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13 Omaru Street Loganholme QLD 4129

+61 400 384 001 m trent_dutton@rubidiumlight.com.au e

www.rubidiumlight.com.au w

Yaroomba Beach

Lighting Concept

Prepared for Sekisui House

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Prepared for: Sekisui House

Version Author/Reviewer Date Description of changes

V1 Trent Dutton 14/11/2014 Draft for Comment

V2 Trent Dutton 20/11/2014 Issued

V3 Trent Dutton 8/2/2017 Draft of comment. Revised for new site layout and lighting technology.

V4 Trent Dutton 1/3/2017 Issued

V5 Trent Dutton 7-3-17 Revised issue with Sekisui House comments

Prepared by Rubidium Light 13 Omaru Street Loganholme Queensland Australia 4129 ABN: 150 778 923 06 Phone: +61 400 384 001 trent_dutton@rubidiumlight.com.au www.rubidiumlight.com.au © 2016 Rubidium Light The information contained in this document produced by Rubidium Light is solely for the use of the client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Rubidium light undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Rubidium Light.

About Rubidium Light Rubidium Light is a specialist lighting design consultancy that works with stakeholders across many areas of development from concept to final construction. Rubidium Light has been operating since 2011 and brings together an in depth knowledge of lighting and its application in technically difficult lighting solutions. Rubidium Light prides itself on its ability to react quickly and in a cost effective manner to provide outcomes both responsible and cost effective to its clients and the environment.

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Contents Cover Page………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Document Information……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 About Rubidium Light……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 2 Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 3 1.0 - Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 2.0 - Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3.0 - Adverse Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5-6

• 3.1 - Direct Light 5

• 3.2 - Glow 5-6 4.0 - Vision…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

• 4.1 - Turtles 6

• 4.2 - Humans 6

5.0 - Impact to Turtles………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7

• 5.1 - Modes o 5.1a - Nesting 7 o 5.1b - Hatchlings 7

6.0 - Mitigation Measures…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....8-10

• 6.1 - Selection of Light Source o 6.1a – HID 8 o 6.1b - LED 8 o 6.1c – Colour Temperature 8

• 6.2 - Selection of Luminaire 9 o 6.2a - Public Areas 9 o 6.2b - Other Areas 10 o 6.2c - Luminaire Construction 10 o 6.2d - Reduction of Interior Light Spill 10 o 6.2e – Switching and Dimming 10

7.0 – Specific Lighting Applications………………………………………………………………………………...…..…..11-12

• 7.1 – Roadway 11

• 7.2 - Water Features and Pools 11

• 7.3 - Stairways 11

• 7.4 – Covered Walkways 12

• 7.5 – Walkways to Beach 12

• 7.6 - External Balcony Lighting above dune vegetation height 12

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13

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1.0 - Executive Summary Throughout the world the impact of light on turtles is a subject well studied and understood. Knowing the existence of turtle species nesting on the beach directly adjacent to the proposed Yaroomba Development, Sekisui House has taken steps to include mitigation measure into the fabric of the project design. Rubidium Light has been commissioned to design an environmental impact lighting plan with these species and the wider environment at the heart of our design. Although lighting for marine turtles has resulted in further measures to ensure low impact on their activities, these same approaches also improve the visual environment for the wider environment including humans. New research is emerging that goes further to put a context around light and its effects on humans supporting application of lighting concept offered here. Our concepts although environmentally responsible also work hand in hand with the proposed architectural design of buildings and surrounding public spaces. The bringing of nature into building is gently highlighted but soft and considered lighting creating dramatic contrast further exposing building users to nature. We have exploited the large amount of research data on marine turtles to produce a comprehensive understanding of possible adverse effects of lighting on these animals and also the wider environment as a whole. These main adverse lighting targets are as follows:

• Night Sky Glow

• Direct Light to Beach

• Light Spill

• Possible effects of Blue Light Exposure Each adverse effect was placed into two modes at which times their possible adverse effect may impact upon the turtles:

