Yap PAN Design Workshop Report FINAL - Marine …...TNC (2017). Yap Protected Area Network Design...
Transcript of Yap PAN Design Workshop Report FINAL - Marine …...TNC (2017). Yap Protected Area Network Design...
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YapProtectedAreasNetworkDesignWorkshop
WORKSHOPREPORT
Yap,FederatedStateofMicronesiaNovember18thto22nd,2017
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TableofContents
YapStateProtectedAreaBackground...............................................................................4
WorkshopPurposeandObjectives....................................................................................6
Presentation:HistoryofPlanninginFSM...........................................................................6
Presentation:SystematicConservationPlanningforProtectedAreaNetworks.................7
YapProtectedAreaNetworkVision...................................................................................8
SuccessesandChallengesofExistingMPAs.......................................................................9
Scopeofplanning..............................................................................................................9
Presentation:DesigningResilientNetworksofMarineProtectedAreastoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectives.....................................................10
Presentation:GapAnalysis..............................................................................................15
GroupExercise:EcologicalAdequacyofMPAsandFishMovement.................................16
Presentation:ChuukFisheriesManagementPlan...........................................................16
Exercise:SituationAnalysis.............................................................................................17
StrategyMapping............................................................................................................21
Mapping&reviewofexistingPas....................................................................................24
AddingSitestotheYapPAN............................................................................................25
NextSteps.......................................................................................................................25
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SuggestCitation
TNC(2017).YapProtectedAreaNetworkDesignWorkshop.TheNatureConservancy,Pohnpei,FSM.
TNCContact
Ms.ElizabethTerk,ProtectedAreaAdvisor,PohnpeiFieldOffice,TheNatureconservancy,POBox216,Kolonia,Pohnpei,FM96941.Tel:+691-320-4267;Email:[email protected]
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YapStateProtectedAreaBackgroundTheMicronesiaChallenge(MC)isacommitmentbytheRepublicoftheMarshallIslands(RMI),theFederatedStatesofMicronesia(FSM),andtheRepublicofPalau(RP),incollaborationwiththeUnitedStates(US)TerritoryofGuamandtheUSCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslands(CNMI),toconservetheirnaturalresourcesby“effectivelyconservingat least30%ofthenear-shoremarineand20%oftheterrestrialresourcesacrossMicronesiaby2020.”
TheFederatedStatesofMicronesia(FSM)isthelargestandmostdiversepartoftheMCsub-region.Itisafederationoffoursemi-autonomousislandstates,ingeographicsequencefromwesttoeast-Yap,Chuuk,PohnpeiandKosrae-comprisedof607islandswithlandelevationrangingfromsealeveltothehighestelevationofabout760m.FSM’stotallandmassis702km²,withadeclaredExclusiveEconomicZonecoveringover1.6millionkm².Itsmarineandterrestrialbiodiversityarethenation’slivingwealthandspeciesendemismishighamongtheterrestrialbiota.ThehighendemismwithinthenationisadirectresultoftheisolationoftheislandstooneanotherandtootherlandmassesinthegreaterMicronesianregion. TheconservationandpreservationofFSM’snaturalheritagehashighnational importance and its endemic species have global significance. Themarine and terrestrialresourcesarethefoundationofthecountry’slongtermeconomicself-sufficiencyasarticulatedinitsNationalBiodiversityStrategicPlan(NBSAP)andsubsequentlyitsStrategicDevelopmentPlan2004-2026(SDP).Maintainingthehabitatsandecosystemsthatnurturethisdiversityiscrucialtosustainingthecountry’srichethno-biologicaltraditionswhileimprovingMicronesians’qualityoflife,sincesixtypercent (60%) of its population is dependent on subsistence livelihoods. Further inventory andmonitoringoftheFSMterrestrialandmarinebiodiversityareintegraltoathoroughunderstandingandappreciationoftheisland’sbiodiversity.
InFSM,theresponsibilityforenvironmentalissuesissharedbetweenFSMNationalGovernmentandtheindividualFSMStategovernments(i.e.,Pohnpei,Chuuk,KosraeandYap).EachState,asownerofitssurroundingnaturalresourcesoutto12nauticalmiles,managestheseresourcesthroughpoliciesand plans (e.g., land use plans, coastal zone plans, legislation and regulations). The NationalGovernment,ontheotherhand,providesonrequestguidanceandtechnicalassistancetotheStates,andmanagestheresourcesfrom12to200nauticalmiles.
ThesharingofstewardshipresponsibilityhasattimesresultedinduplicatelegislationattheStateandNational levels.Additionally, ithasalso ledtogaps in legislationdueto lackofcleardelineationofrespectiverolesandresponsibilitiesatbothgovernmentlevels.OftentheNationalgovernmentdoesnotprovidetangible(policy/legislativeandfunding)supporttothestatesforprotectedarea(PA)andconservationlaws.Recognizingthesedifficulties,FSMnationalandstateleaders,aswellascustomarychiefs,havemadeanefforttostreamlinetheirworktowardmeetingtheirmutualgoalofensuringeffectiveprotectionofnaturalresources.
OwnershipoflandandaquaticareasalsovariesbetweenStates.InKosraeandPohnpei,landisbothprivatelyandStateowned,whileaquaticareasaremanagedbytheStateaspublictrusts.InChuuk,mostlandandaquaticareasareprivatelyownedandareacquiredthroughinheritance,giftor,morerecently,bypurchase.InYap,almostalllandandaquaticareasareownedormanagedbyindividualestatesandusageissubjecttotraditionalcontrol.InallStates,landcannotbesoldtonon-citizensofthe FSM, although there are long term leasing options available for non-citizens. These land and
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aquatic ownership patterns greatly influence the strategies and actions required to sustainablymanagethebiodiversityofthenation.
