo Airport DEQ Tupelo Airport DEQ Monitoring Station DataMonitoring Station Data

Ozone, OOzone, O33 and PMand PM1010

Tupelo, Lee County

Southaven, DeSoto County

Oxford, Lafayette County


DeSoto County, MS

O3

Good

Moderate

Unhealthful

DeSotoDeSoto DEQ Monitoring Station DataDEQ Monitoring Station DataOzone, OOzone, O33


10-310-410-510-6 10-2 10-1 109108107106105104103102101

Cosmic rays

γγγγ rays

X rays

Ultraviolet (UV)

VisibleNear-IRM

id-IRThermal IR

Microwave

Television

andradioWavelength (µµµµm) Wavelength (µµµµm)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 (µµµµm)

UV Near-infrared (IR)

Visible(1 mm) (1 m)

BL

UE

GR

EE

N

RE

D

10-310-410-510-6 10-2 10-1 109108107106105104103102101

Cosmic rays

γγγγ rays

X rays

Ultraviolet (UV)

VisibleNear-IRM

id-IRThermal IR

Microwave

Television


0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 (µµµµm)


Visible(1 mm) (1 m)

BL

UE

GR

EE

N

RE

D

10-310-410-510-6 10-2 10-1 109108107106105104103102101

Cosmic rays

γγγγ rays

X rays

Ultraviolet (UV)

VisibleNear-IRM

id-IRThermal IR

Microwave

Television


0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 (µµµµm)


Visible(1 mm) (1 m)

BL

UE

GR

EE

N

RE

D

The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum

• UV – Ultraviolet• VIS – Visible• IR – Infrared

• Ozone (O3): 280 – 300 nm• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): 435 nm

Wavelength Range Required


200

100

50

20

10

5

22600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100

O3

SO 2

Wavelength (A)

Absorption coefficients of SO2 and O34,300 4,400 4,500 4,600 4,700 4,800

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

NO2 : 2.6 X 1017 cm-3

L = 10 cmLINE BROADENINGEQUIVALENT TOAMBIENT CONDITIONS

WAVELENGTH (A)

NO2 ABSORPTION CURVE

NO

2 ABS

OR

PTIO

N C

OEF

FIC

IEN

T (c

m-1

) x L

(cm

)

Absorption Spectra of OAbsorption Spectra of O33 and NOand NO22


• USA– Skyborne, Inc.– NOAA ETL

• Germany– Elight Laser System– Ozone Profiler

• Russia– Mobile LIDAR

• Japan– LEKKO VII CO2

Gas Laser System


Schematic ofSchematic of SkyborneSkyborne DIAL SystemDIAL SystemLASER 1 ( λ 1)

LASER 2 ( λ 2)

Beam Combiner

Pellicle

100% Reflecting Mirror

Detector 3

Pellicle

CalibrationCell Detector 2

100% Reflectingx10 BeamExpander

BeamSteeringMirror

1/2 mTarget Gas

Field Stop(Variable Aperture)Focusing Optics

29" DOBSONIAN NEWTONIANREFLECTING TELESCOPE(Receiving Telescope)

Outgoing Laser Beam

Return Beam

DETECTOR 1

Narrow BandpassFilter

(1)

(1)

(2)

(3) (8)

(4) 5% (7)10 %

90 % (9) (10)

(5)

95 %

(28)

(6)(12)

(11)

(13)(27)

(14)

Lambda Physik Excimer Dye Lasers


Test Site Test Site –– Year 1 DIAL MeasurementsYear 1 DIAL Measurements

• Effects of traffic type and volume, traffic gridlock, and urban growth on air pollution

• Rural area and low traffic site: Northern MississippiOxford, MS: Rural small university town; surrounded by three major state highways (MS Highway 6, MS Highway 7, and SR 30) and Interstate I-55 about 24 miles to the west


Oxford test site Oxford test site –– MS Highway 6 WestMS Highway 6 West

Air Quality Test Site MS Highway 6 West

Traffic Data Collection

MS Highway 6 Eastto Tupelo

JacksonAvenue

West Oxford Exit

To I-55, Batesville

IKONOS image (courtesy of UM Geoinformatics Center and Space Imaging, Inc.)


DIAL Truck

MS Highway 6 West

Survey of test site

SkyborneSkyborne DIAL truck at Oxford, MS test siteDIAL truck at Oxford, MS test site

Newtonian telescope inside DIAL truck

MS Highway 6 WestMS Highway 6 West


Skyborne Skyborne DIAL calibrations DIAL calibrations -- Oxford test siteOxford test site

NO2 Calibration cell showing brownish color against blue sky


RealReal--time time Lidar Lidar signal of signal of Skyborne Skyborne DIALDIAL

Skyborne Excimer Laser System

Laser beam in NO2 band


450 nm off-resonance Nighttime

18,7009,6702330 hrsMay 24O3

3,430

174

218

Sensitivity (ppb)

Full daylight Partly Cloudy

9431000 hrsMay 25NO2

Nighttime37.42300 hrsMay 24NO2

Fertilizer, Recent rain

2382200 hrsMay 19NO2

CommentsConcentration (ppb)TimeTest DatePollutant

Summary of Oxford measurements of Summary of Oxford measurements of air pollutionair pollution


Traffic data collection, MS Highway 6 Traffic data collection, MS Highway 6 Oxford test siteOxford test site