• Nesting (Late October to January)

• Hatchlings (Last December to May) After identifying these possible adverse effects and understanding when these effects are experienced, procedures for mitigation of each effect and its application is explained in depth. These measures are as follows:

• Lighting Selection

• Lighting Use When all the above is taken into consideration we undertook the lighting design process to create an exact understanding of the lighting impact to the surrounding areas. Through smart design using what we have learnt about turtles we have minimised the intensity of light spill towards the beach. These reductions are well below any industry standard or Australia Standard dealing with spill light. Furthermore we have also investigated the amount of light spill from the site in the direction of the beach and found it to be much below our moon light threshold 0.1-1lux. Again an excellent result. It is also worth mentioning that these results do not include dune top vegetation which we expect in the real world would reduce our spill and intensity level to zero. We believe we have successfully identified the adverse lighting impact to turtles, mitigated these effects. In real world application of these measures, including dune top vegetation, can say with confidence should have no adverse effect on turtles or the wider environment through lighting of this project.

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2.0 – Introduction Yaroomba Beach Development site located at David Low Way Yaroomba. This site has been identified to have nesting sea turtles on the beach directly to the east of this site. Although nesting turtles are of extreme environmental importance and must be considered in an overall lighting concept, much of the lighting provisions also establish a high level of light control. This result benefits not just turtles but the wider surrounding environment including humans. Rubidium Light has been engaged to supply environmental lighting concept design to assistance in mitigation of adverse lighting effects specifically to nesting sea turtles and the wider environment. Rubidium Light acts as an interpreter of marine and environmental research and the practical applicator of lighting to ensure adverse effects identified in this research is avoided. When integrated into the fabric of the project design, good light practise and lighting control can be inexpensive and the result impressive to all stakeholder when compared to the outcome of lighting control post construction which is always a compromise on architectural look and “bolt-on” lighting control measures. Lighting design for marine turtles also results in a new gold standard in regards to environmental light spill and dark sky night glow. This standard could be used as a new measuring stick to which all sea side developments could be measured.

This site has a number of unique challenges that must be met at this stage of design.

• Proximity to the ocean causing airborne corrosive salt spray. The impact of this on luminaires not protected properly is devastating to inappropriately treated metals.

• Proximity to turtles. The effect of any lighting to the beach area, night sky and background (throwing shadows onto the beach) will have a negative effect on nesting turtles.

• Maintaining a level of prestige in keeping with the quality of this project while maintaining environmental considerations as the first priority.

• Energy efficient lighting design and low long term ownership costs.

3.0 - Adverse Effects We can split the adverse effects of lighting into two main categories. Below we expand on these categories and systems to reduce their impact. 3.1 - Direct Light

The impact of direct uncontrolled light can be clearly seen at night in almost all sea side developments. These lights clearly identify the buildings which can be seen from the horizon. The example to the left shows an existing buildings with little to no light control compounded by limited setbacks and non-existent dunal system. This light may emanate from the lighting of roads, exterior lighting of building or even large amount of interior light being emitted from windows.

This uncontrolled light impacts turtles during nesting, selection of nesting beach and during hatching and the hatchlings ability to find the sea. Uncontrolled light also has a negative impact on the surrounding environment and night sky.

3.2 - Glow Glow is a term used to describe light reflected from surfaces into the night sky. Glow can also be caused by uncontrolled light sources emitting light above the vertical plan sub tendered by the light source itself. This effect can appear less when environmental conditions are clear. As light requires particles to reflect off of before it can be seen, a low concentration of aerosols in the night sky can reduce the apparent extent of glow. However given the sea side and surf side location of this project it is assumed that, for the most part, airborne particles will be high due to the level of water activity and its readiness to disperse water spray into the night sky.