In2002,a“blueprint"oftheFSM'sbiologicalresourceswascreatedtoprovideaclearpictureofareasofbiodiversitysignificance(ABS)thatcanbefoundwithintheFSMandaprioritizationofconservationneeds.TheplantookovertwoyearstocreatethroughacoordinatedeffortbyindividualswithinthegovernmentsoftheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,theU.S.ForestService,TheNatureConservancy,universityscientists,andlocalexperts.The“blueprint”contributestotheNationalBiodiversityStrategicActionPlan(NBSAP).ThemajorgoalofNBSAPistoprotectandsustainablymanageafullrepresentationoftheFSM'smarine,freshwater,andterrestrialecosystems.
In2005,theYapCommunityActionProgram(YapCAP)ledaRapidEcologicalAssessmenttoassesstheexistingMPAsandidentifypotentialnewsites,basedonhabitattypesandthreatstatus.In2009,a“GapAnalysis”wascompletedforeachstateinFSMusinginformationgatheredfromworkshopsheldineachstate.Participantsattheworkshopsworkedtogethertoidentifyconservationfeatures(“Class”)withineachstateandthentodefineaninitialsetofgoalsforeachClass.TheGapAnalysisprojectwasdividedintothreedistinctphaseswhereeachonebuiltontheprevious.Thisallowedforasequentiallearningprocessandensuredthatallelementswereconsidered.Phase1wasdesignedtoevaluatethestatusofeachClassgiventhecurrentconfigurationofProtectedAreas(PAs).SummarystatisticswerethencalculatedtoreportonthetotalareaofeachClasscapturedwithinthePAs.Phase2builtonthesecalculationsbyevaluatingtheAreasofBiologicalSignificance(ABS).TheABSareasweredefinedbasedonexpertknowledgeduringtheFSMBlueprintproject(~2002).
FromtheinformationgatheredinPhase1andPhase2areportwasdevelopedonthestatusofallconservationfeatures(Class)inrelationtoexistingPAs,andillustratedhowtheABSareaswouldcomplementthecurrentPAs.Phase3oftheGapAnalysisdevelopedMarxan1modelsperStateinordertoprovideguidanceonachievingconservationGoals.ThemapsweredevelopeddigitallyandpassedontotheStateFocalPointsAgency–KosraeIslandResourceManagementAuthority(KIRMA),PohnpeiDepartmentandLandandNaturalResource(DLNR),ChuukEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)&YapDepartmentofResourceandDevelopment(R&D)-andtheirrespectiveLandResourceAgencies.Unfortunately,manyofthosecurrentlyworkinginresourcemanagementatthestatelevelareunawarethatthegapanalysistookplaceandhaveneverseentheresults.Thishasbeenattributedtonotclearlyidentifyingastaffmemberatthestateleveltotakeovertheprojectaswellasstaffturnover.
ThepreviousGapAnalysiswasnotabletoassessthemanagementeffectivenessofthePAs.AnMPAeffectivenessassessmenttoolhasbeendevelopedforMicronesiamodelledaftertheMPAMEtooldevelopedinIndonesia.ThisallowsforenhancedunderstandingofmanagementeffectivenessofexistingMPAsitestobetakenintoconsiderationofthePANdesign,regardingwhethersitesare
1Marxanisacommonlyuseddecisionsupporttoolforconservationplanning,whichidentifiespriorityareastoachieveaspecifiedconservationobjectivewhenprovidedwithinformationaboutthespatialdistributionofconservationfeaturesofinterestsandthesocioeconomiccostofprotectingdifferentsites.
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appropriateofstategoalsandobjectivesbasedonmanagementlevelandconservationeffectivenesslevel.
Additionally,thepreviousGapAnalysisfocusedonbiodiversityasthenumberoneobjectiveofdesignatedprotectedareasanddidnottakeintoconsiderationotherobjectivesespeciallythoseofthecommunity.ThisnewapproachwillbuildonthegapanalysisbyreevaluatingthePAsitesineachareausingpreviousresearcheffortsandappropriatecommunityconsultationstoensurethePANsmeetthegoalsofbothresourcemanagersandcommunitymembers(e.g.fisheriesmanagement),arerepresentativeofbiologicallysignificantareasandincorporateresiliency.
WorkshopPurposeandObjectivesThisworkshopwasthefirststepinrefiningthedesignofYap’sProtectedAreaNetwork(PAN)tobettermeetYapState’sgoalsusingspatialplanning.ThepurposeofthisworkshopwastoagreeonthegoalsofYap’sPAN,understandtheprinciplesofprotectedareadesignandgatherdataandknowledgefromcommunityleaderstohelpassessandmakerecommendationsonhowtoredesignYap’sPAN.
WorkshopObjectives
(1) RefineGoalsforNetwork(2) Clarifyscopeofstudy(3) Agreeonnetworkdesignprinciples(4) Assessdataneedstocompletedesignandavailabledatalayers
Presentation:HistoryofPlanninginFSMBernaGorong,TNC
Mrs.GoronghighlightedtheBlueprintforConservingtheBiodiversityoftheFSM,identifiedareasofbiologicalsignificance,therapidecologicalassessmentconductedin2005andcoralreefandfishsurveys.ShealsosharedtheresultsoftheGapAnalysis(asdescribedabove)conductedinallfourFSMstatesin2009andlessonslearnedfromthatprocess.
