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October 24, 1795
Ye Old
Times THE JACOBINS
By: Jacob Gilliam
Political club of the French Revolution. Formed
in 1789 by the Breton deputies to the States-
General, it was reconstituted as the Society of
Friends of the Constitution after the
revolutionary National Assembly moved (Oct.,
1789) to Paris. The club derived its popular
name from the monastery of the Jacobins
(Parisian name of Dominicans), where the
members met. Their chief purpose was to
concert their activity and to secure support for
the group from elements outside the Assembly.
Patriotic societies were formed in most French
cities in affiliation with the Parisian club. The
members were, for the most part, bourgeois and
at first included such moderates as Honoré
de Mirabeau. The Jacobins exercised through
their journals considerable pressure on the
Legislative Assembly, in which they and
the Feuillants were (1791–92) the chief factions.
They sought to limit the powers of the king, and
many of them had republican tendencies. The
group split on the issue of war against Europe,
which the majority, including the Brissotins (see
under Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre)
sought. A small minority opposed foreign war
and insisted on reform. This group of Jacobins
grew more radical, adopted republican ideas,
and advocated universal manhood suffrage,
popular education, and separation of church and
state, although it adhered to orthodox economic
principles. In the National Convention, which
proclaimed the French republic, the Jacobins
and other opponents of the Girondists sat in the
raised seats and were called the Mountain. Their
leaders—Maximilien Robespierre and Louis
de Saint-Just, among others—relied mainly on
the strength of the Paris commune and the
Parisian sans-culottes. After the fall of the
Girondists (June, 1793), for which the Jacobins
were largely responsible, the Jacobin leaders
instituted the Reign of Terror.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/
jacobins.html#ixzz2AG1hYgyZ
PAGE 1
The Reign of Terror
By: Alyssa Davidson
It was year two of the French
Revolution
when the Reign of Terror began. It
was also
known as The Terror. It was a
period of violence
that occurred because of conflict
between political
rivals. The Girondins and Jacobins,
marked the
mass executions of “enemies of the
revolution”
16,594 people were executed by
Guillotine.
The Guillotine “called the National
Razor”
became the symbol of the
revolutionary cause.
During 1794, the Revolutionary war
was invaded
by internal and foreign enemies.
The Roman
Catholic Church was generally
against the Revolution, which had
turned the clergy into employees of
the state and required they take an
oath of loyalty to the nation through
the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
The First French Republic was
engaged in a series of wars with
neighboring powers to intent on
crushing the revolution to prevent
it from spreading. The Civil war
caused a political crisis and
increased the rivalry between the
Girondins and the more radical
Jacobins. The parliamentary faction
formed called The Mountain, and
they had the support of the Parisian
population. The French government
established the Committee of Public
Safety, which was done on
September 6th, 1793, In order to
raise additional money for the
French military forces. The Terror
leaders of the Revolutionary
Tribunal were strong dictators, and
used them to instigate mass
executions and political purges. The
repression began to form in June
and July 1794, a period called “La
Grande Terreur” (the great terror)
and ended in 9 Thermidor year II
(the 11th month of the
Revolutionary calendar, 27 July
1794.) In which several
protagonists of the Reign of Terror
were executed.
(www.infoplease.com)
PAGE 2
The Estates General 1789
By: Allen Thomas
The Estates-General was organized into three
estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest
of France. On the last occasion that the Estates-
General had met, in 1614, each estate held one
vote, and any two could override the third.
The Parlement of Paris feared the government
would attempt to gerrymander an assembly to
rig the results. Thus, they required that the
Estates be arranged as in 1614. The 1614 rules
differed from practices of local assemblies,
where each member had one vote and third
estate membership was doubled. For example,
in the Dauphiné the provincial assembly agreed
to double the number of members of the third
estate, hold membership elections, and allow
one vote per member, rather than one vote per
estate. Strong turnout produced 1,201
delegates, including: "291 nobles, 300 clergy,
and 610 members of the Third Estate." The
Estates-General convened in the Grands Salles
des Menus-Plaisirs in Versailles on 5, May, 1789
and opened with a three-hour speech by
Necker. The Third Estate demanded that the
verification of deputies' credentials should be
undertaken in common by all deputies, rather
than each estate verifying the credentials of its
own members internally; negotiations with the
other estates failed to achieve this. The
commoners appealed to the clergy who replied
they required more time.
5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General
Louis
Saint-Just By: Sarah Gaston
Louis Saint-Just was born in 1767 to a retired
army officer and a notary’s daughter. His great-
uncle and a nurse raised him but when he
became 4 his parents started raising him. His
dad died when he was 10 years old, in 1777. He
went to college of the Oratorians in nearby
Sossians then he went to a small town called
Blerancourt. In 1786 he started crushing on a
notaries daughter but she was forced to marry
the child of another notary. This caused Louis to
be very upset and angry. He became too much
for his mom to handle. Louis began stealing
things and running away from home. His mom
had him locked up. He stayed in the
reformatory from October 1786 – April 1787.
After he was released people found him smart
and charming. He decided he wanted a good
PAGE 3
career. Louis became a clerk to the public
prosecutor of Sossians, studied at Reims, and
took his law degree in April of 1788. Two years
later, he joined the revolution in 1790 through
the Jacobin party. On July 10th 1793 he became
one of nine members of the Committee of
Public Safety, and along with Robespierre, very
influential in the reign of terror. Then when he
was elected for the president of Convention he
was called for the arrest of Danton and Camille
Desmoulins. Louis was arrested for taking up for
Robespierre. On July 27, 1794 saint just was
sent to the guillotine with Robespierre and died
for his republic.
(www.infoplease.com)
Napoleon Bonaparte By: Nathan Wilbourn Napoleon Bonaparte is one of history's most controversial figures. His has many admirers and many critics. His mastery of the battlefield has provided models that are still studied in military schools today. Napoleon was in many ways, many years ahead of his opponent's tactics when he began his campaigns. He took a turbulent France and led it to many victories. France's great empire is especially impressive since it only had twenty five million citizens.Napoleon is one of Frances greatest military heroes. He also authored the Napoleonic code that is seen by some as an important democratic document. However other people see him as a precursor to the horrible tyrants of the twentieth century. The controversy that swirls centers on mainly if he was a liberating hero or an evil despot. Many people perceive him as the former. However, a close analysis reveals that Napoleon was tyrant and a warmonger.
One of the points of disagreements is
whether or not if he was a benevolent
ruler. Many people defend him by
arguing that he was campaigning for the
rights of the common man. His
supporters point out that his campaigns
introduced the Napoleonic code to most
of Europe. (www.infoplease.com)
PAGE 4
I P R W H C M
R A O L J S Y
E D B Q R M S
I J E O N H I
G A S D S I N
N C P W I Q N
N O I H U N E
A B E D O J T
E I R U L H B
L N R X E C C
O S E P U N D
P A E I A E X
A F E H M R L
N Q B U M F G
FRENCH
JACOBINS
LOUIS
NAPOLEOoN
REIGN
ROBESPIERRE
TENNIS
PAGE 5