Example image of coastal lighting (not Yaroomba Beach)

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3.3 - Glow Continued Light emitted from light sources into the sky or reflected off objects into the sky is only part of the story. Glow can be made worse by poor choice of light source type. Due to the makeup of our atmosphere, (being mostly made of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapour), it acts to absorb, scatter or transmit light dependant on its wavelength or colour. We know white light is a composition of coloured light. A good example is a prism where white light enters one end and through different refraction of wavelengths acts to split that white light into its components. Our atmosphere acts in much the same way, splitting the white light from the sun and allowing some to pass through while others are absorbed and others scattered.

This scatter effect is of most interest to us. Our atmosphere scatters light from the blue end of the spectrum (short wavelengths) more readily, the reason why the sky is blue. We can take advantage of this scattering of blue rich light sources by avoiding this type of source ensuring low blue light output to further reduce scatter or glow. Light source choice will be covered in more details further on in this document.

4.0 - Vision 4.1 - Turtles The way light is perceived by different species of animals has evolved to match their environment. All sighted species see within a zone of light made up of a range of wavelengths of which their eyes are more or less responsive to differing wavelengths of light. Turtles for instance have evolved to see much better towards the blue and green end of the light spectrum colours which more readily exist in their environment. Curiously enough the deeper the species of turtle dives the further their visible response move toward shorter (blue) wavelengths and less towards the longer (reds). Loggerhead sea turtles, which are present on this site, are a relatively shallow diving species as opposed to leatherback turtles. The spectral response of their eyes are shown here. When compared to their deeper diving Leatherback you can see the impact of their environment has on how their vision has evolved. Loggerhead Cc Leatherback Dc Many luminaires claiming to be “turtle friendly” are available on the market. Generally these are standard luminaire with yellow light sources. Due to the manufacturing location of these luminaires (USA) use of yellow light source is much more effective for use with deeper diving turtle like the Leatherback. Although these light sources go some way to improving the situation for turtles, there is much more effective measures which when coupled together will result in a much more pleasing ascetic result and an even favourable result for Australian turtle species. 4.2 - Humans Humans have evolved in the same way as turtles, to suit their environment. As the human environment is on land and also required for different purposes e.g. hunting/gathering our spectral response to light is different. However recent research is beginning to discover correlations between the shorter wavelengths of light (blue) and the effect on human sleep and other circadian rhythms. This may also be true for other animal and insect species. In effect by implementing systems of control noted in this document we may be creating an environment not only to lower the impact of development on marine turtles but also favourable outcomes most suited to humans. Although this research is in its infancy The American Medical Association (AMA) has recently issued a press release calling for the reduction in highly blue saturated light sources where possible.

SCATTER OF LIGHT RELITATIVE TO WAVELENGTH

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5.0 - Impact to Turtles 5.1 - Modes The Environmental Protection Agency of WA has released a study into the effects of light on Marine Turtles (EAG 5). In this document it explores the above adverse effects of lighting on turtles and identifies two mode of impact::

1. Nesting beach selection by female turtles 2. Sea finding ability of hatchlings.

5.1a - Nesting (Late October to January)

Nesting female turtles expend large amounts of energy dragging themselves across a beach to a nesting site. Although no research has been carried out on this effect, many researchers believe turtles carefully choose their nesting site from well out at sea before approaching shallower waters and eventually the beach. However research has shown that the choice of nesting beach selected by female turtles is affected by the surround lit environment.

This selection seems to avoid light affected beaches. This includes beaches with direct unobstructed light and also beaches that have a lit over dune profile castings shadows onto the beach. Both these outcomes should be avoided to ensure impact of turtles is minimised. It must be noted that other factors like beach activates may also have an effect on selection. 5.1b - Hatchlings (Late December to May)

The second mode of impact to turtles is the effect on the hatchling to quickly find the sea or sea finding ability. This mode may also be the most important as research has shown that the effect of poor sea finding ability directly results in a high mortality rate in an already threatened population. Hatchlings use the glow of the moon on sea surface, among other cues like sound, to guide them toward the relative safety of the sea. If the surrounding area has a high back of dune glow it has been shown that

hatchlings may become disorientated possibly taking more time to find the sea, or in the worst case, perishing on the beach due to exhaustion or discovery by predators. To avoid these impact we implement lighting solutions to ensure a moon lit ocean is the brightest object in the hatchlings field of view. It must also be noted that other factors like beach activities may also have an effect on sea finding ability. Kamrowski 2015, EPA 2010,Limpus and Kamrowski 2103, Godfrey and Barreto 1995, Witherington and Martin 1996.