Questionfromparticipant:Arethe2002ABSareasstillthemostimportantplaces?
Answer:REAswereconductedinsomeareasofthestatetocollectdatatobetterassess,butunsurewhethertheABSareaswereupdatedasaresult.
Director:Lotsoftheworkisdrivenbydataavailability,andisthereforedependentuponoutsideexpertise.Weneedtorefocusontraditionalknowledgeandmanagementsoasnottolosethem.YapStatehasdeclaredanemergencyfornon-communicablediseases.Importedfoodcanbeaccessedmorecheaplyandeasilythanlocalresources.Weneedtochangepeople’sbehavior.FoodfromlocalresourcesiskeytohealthofYapese.
Thomas:Dataarestillvaluableforunderstandingwhatisgoingon.Fishingmethodshavechanged–newtechnologyandiceboxes.Conservationisnotaboutstoppingfishing,butensuringsustainabilityoffishforhumanconsumption.
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Francis:Weneedtofocusondifferentformsoffisheriesandtraditionalmanagementinadditiontoprotectedareas.E.g.fisheriessizelimitsetc.
Rachel:“Effectivemanagement”doesn'tjustmeanstrictprotectedareas.TheMCnowhassocioeconomicmonitoringandislookingattheimpactthatprotectedareashaveonpeople.
Francis:WeneedtoupdatetheterrestrialprotectedareasusedinMCaccounting.
Sabino:ItseemsliketheState’sfocusisonmarine,butweneedparallelplanningonland.
Presentation:SystematicConservationPlanningforProtectedAreaNetworksBy:Dr.RebeccaWeeks,JamesCookUniversity
Dr.WeekshasparticipatedinPANdesignprojectsinseveralcountriesinthePacificincludingPalauandPohnpei.Herpresentationcoveredhowprotectedareasweredesignedinthepast,usingsystematicconservationplanningandexamplesofhowsystematicconservationplanningwasusedinotherplaces.Belowisasummaryofthemainpointsofherpresentation.
Inthepastprotectedareaswereplacedincertainplacesbecausetheywerescenicplaces,remoteareas,areasnearresearchinstitutionsorculturallyimportant/traditionalprotectedareas.Thisapproachisprovingtonotbeeffectivebecauseweprotectareasthatarenotneededforanythingelseandareasofhighconservationimportancemaynotbeprotected.Inaddition,traditionalmanagementpracticesmaynolongerbeeffectiveinlightofgrowinghumanpopulationsandnewtechnologiesforharvestingresources.
Systematicconservationplanningistheintegrationofbiologicalassessment,stakeholderengagementandsocio-economicsincost-effectconservationaction.Ratherthanjustidentifyingareasthatareimportantforbiodiversity,conservationplanningseekstobalanceandachievegoodoutcomesforbothbiodiversityconservationandhumanwellbeing.Theprocessisbasedonclearstatementsaboutstakeholderobjectivesandexpectedresults.Itisascientific,datadrivenapproach,whichistransparent.Itsupportsdecisionmaking,butdoesnotmakedecisions.Thereare11stagesintheconservationplanningprocess.
Inthepastsiteswithgreatestspeciesrichnesswereselectedwhentryingtorepresentallbiodiversityfeatureintheminimumnumberofsites.Usingthecomplementarityapproachthesamenumberofspeciescanberepresented,butfewersitesaredesignatedasPAs.Inthisapproach,sitescomplementeachotheriftheycontaindifferentbiodiversityfeaturesandeachtimeasiteisaddedwhatisalreadyprotectedisconsidered.ThisapproachalsoallowsforflexibilitybecausetheremaybemorethanonewaytoachievetheobjectivesofthePANdesign.
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Onceyoustartconsideringadditionalconservationfeaturesandscopeoftheprojecttheproblemcanquicklybecometoodifficulttosolvebyhand.Thisiswhydecision-supporttoolsareuseful.ComputerprogramslikeMarxancandothecalculationsfasterthanwecando.
Socialandeconomic“costs”inconservationplanningarenotmonetaryvalues.“Costs”indicatedtheopportunitiesthatdifferentstakeholdersgiveuptoestablishaPA.e.g.fishing,agriculture.Touristsorrecreationalsitescanhavepositivevaluesor“costs”.Conservationplanningallowsustobalancetrade-offsbetweenbiodiversityandhumanuses.
Thomas–Weshouldn'ttalkaboutconservation,weneedtotalkaboutfoodsecurityandpeople.Wehaveaverylimitedwaterareaforprotectionanduse.
YapProtectedAreaNetworkVisionEnglish:ThePeopleofYAPState,inthefaceofinevitablechange,takingsharedlocalactionsanchoredintheirrichtraditionalknowledgeandvalues,adaptedtomeetingtoday’schallengestosafeguardsustainablemanagementofpreciousnaturalresources,onwhichourlivelihoodandsustenancedependsonforavibrant,healthy,andhappycommunities,todayandformanygenerationstocome.Ulithian:YarmatalYapeile,luwolchangeskeyebubuthog,ngoyirreyangangfangalluwolmaklakolfaluyarboreberolhofagirelwaireskeyebubuthogngalir.Bwoilengobemwalyarhafelengorekamahoyresourcesklayarbohowlugulyarmatiglamowagay.