Automatic Traffic Counts, April 25, 2001

West Oxford Exit Intersection on MS Highway 6

Manual Traffic CountsApril 24, 2001

Air Quality Test Site MS Highway 6, Oxford


Year 1 DIAL Measurements Year 1 DIAL Measurements -- Oxford Test SiteOxford Test SiteTotal Hourly Traffic Volume May 24-26, 2001

MS Highway 6, OxfordCalculated from Automatic Counts

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,0007:

00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

7:00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

Time, hours

Hwy 6 East, Outside LaneHwy 6 East, Inside LaneHwy 6 West, Outside LaneHwy 6 West, Inside LaneHwy 6 East, 2 Lanes CombinedHwy 6 West, 2 Lanes CombinedHwy 6 Total, All Lanes Combined

May 24, 2001 May 25, 2001

Daily Traffic Data assuming same hourly distribution every day

NOTE:

May 24, 200111:00 PM, NO2 Measured 37.4 ppb11:30 PM, O3 Measured

May 26, 2001

May 25, 2001, 10:00 AM NO2 Measured 943 ppb

6:00

Daytime Traffic Volume = 6.4 times Nighttime Traffic VolumeDaytime NO2 = 25 times Nighttime NO2


Air pollution data measured on May 24 and 25 at Air pollution data measured on May 24 and 25 at MS Highway 6 and weather dataMS Highway 6 and weather data

Goodwin Creek, Batesville, MS Air Temperature, May 24 - May 26, 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

7:00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

7:00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

7:00

Time, hours

Tem

pera

ture

, °C


May 24, 2001 May 25, 2001 May 26, 2001

May 25, 200110:00 AM, NO2 Measured 943 ppb

Air Temperature, oC

Goodwin Creek, Batesville, MS Wind Velocity, May 24 - May 26, 2001

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

7:00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

7:00

9:00

11:0

0

13:0

0

15:0

0

17:0

0

19:0

0

21:0

0

23:0

0

1:00

3:00

5:00

7:00

Time, hours

Win

d V

eloc

ity, m

/s


May 24, 2001 May 25, 2001 May 26, 2001

May 25, 200110:00 AM, NO2 Measured 943 ppb

ft / s32.81

0

Wind Velocity, m/s


NONOXX and VOC emission point sources in Lafayette and VOC emission point sources in Lafayette County, MississippiCounty, Mississippi

383.46332.26Total (tpy)

17.6717.66Emerson Electric Co. (Electric Motor)

48.970.00University of Mississippi(Central Heating Plant)

31.974.82Jack King Asphalt Co.

274.00307.14Georgia-Pacific Corp. (Oxford Particleboard Factory)

10.852.64Oxford Asphalt Co.

NOX(tpy)

VOC (tpy)Facility

Source: Air division, Office of Pollution Control, Mississippi DEQ


Review of Air Pollution ModelsReview of Air Pollution Models �� ADAM (Air force dispersion assessment model) �� ADMS-3 (Atmospheric dispersion modeling system) �� ASPEN (Assessment system for population exposure nationwide) �� BLP (Bouyant line and point source model) �� CALINE4 (Steady-state Gaussian dispersion model) �� CDM2 (Climatological dispersion model) �� CMAQ (Community modeling air quality) �� CTDMPLUS (Complex terrain dispersion model plus algorithms for unstable situations) �� DEGADIS (Dense gas dispersion model) �� EKMA (Empirical, city-specific model) �� EMS-HAP (Missions modeling system for hazardous pollutants) �� HYSPLIT (NOAA Transport and dispersion model) �� ISC3 (Industrial source complex model) �� MESOPUFF II (Short term, regional scale puff model) �� OBODM (Open burn/open detonation model) �� OCD (Offshore and coastal dispersion model) �� OZIPR (One-dimensional photochemical box model) �� PLUVUEII (Model for estimating visual range reduction and atmospheric discoloration) �� RAM (Gaussian-plume multiple source air quality algorithm) �� REMSAD (Regulatory modeling system for aerosols and deposition) �� RPM-IV (Reactive plume model) �� SDM (Shoreline dispersion model) �� SLAB (Model for denser-than-air releases) �� SMOKE (Emission data processing for point, area, mobile, and biogenic sources) �� UAM-IV (Urban airshed model) �� UAM-V (The UAM-V photochemical modeling system)


Air Pollution Modeling EffortsAir Pollution Modeling Efforts• CALINE4 Gaussian Dispersion Model (implementation in progress)

• WROSE Model to summarize wind data (programming in progress)

• PTEMP Model to predict surface temperature for concrete, asphalt, roof tops, and soil types (being adapted from Uddin’s pavement design program)

• New Dispersion Model (part of Sergio Garza’s Ph.D. Dissertation)

(Source: Livermore National Labs)


Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks• Year 1 real-time DIAL measurements completed successfully

on MS Highway 6, Oxford, Lafayette County, MS (May 2001)• Daytime NO2 concentration on May 25 significantly higher

than nighttime NO2 concentration on May 24• High NO2 concentration associated with higher traffic volume• Abnormally high NO2 observed on May 19 nighttime (after

heavy rain, possibly because of the presence of time-release fertilizer on the site)

• The available pathlength limited the sensitivity of NO2 and O3measurements; longer pathlength planned for Year 2 measurements

Year 1 Report - ncrste.msstate.edu fileWaheed Uddin, Ph.D., P.E. Director, CAIT [email protected]...

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Transcript of Year 1 Report - ncrste.msstate.edu fileWaheed Uddin, Ph.D., P.E. Director, CAIT [email protected]...