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6.0 - Mitigation Measures 6.1 - Selection of light sources. The selection of light sources become highly important to achieve the high level of light control we aim for in this type of project. LED Luminaires have been used exclusively throughout this project in part due to that fact that they are compact and suit the lighting style required for this project. Why Light Emitting Diode (LED) over traditional High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID)? 6.1a - HID

• High output and highly efficient – Simular to LED but without the flexibility.

• Fixed output – Generally only available in outputs level in steps e.g.: 70W, 150W and 250W etc.

• Large light source – This makes it harder to control and design luminaires that product low amounts of light in undesired areas.

6.1b - LED

• Highly efficient – Simular efficiency as HID sources and when coupled with efficient design can result in an overall much more efficient project as a whole. e.g.: Mounting heights, maintenance and location.

• Unlimited output options - We can select the exact light output for the application.

• Tuned spectral output – This allows us to select the type of light we choose and further reduce the impact of glow. Although LEDs produce high levels of light in the blue end of a human’s visible spectrum this adverse effect is more than offset by the ability to select lower total outputs and control of light using good luminaire. This will be discussed in more details further on in this document.

• Small in physical size – Due to its size, we can also reduce the size of the luminaire used to house the LED reducing its cost and making the resultant light easier to control. Through effective design, light can be placed where it is needed reducing any wasted light.

• Easier to control – LED light sources can be dimmed and restart immediately after power failures.

• Longer life - Quality LED sources have a much longer life than that of a HID. This results in generally no lamp changes reducing environmental impacts and the longer life of the luminaire again reducing waste.

• LED light sources last longer reducing the need for maintenance. This will also increase the luminaires life when installed in an environment such as this with reduced risk of water ingress due to failure of gaskets opened during routine maintenance

6.1c - LED Colour Temperature

As mentioned above we are able to tune the spectral output of white LED light sources. We do this to further reduce the effect of glow by lower output in the shorter wavelengths (blue). We have recommended the use of 3000K (warm white) light sources only in this project.

White LED light sources can be supplied in a range of “whites” from warm to cool. These terms simply refer to the lights appearance. This appearance is affected by the wavelengths of light being emitted by this LED. To reduce the effect of glow we reduce the amount of blue light being emitted by using a warm colour temperature white LED. The diagram to the right shows the different spectral distribution of cool (top) and warm (bottom) LEDs. As you can see the output of blue with a warm LEDs reduce considerably. This assists to further reduce the impact of night sky glow due to atmospheric scatter and other possible adverse effect to all animal species. Warmer lighting tones act to enhance the prestige of this project and compliment the colour palette chosen.

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6.2 - Selection of luminaires The selection of light sources direct relates to the type of luminaire that can be used. Public lighting is always a compromise between people’s perception of safety in that space through their ability to see and an economic cost of providing that light. When we also include environmental considerations the balance changes again. We have proposed a compromise that not only creates a gold standard environmental results but also gives the user a feeling of safety and increases the observed prestige of this project. 6.2a - Public Areas

In the past HID light sources have been used in large luminaire mounted typically at 6-10m above the surface. This was a mechanism of the light source size and for other large ancillary equipment needed to run these light sources e.g. control gear. This infrastructure was individually expensive but allowed large spacing between luminaires resulting in an overall economic results. Unfortunately this also resulted in high levels of uncontrolled spill light and, simply due to their height, also

resulted in large areas of opportunity in resultant glow and uncontrolled reflection of light. With the advent of LEDs it has allowed the economic minimisation of luminaires. This gives us the option to mount the luminaires much closer to the surface that are lighting e.g. 900mm to 3500mm enabling the selection of much less powerful light sources and much stricter control of light.