Satawal:AeremesaenYapeeiina,reenminikkaesooarnoiugiunoanaanikkittosiussiuweniyfetaeneeigirh,raaffeorifengaenniyaekkaaewaffeeorneenopwoapwunnoanminikkakkonfaniuwarhmeminikkaerhaengmereerh,pweepweananeeowfirhiyminikkaaewwaeiraesiynoanraennekkeeipweepwe
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aefirhefirhawunuununaarhaaeyaeminikkaenopwegeoniugiurhikkaetipaengifaniuw,saaet,meaeremaspwerepwemenawngerekker,iwengeeteeoteonoapwegeoniugiurhiginamesaeretaaenkkenawenimmwarhnoa.
Yapese:PigirdieneaStatenuWa’ab,ufithiketinibethilthilkonamngefaileng,ekartaarebnigedrogonemithmithrorad,karyiluyedkom’agngelowanngeparrodad,karunedIturguyetinnibmoomawnifenechiney,ningeaywegItanmiyrogonichathowliyetinnibtuufmabgaafan,ningeparenamngedainibgalunglungmabfaas,nifaankodabaangetingabulemfaen.
SuccessesandChallengesofExistingMPAsParticipantsdiscussedandlistedthesuccessandchallengesfacingexistingMPAs.
CommonSuccesses:
- Strongcommunitysupportandtraditionalleadership- Haveseenfishincreaseinnumber- Haveobservedoverflowoffish,improvingfoodsecurity- Improvedqualityoffishhabitat/healthycoralreefs- StrengthenedcommunityinvolvementaroundestablishingtheMPA- Observedsuccessledtowillingnesstomanageconnectedhabitats,e.g.mangroves,land.
CommonChallenges:
- Lackoffunding- CommunitiesneedtobetterunderstandthepurposeofthePA,falseexpectationsofhow
muchinvolvementwouldberequiredandwhatresultswouldbeledtolackofcommunitysupportandnon-compliance
- Poachingandlackofenforcement.Needdedicatedpersonnel.- There’snoalternativetofishing.Near-shoreFADs?- Lackofcommunityawareness–needtoimproveunderstandingtoshoreupcommitment.
ObjectivesofPAsarelargelyforfoodsecurity,alsoeconomicopportunities.Nguluspecificallyformudcrabsandclams(somezones).
ScopeofplanningParticipantsdiscussedandagreedonscopeofPANplanningforYap.
1. WewillplanforthewholeofYapState,includingtheouterislands.Requestfromtraditionalcouncilofouterislandsthattheybeincluded.Butneedtothinkabouthowremoteareascanbeenforced.
2. Wewillplanforbothmarineandterrestrialenvironments.3. Wewillfocusfirstonachievinglocalobjectivesbutwillconsiderhowthesecanfeedintothe
MicronesiaChallengeandotherinternationalobjectives.
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4. Theplanwillincludeprotectedareasandothermanagementstrategies,includingtraditionalresourcemanagement.
5. WeneedtohaveclearrolesandresponsibilitiesforimplementingthePANplan.Communities(traditionalleadersandcouncils)willfirstandforemosttakeresponsibilityforimplementation.YapStateandFSMagencieswillprovidesupport,forexamplebycreatingandenforcinglawsthatsupportcommunity-ledmanagementactions.NGOswillprovidetechnicalsupportforplanningandimplementation,anddonorswillprovidefundingformanagementactivities.
6. Wewantaworkableandrealisticmanagementplanthatintegrateslocalknowledgeandbestpracticesinformedbyscience.Weneedtobuildcommunitycapacityintermsofunderstandinghowecology(e.g.fishmovementpatterns)caninformmanagement,andwhichdifferentmanagementstrategiesmightworktoachievecommunityobjectives.
Presentation:DesigningResilientNetworksofMarineProtectedAreastoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectivesByLizTerk,TNConbehalfofDr.AlisonGreen,TNC
MS.TerkgaveapresentationonMPAdesignprinciplesthatcanbeusedtoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeobjectives.ShepresentednewsciencewhichisbeingusedtodesignMPAs.Shealsohighlightedhowconnectivitybasedonthisnewsciencecanbeusedtoimprovemarinereservedesign..Informationforthepresentationcamefromthefollowingsources:
Green,A.,White,A.,Kilarski,S.(Eds.)2013.Designingmarineprotectedareanetworkstoachievefisheries,biodiversity,andclimatechangeobjectivesintropicalecosystems:Apractitionerguide.TheNatureConservancy,andtheUSAIDCoralTriangleSupportPartnership,CebuCity,Philippines.viii+35pp.
http://www.uscti.org/uscti/Resources/MPA%20Practitioner%20Guide%20Final%207Mar13.pdf
Greenetal2013DesigningMarineReservesforFisheriesManagement,BiodiversityConservation,andClimateChangeAdaptation)thatprovidesthescientificbasisforthisapproachwhichisavailableonlineat:http://www.tandfonline.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/08920753.2014.877763#.Uyd_j02KDrc
Overfiveyears,theCoralTriangleSupportPartnership(CTSP:supportedbyUSAIDandtheAmericanpeople)hassupportedaproject,ledbyTheNatureConservancy,focusedonimprovingourabilitytodesignmarineprotectedarea(MPA)networkstoachievemultipleobjectivesregardingfisheriesmanagement,biodiversityconservationandclimatechangeadaptationintheCoralTriangle.Thispresentationfocusesonsomeofthelatestsciencethatwasdoneinsupportofthis.WhilethisworkwasdevelopedintheCoralTriangle,theresultsareapplicabletoanytropicalmarineecosystem.
Ifwelldesignedandimplemented,MPAscancontributetoachievingmultipleobjectivesincluding:protectingbiodiversity,climatechangeadaptation,fisheriesproductionandmanagementandother
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resourcemanagement(e.g.Tourism).MPAsoftendon’tachievetheseobjectivesbecausetheyareeithernotwelldesignedoreffectivelymanaged.Furthermore,thewayinwhichwedesignMPAsfordifferentobjectivesareslightlydifferent(particularlyforbiodiversityandfisheries).SoweneededtocomeupwithawayofcombiningthisadviceforpeoplewhowishtodesigntheirMPAstoachievealloftheseobjectivesatthesametime.
Inrecentyears,therehasalsobeensomenewandexcitingscienceemergingwhichwillhelpdesignMPAstomaximizetheircontributiontotheseobjectives.Basedonthisnewscience,wedeveloped15biophysicalprinciplesorguidelinesforfieldpractitionersfordesigningresilientnetworksofMPAstoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeoutcomessimultaneously.Thispresentationcoverssomeoftheseprinciplesandtherationaleforeach.Theprinciplesshouldbeusedwithasimilarsettoaddresssocial,economicandculturalconsiderations.
First,itisimportanttocreatelargemultipleuseareasthatincludebutarenotlimitedtomarinereserves(no-takeareas).ThisisbecausewhilemarinereservesarethemostpowerfultoolinourMPAtoolboxforachievingourobjectives,theycannotbeeffectiveontheirown,andneedtobeintegratedwithotherzonestobesuccessful.
Thenextprincipleistheneedtorepresent20-40%ofeachhabitatinmarinereserves.Thisisbecausedifferentspeciesusedifferenthabitats,soit’simportanttoprotectrepresentativeexamplesofeachhabitatinno-takeareastoprotectallbiodiversityandkeyfisheriesspecies.Howmuchdependsonfishingpressureandotherfisheriesmanagementoutside.
Anotherprincipleistheneedspreadtheriskbyprotectingatleast3widelyseparatedreplicatesofeachhabitattypeinmarinereserves.Thisminimizestheriskthatallexamplesofahabitatwilladverselyimpactedbythesamedisturbance.Protectedhabitatsthatsurvivethedisturbancecanactasasourceoflarvaetohelprecoveryinotherareas.Replicationalsohelpsmanagetheuncertaintyassociatedwithbiologicalheterogeneitywithinhabitats.Sincevariationsincommunitiesandspecieswithinhabitatsareoftenpoorlyunderstood,habitatreplicationincreasesthelikelihoodthatexamplesofeacharerepresentedwithinthenetworkofprotectedareas.
Itisalsoimportanttomakesurethatcritical,specialanduniqueareasareprotectedinmarinereserves.Forfisheriesmanagementweneedtoprotectcriticalhabitatsforkeyfisheriesspeciesatcriticalstagesintheirlifehistories,includingimportantaggregationsites(e.g.forspawningandfeeding)andjuvenilefishhabitat.Forbiodiversityprotectionweneedtoprotectspecialoruniquesitesinno-takeareas,includingimportantsitesforrareorthreatenedspecies(e.g.turtlenestingsites)orhabitats,endemicspeciesorareasofhighbiodiversity.
Itisalsoimportanttoidentifyandprotectareasthatmaybemoreresistantorresilienttoclimatechangeinmarinereserves.Forexamplemangrovesthathavespacetomoveinlandwithrisingsealevelsorecosystemsthathaveresistedorrecoveredfromdamage(e.g.coralbleaching)inthepastandhavecharacteristicsthatindicatetheyaremorelikelytosurviveimpactsinthefuture(e.g.heat-tolerantcoralsthatmaybemoreresistanttocoralbleaching.)Resilientsites(refugia)forkeyhabitatsandspeciesshouldbeincludedinMPAs,preferablymarinereserves,becausetheyarelikelytobeimportantformaintainingbiodiversityinthefaceofclimatechange.
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Therestofthispresentationfocusesonsomeofthesciencedoneinsupportofthisregardingtheconnectivityofreefandcoastalpelagicspecies,andhowitcanbeusedtoimproveMPAnetworkdesign(basedonGreenetal.inreview).
Mostreeffisheshavetwolifehistoryphases.Forexample,wehavetwoadultcoraltrout,amaleandfemale,livingonthereef.Whentheyreproduce,hundredsofthousandstomillionsoftinylarvaearereleasedintothewatersabovethereef.Thelarvaespendabout30daysoutinthebluegrowing,andforthevastmajority,dying–weestimatethatasmanyas99%ofthemdieduringthisperiod,mostofthemeatenbyotheranimals.Howfartheytravelawayfromtheirparentsisarealmysteryandcouldbehundredsofkilometers.Fortheluckyfewwhosurvivethevoyagetheyfindareefandsettledown,andwillgenerallystayonthatreeffortherestoftheirlives.
Reeffishmovedifferentdistancesinthesetwolifehistoryphases.Mostspeciesdon’tmoveveryfar(afewmeters,100sofmeters,orafewkms)asadultsandjuveniles,whilelarvaehavethepotentialtomovemuchfurther(10s,100sor1000sofkms).Scientists(e.g.Palumbietal.2004)recommendthatsinceadultsandjuvenilesaremostvulnerabletofishingoutsideofmarinereserves,weshouldsetthesizeofNTAssizeaccordingtomovementpatternsofadult/juvenilefishes.