We also propose taking this a step further and also controlling the direction of reflected light from each luminaire. As a function of sight, all objects we see are only observed as light is being reflected off them and into our eyes. This fact is unavoidable, but with smart lighting design we can reduce the amount of reflected light entering the night sky and also control the direction to which much of the light is reflected.

Mounting light sources closer to the ground and using an

asymmetrical distribution we can effectively keep more reflected light closer to the ground and out of the night sky. When we also consider orientation we can also keep this reflected light directed away from the beach and back towards areas of less environmental sensitivity.

Although some level of scattered reflection from surfaces is unavoidable, we can control the vast amount of reflected light is a purposeful way.

We know that the angle of incidence of light impact upon an object will be equal to the angle of reflection and using our proposed method exploits this fact to achieve a desirable result. This results is lower upward cast of reflected light due to the low originating location of the light source and low angle of incidence to our lit surfaces.

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6.2b - Other Areas Although street lighting is the major possible contributor to night sky glow and spill light we must also consider other light sources on the project. Other lit areas on this project would be balconies and other under cover outdoor areas. It is critical that for these areas use recessed LED downlights with a high degree of light control. This would insure minimum levels of light trespass and night sky glow contribution. A minimum spacing for these downlight would be set to ensure over lighting would not occur. Please see attached data sheet. The use of dark exterior finishes where lighting exists will also assist to reduce the reflected light into the environment. Dark finishes with a maximum of 30% reflective value should be required. Location and layout of these fittings should be considered when detailed building lighting design is carried out. During this process the design should be mindful not to over light exterior areas. Generally 20 lux average should be sufficient in areas that do not include any tasks. Other areas like shopping centre entries should be lit to compliment surround exterior lighting level and transition people to higher interior lighting levels. 6.2c - Luminaire Construction Due to the adverse nature of sea side locations, corrosive airborne salt spray, particular attention must be paid to the construction of luminaire selected. Construction materials, finishes and quality are of particular concern and when addressed at time of fitting selection can result in low ongoing maintenance costs due to luminaire replacement overtime. Good luminaire selection will increased prestige of projects due to the “fresh” appearance of selected fittings due to product finishes not prematurely ageing in this environment. Although we are unable to explore this subject further here it will form part of our overall fitting selection at time of detailed design. 6.2d - Reduction of interior light spill Interior rooms with direct unobstructed easterly outlooks would be required to have the following lighting controls. This would occur above the height horizontal line sub tendered from top of dune vegetation to buildings closest to the sea.

• Darker room finishes avoiding highly reflective surfaces.

• Tinting on all easterly facing windows and balcony balustrade glass to further reduce transmitted light.

• Restriction to maximum lighting levels in these room with easterly facing daylight openings.

• Maximum interior general lighting level complimentary to tasks within the room. Tinting of glass not only restricts light entering a room but also existing which greatly reduces the effects or glow and direct light seem for the sea. Paint of interior room finishes with a low reflective value also acts to further reduce the impact of lighting within rooms. Although not always possible, it is another measure design to ensure the project is less visible from the sea. 6.2e - Switching and Dimming Lights in sensitive locations can include switching by 365 day time clock, PE Cell and Motion Sensors to ensure further impact reduction to spill lighting levels and reduce power consumption. As laying turtles visit the beach from mid-November to February and hatching occurs from late January to mid-March, it is suggested that any additional lighting switching by 365 day time clocks limit lighting levels from November to April. As these are summer months, longer days, the impact to hotel guests should be minimal.