WhydowewanttheMPAsizetobebiggerthanthehomerangeofkeyspecies?Becausesizematters!A40cmcoraltroutwillproducearound350,000larvaebuta50cmtroutwillproduce1millionlarvaeanda60cmtroutwillproduce3millionlarvae.So,bigfishproducealotmorebabiesthansmallfish,whichtheycanexporttofishedareas.Soweaimtoprotectindividualssotheycanreachlargesizes,wheretheywillproducemorelarvaetoexporttootherareas.
Latestsciencesuggeststhatthesizeshoulddependonkeyspecies(andhowfarthey
move)andifothereffectiveprotectionisinplace.Whilewe’veknownthisforawhile,howdoweapplyittoMPAnetworkdesign?Thekeyistoconsiderthekeyspeciesthecommunitieswanttomanage,andhowfartheymove.Unfortunatelywehaven’tbeenabletoabletoapplythisinformationinanydetailbeforebecausewedidn’thavetheinformationonmovementpatternsofkeyspeciesavailable.
Overthelastfewyears,we’vereviewedthebestavailablescienceregardingmovementpatternsofadult/juvenilecoralreefandcoastalpelagicfishspecies(Greenetalinreview).WecannowusethisinfotohaveinformeddiscussionswithcommunitiesregardinghowlargeNTAsshouldbebasedonkeyspeciestheyareinterestedinandhowfartheymoveandthereisothereffectiveprotectioninplace.
Mostspeciesdon’tmoveveryfarasadults/juveniles(most<1-3km2),althoughsomemovelongerdistances(5to>20km).Soifpossible,itisbettertohavelargeMPAs(10-20kms)becausetheyprotectlargerpopulationsofmorespecies.Butifthisisnotfeasible(e.g.formostcommunitymanagedareasininshoreareas),thenweneedtothinkclearlyaboutwhatspeciescommunities
fromMaypa2012)
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wanttoprotect,howfartheymove,andhowtoprotectthem(i.e.NTAsoftheappropriatesize,orbysomeothermeanse.g.regulationstoprotectwiderangingspecies).
HowwecanuseinformationonlarvaldispersalinMPAdesign?Scientists(e.g.Palumbietal.2004)recommendthatwesetthespacingofmarinereservesaccordingtolarvaldispersaldistance(sincetheyarelessvulnerabletothefisherywhentheymoveoutsideofNTAs,andtheyareimportantforreplenishmentofareasafterdisturbance).Biophysicalmodelspredictthatthescaleofcoralreeffishlarvaldispersalislikelytobeinthe10’sofkms(3-50kmormore).Howeverrecentdirectmeasurementsoflarvaldispersal(e.g.usingDNAparentageanalysis)ofarangeofcoralreefspeciesshowsthatself-recruitmentismorecommonthanwethought,andinfact20-60%actuallystayinthelocalareawheretheywerespawned(mostwithin15km).Therefore,werecommendthatmarinereservesbeseparatedby<15kms(Greenetalinreview).Wealsorecommendthatmarinereservesareclosetofishinggrounds,tomaximizethebenefitstolocalfisheries.
Anotherthingtoconsideristhelocationofno-takeareas(ietheneedtolocateNTAswheretheprimaryhabitatofkeyspeciesislocated)andconnectivityamonghabitattypesi.e.wherekeyspeciesusedifferenthabitatsthroughouttheirlives.
Thisimageshowshowsomespecies(e.g.themangroveredsnapper,alsocalledmangrovejack)usedifferenthabitattypesthroughoutitslife.Therefore,toprotectthisspecies,itisnecessarytoprotectallofthehabitattypesitusesthroughoutitslife(andtomakesuretheseareasarecloseenough
togethertoallowformovementamongthem).
Anotherecologicalconceptthatweneedtoconsiderisvulnerabilityandrecoverytimesoffishesandimplicationsfordurationofmarinereserves.Manyfactorsaffectvulnerabilityandrecoveryratesofreeffishes(basedonAbesamisetalinreview)includinglifehistorycharacteristics(maximumsize,growthrate,lifespan,age/lengthatmaturity)andtrophiclevel(Rateofnaturalmortality,Recruitmentrates,SpeciesinteractionsandPopulationsizeduetofishingintensity)
Lifehistoryandtrophiccharacteristicsareusefulbutnotperfectindicatorsofvulnerabilityandrecovertimes,whichwecanuseindatapoorsituations.Somespecies(e.g.herbivoressuchasmostparrotfishes),arelessvulnerabletofishingpressureandtakelesstimetorecoverafterprotectionbecausetheyhavesmallermaximumsizes,shorterlifespans,andgrowandmaturemorequickly.Others(eg.largecarnivoreslikegroupers)aremorevulnerabletofishingandtakelongertorecoverafterprotectionbecausetheyhavelargermaximumsizes,longerlifespans,andgrowandmature
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moreslowly.ThereforeNTAs(for20-40%habitatrepresentation)needtobelongterm/permanenttoallowtimeforallspeciestorecover,includingkeyfisheriesspeciessuchasgroupers.Shorttermareascanprovideshorttermfisheriesbenefitsforsomespecies(e.g.tostockpileresourcesforfeasts/schoolfees),butarenosubstituteforlongtermareasforbiodiversityprotectionandfisheriesproductionforallspecies.Soshorttermareasshouldbeusedinadditionto,andnotinsteadof,longtermareas.
Itisalsoimportanttoprohibitdestructiveactivitiesandminimizeoravoidlocalthreats.Ifthesethreatscannotbemanagedeffectively,itisimportanttoprotectareaswithlowerlevelsofthreatsinno-takeareas.
ThisisgreatnewsforMPAnetworkdesign,particularlysmallcommunitymanagedmarineareasbecausenowwecandemonstratebenefitstolocalpeoplemoreclearly.Thelatestscientificevidencesuggeststhatlocalfisheriesmanagementthroughmarinereserves,evensmallones,canresultinlocalbenefitsforcommunitiesbecauseNTAsprotectspawningstockthatprovidesrecruitmenttolocalfisheriessincemostcoralreefandcoastalpelagicfishesdon’tmoveveryfarasadultsorjuveniles(most<1-3km2),althoughtherearesomewiderangingspeciesthatmovelongerdistances(5to>20km);andthescaleoflarvaldispersalismuchsmallerthanpreviouslythought(20-50%ofrecruitsstayinthelocalarea,mostwithin5km).
Thisinformationcoveredinthispresentationisavailableinseveralformatsfordifferentaudiences.
DesigningMarineProtectedAreaNetworkstoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectivesinTropicalEcosystems
-Ascientificpaper(Greenetal2013DesigningMarineReservesforFisheriesManagement,BiodiversityConservation,andClimateChangeAdaptation)thatprovidesthescientificbasisforthisapproachwhichisavailableonlineat:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08920753.2014.877768
-Aguideforfieldpractitioners(Greenetal2013Designingmarineprotectedareanetworkstoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeobjectivesintropicalecosystems-aPractitioner'sGuide),whichprovidesasuccinct,graphicanduser-friendlysynthesisofthebestavailablescientificinformationforpractitionerswhomaynothaveaccessto,orthetimetoreview,theincreasingamountofresearchliteratureregardingthisissue.Thisisavailableonlineat:http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/library/guide-designing-marine-protected-area-networks-achieve-fisheries-biodiversity-and-climate
-Aguideforcommunitybasedmanagers(Gombosetal2013DesigningEffectiveLocallyManagedAreasinTropicalMarineEnvironments),whereweprovideaseriesofflipchartsandspeakingnotesforfacilitatorstodiscussimportantconsiderationsregardingMPAnetworkdesignwithlocalcommunitieswhomayownandmanagetheseresources.Thisisavailableat:http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/library/training-material-designing-effective-locally-managed-areas-tropical-marine-environments-3
-Apolicybrief(GreenandWhite2013UsingMarineProtectedAreaNetworkstoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectives),whichisdesignedforusebygovernmentdepartments
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andseniorgovernmentofficialsandisonlineat:http://www.uscti.org/uscti/Resources/MPANetworkDesignPolicyBriefFinal4.pdf
Discussion
Thomas–inshorereefareashavegotshallowerandnolongerarehabitatforjuvenilefishes.Cancommunitiesremovesandandrubbletomaketheareasdeeperagain?
Bernaaddedthattraditionallycommunitiesmanagedthesechannels.
Dr.Weekscautionedagainstremovingsubstrateincasetherearedownstreamimpactsofsediment.Iftraditionalpracticesarerevived,needtobecarefulaboutchanginghowtheyareundertaken,i.e.don'tdoitwithbulldozers.
Presentation:GapAnalysisDr.RebeccaWeeks,JCU
Dr.WeeksgaveapresentationonthepreliminarygapanalysisshedidbasedonavailabledataforthecurrentYapPAN.Thegapanalysislookedisanassessmentoftheextenttowhichaprotectedareasystemmeetsconservationgoals.Theassessmentcanconsiderrepresentationgaps,ecologicalgapsandmanagementgaps.Representationgapsarewhennotenoughexamplesofafeaturearewithintheprotectedareanetwork.Ecologicalgapsarewhenprotectedareasarenotadequatetoensurefeaturespersistwithinthem.Managementgapsarewhenprotectedareasexist,butmanagementeffectivenessispoororregulationsinsufficient.Itisalsoimportanttolookatdatagapsbecausethiswouldaffectyouranalysis.
Forrepresentationgaps,Dr.Weeksassessedwhatpercentageofdifferenthabitatorreeftypeswereprotected.CurrentlyforYap,22%ofreefsand.04%oflandarewithinprotectedareas.Overall16%islandreefs,0%bankreefsand26%ofatollsreefsareprotected.Atollreefhabitatsvarybetween0%and100%protectedwith30%MCtargetachieved(lagoonpinnacle,enclosedlagoon,passandpassreefflat).Islandsreefhabitatsverybetween0%and39%protectedwiththe30%MCtargetachievedonlyforreefchannels.
ResultsfromthispreliminarygapanalysiswillneedtobeupdatedfollowingdiscussionbythegroupastowhichofYap’sPAsshouldbeconsideredasactivelymanagedatpresent.
Forecologicalassessment,Dr.Weeksfocusedontherecommendationsthatmarinereservesshouldbetwiceaslargeasfishspecies’homerangestobeeffectiveandthatMPAsonreefsnearseagrassandmangrovesaremoreeffectiveforsomespecies.ShecomparedthehomerangesofpopularfishspeciesfromYapwiththesizeofexistingMPAstodetermineifMPAswerelargeenoughtoprotectthespeciesYapcaresabout.