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7.0 - Specific Lighting Applications 7.1 - Roadway Lighting Lighting level chosen from this area is to comply with Australia Standard AS/NZS1158.3.1: 2005 – Lighting for roads and public spaces. This standard outlines the type of space being lit on Table 2.1 e.g. Local roads or streets used primarily for access to abutting properties including residential properties with Mixed vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Other criteria for selection of lighting subcategory includes: Pedestrian Activity, risk or Crime and Prestige. Although these selection criteria are important the overriding need to reduce light spill leads us to select the minimum subcategory of P5. This is a discretionary subcategory but I believe well justified by the conditions existing at this site. Lighting requirements in this area have been met using a 900mm – 3000mm high bollard which allows for easy identification from vehicles. The luminaire is 6W to 40W only and provides us with a beam of light to our area of interest with very little spill light. Aesthetically we believe this luminaire is in keeping with the look of the project and can be selected in a number of colour finishes 7.2 - Water Features and Pools Due to the existence of a pool and the environmental considerations of the site, we have decided to depart from the usual method of pool lighting. This would usually include wall mounted underwater lights used to fill the volume of water with light. This results in a luminous body of water which acts as a large uncontrolled light source which would adversely impact on the reduction of upward spill light from the site. (Glow)

We suggest using a number of in water up light mounted in the base of the pool aimed directly up. Using this method we are able to use very low wattage luminaires (1W), as you are directly viewing the light source, and very tight beam control. This effect is likened to a “star field”

effect but without the usual adverse effects as very low output luminaires can be used and most of the light is absorbed by the water as it passes through. 7.3 - Stairways. As mounting options in these areas are limited and as they have a handrail the selection of a handrail mounted luminaire have been used to light these stairs. Use of a handrail mounted luminaires allow for reduced spill light and lower energy consumption as the fitting is mounted close to the surface being lit.

Lighting level chosen from this area is to comply with Australia Standard AS/NZS1158.3.1: 2005 – Lighting for roads and public spaces. The specific category requirement for stair lighting is a minimum of P8. This is much higher than the surrounding lighting levels but is required to safely navigate elevation changes.

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7.4 - Covered walkways All covered walkways are primarily lit to provide a minimum 20 lux as specified in AS/NZS 1680.0 Safe Movement. This is considered a minimum level to be maintained in interior environments. This is achieved with the use of downlights. These downlights by nature emit a small amount of spill light and I suggest the use of motion detection at each entry point to the space to ensure they are only run when necessary. This switching will only be necessary during times of turtle nesting and hatching. A 365 day time clock can be used to achieve this. The downlight chosen has the light source recessed up into the luminaire reducing glare and spill light which still providing light to the task. To avoid any issues with switching in these areas I have also included ground mounted mini bollards which will provide a navigation source constantly 7.5 - Walkway to beach Due to the sensitive nature of this area a multi stage lighting system has been employed to ensure limited impact to sea turtles and safe navigation for visitors using the walkway. Human eyes require up to 20 minutes to adapt completely to moon light conditions from lighting levels experienced around the hotel building. We have only 190m approx. of walkway to allow for adaptation, 3 minutes approx. The use of decreasing lighting intensity levels are required to assist with adaptation and balance the need for safe navigation of the elevated walkway.

• Stage One. (Departing resort precinct) approx. 50m. This area is handled with the same box bollard shown above. This reduces the lighting level from around 80 lux to guide/navigation lighting.

• Stage Two. (From width reduction to major corner) approx. 60m. This area will be lit with boardwalk mounted (in ground) marker light 2.4W 3000K white light. They have a distribution of 90 degrees and will be orientated away from the beach.

• Stage Three. Next 25m approx. This area will be lit with a similar luminaire to the pervious section but with a small diameter and a reduced output of 1.2W 3000K white light.

• Stage Four. Next 50m approx. This area will again be lit with the smaller in ground marker light but light source is now amber.

• Stage Five. Final 50m approx. to beach. This area using the same luminaire as the last 2 stages but with a red light source. The human’s eye spectral response has a much better perception at the red end of the spectrum than that of a turtle which tends towards blues and green. The study EAG 5 claims around 100 times. The use of red and amber light sources reduces the perceived intensity to turtles but has a much less impact on perceived intensity to humans.

The use of red light sources, in the final stages near the beach also acts to assist the human eye to adapt to the lower lighting levels. As the red light only stimulates parts of the human eye that don’t control adaptation. The human eye can see high levels of red light without effecting night adaptation 7.6 - External Balcony Lighting above dune vegetation height External balconies also provide a source of direct spill light. As suggested above we have placed a number of recommendation to ensure the impact is greatly reduced and coupled with the following measures ensures a controllable and reduced impact on spill:

• Tinting of balustrade glass. This will act to reduce any reflected light from the floor surfaces of the balcony.

• Dark finish to balcony surfaces. Further reducing spill light.

• Recessed downlight as used in other exterior covered areas with a lighting level sufficient for tasks on the balcony.

• The lighting level chosen should also be further reduced using dimming during selected period’s e.g. after 11pm and during nesting and hatching periods.

• Position downlights to ensure reduced impact on vertical surfaces of balcony. This allows light to be focused on working surfaces of the balcony and reduces reflected light out from balcony.

With these measures in place we have calculated a total of around 12 cd/m² will be emitted from balconies initial and can be reduced with dimming measures at will.

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Conclusion All steps have been taken to mitigate adverse lighting effect to the surrounding environment as suggested in the study EAG 5. Great care and consideration has gone into creating a lighting concept that not only compliments the architecture of the built environment but also allows humans to experience parts of the natural environment rarely seen without impacting upon it. In commercial and residential application we would evaluate spill light in accordance with Australia Standard AS4282-1997 Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting. This standard is used to evaluate the effect of light to neighbouring properties. This standard, at its highest level of restriction, allows 1 lux and 500cd. We believe this level is too high given the requirements of sea turtles and the very low back ground lighting levels that would affect their nesting and navigation during hatching. We have chosen to use moon light levels as pass/fail criteria for our lighting design. Moon light levels vary from 0.0001 lux on an overcast night to 1.0 lux on a clear night and these levels should be used to evaluate our results. All our calculations are based on topographical conditions that exist on site without any flora as this is impossible to access its density accurately. We know a reduction in light transmission to the beach will occur but we also need to allow for a worst case scenario. Spill light has also been evaluated with all spill lighting reduction measures in place e.g. switching. We have shown that the spill lighting to the beach is 0.0005 lux initial maximum. The maximum occurs at the entry to the beach from the walkway and is localised excluding all light outside a 6m radius of this entry point. This maximum is based on all warm white luminaires and adjusted luminous intensity of amber and red luminaire for assessment to spectral response of sea turtles. According to the study EAG 5 you can reduce their effect by around 100 times when perceived by sea turtles. This reading is the light falling on a vertical plan placed on the line of the beach to a test height of RL 44.0 above beach level RL 0.0. Calculation of lighting level via computer generated rendering only allows for accuracy up to 4 decimal places. It is likely no measurable light will impact the beach or ocean outside the 6m radius of walkway entry point We have also investigated the intensity of any light source viewed from the beach. This was calculated on a worst case scenario where no obstruction exists between light source and beach. We found maximum intensity was 0.0000 cd initial. The reading is taken from the same vertical plane placed on the line of the beach is measured as a direct light intensity emitted from any light source towards the beach. Please note that 1 candela (cd) is equal to 1 candle power meaning the light emitted from a single candle. Calculation of lighting level via computer generated rendering only allows for accuracy up to 4 decimal places. It is likely no measurable light intensity will impact the beach or ocean. Given the extremely low lighting levels we know we have achieved the desired effects of dark dunes and limited glow above moon light levels that would affect nesting female sea turtles and hatchling visual navigation. Along with the likelihood that these levels would be greatly reduced due to coastal vegetation, we believe the impact to sea turtles nest on the beach has been successfully mitigated. This report has been produced for inclusion in a wider environmental impact report

Trent Dutton Principal Lighting Engineer MIES