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ThepreliminarygapanalysisdidnotlookatthecurrentmanagementstatusofYap’sMPAs.ThisinformationwasgatheredforseveralMPAsinYapusingtheMarineProtectedAreaManagementEffectiveness(MPAME)tool.Scoresfromthistoolcanbeusedwhenconductingthegapanalysis.
Discussion:
Tomil–initiallythemanagementwasundertakenbyTamilResourcesConservationTrust(TRCT),3yearslateritisthecommunitieswhoaredoingmanagementactivities,andthereneedstobebettercommunicationbetweenthemandTRCT.
ForexampleonpaperPohnpeihavereachedtheMCtargets(representation),butmonitoringshowsthatYap’sMPAsaremoreeffective.
CommunitiesneedtosubmitanynewMPAsforthemtobecounted.
Thomas–communitiesknowwheretheirMPAsare,thegovernmentshouldcollecttheinformation.
Thereareadditionalsitestoadd–theboundariesarenotyetfinal,sowecanmakedesignrecommendations.
GroupExercise:EcologicalAdequacyofMPAsandFishMovementParticipantsweregiventhehomerangesofpopularfishfromYapandthesizeofalltheexistingMPAs.TheywereaskedtodeterminewhetherYap’sMPAseffectivelyprotecttheirchosenfishspecies.ThencouldeitherchoseseveralfishspeciesandoneMPA,orlookathowwellallMPAsprotectonefishspecies.
Group1–lookedatNimpalChannelandfoundthatmostfishhomerangesaretoolargeforthemtobeprotectedbytheMPA.
Group2–lookedatReeyMPA,andfourspecies.Twospeciesmovetoofarandmaybeaseasonalclosureisneeded.Rabbitfishareapriority.TheReeyMPAprotectsalargerareaofforereef,soaffordsbetterprotectiontofishthatusetheouterreefhabitat;fishthatusethelagoonalreefsarelesswellprotectedbythesmallerareathere.It’shardertomakethatarealargerbecausetheyhaveonlyasmallfishingground.
Group3–lookedatallMPAs.Foundthatsnapperandtrevallyarenotwellprotectedanywhereandneeddifferentmanagementapproaches
Presentation:ChuukFisheriesManagementPlanLizTerk,TNC
ProvidedexampleofcomprehensivefisheriesmanagementplanthatwasdevelopedforChuukthatusedbothspatialandnon-spatialmanagementapproachesbasedonthebestavailablescience.
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Discussion:NotedthatYapisnearPalau,sowecanusetheirfishlifehistorydata.Thomas–dotheOneicommunitycomplywithnighttimespearfishingban?Liz–itsnotyetimplementedbutwehopeso.
Exercise:SituationAnalysisThenextstepintheworkshopwastoconductasituationanalysisofthecurrentconservationsituation.Theparticipantsidentifiedpriorityconservationfeatures,criticalthreatstotheseandimpactsonhumanwellbeing.
Conservationprimarytargets
Conservationprimarytargetsarespeciesofconcern,habitatsorecologicalprocessesthatarechosentorepresentandencompassthefullsuiteofbiodiversityintheprojectarea.Theyarethebasisforsettinggoals,carryingoutconservationactions,andmeasuringconservationeffectiveness.
- Turtles- Corals- Reeffish- Mangroves- Bumpheadparrotfishandhumpheadwrasse- Marineinvertebrates(trochus,clam,seacucumber)- Forests- Fruitbats
Discussion:
Thomas–weneedtoidentifyspawningareasforBumpheadparrotfish.
Rachel–weshouldn’tforgetseaandlandbirds.
Explanatorynotesfromreportingback:
• Overfishinghasbeencausedbybreakdownoftraditionalfishingpracticewherepeopletookonlywhattheyneeded,andlifestylechange–peopleeatmorefishnow.
• Linkbetweeninvertebratesandtourismbecauseinvertshelpkeepwaterqualityclearandsomethingismissingiftheyarenotthere
• Developmentthreattocoralsisfromroadbuilding• Fireisusedtoclearlandforfarming,creatingwildfiresthatthreatenforests.• ThereisaneedtobetterunderstandthekeythreatstobumpheadparrotfishhereinYap• Mangroves:needforline=telegraphline.Woodisusedforthepoles.
Keychallenges:
Keychallengesarticulatethelinksbetweenprimaryconservationtargets,threatstothosefeatures,driversandsocialoreconomicoutcomes.TwokeychallengeswereidentifiedforYapState:
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1. Overfishingofreeffishandinvertebratescausedbyreplacementoftraditionalfishingpracticeswithmodernmethodslowersaccesstolocalfoodsupplyandincomeforlocalcommunities,withnegativeimpactsonYapesecultureandhealth.
2. Landdevelopmentisleadingtothedestructionofforestsandmangroveswhichthreatensfoodsecurityandlocalculturalpractice,andnegativelyimpactsnurseryhabitatforfishspecies.
Reef Fish
Overfishing
Erosion
Coral bleaching
Habitat loss
Poaching
Loss of traditional
fishing practices
Change in lifestyle
Climate change
Land development
Commercial fishing
Subsistence fishing
Traditional use
Tourism
Loss of tradition
Loss of income source for community
Impact on people's health
Marine invertebrates
Commercial fishing
Subsistence fishing
Tourism
Loss of income source for community
Impact on people's healthOverfishing
ErosionHabitat loss
Dredging
TyphoonClimate change
Loss of traditional
fishing practices
Land development
Reef Fish
Overfishing
Erosion
Coral bleaching
Habitat loss
Poaching
Loss of traditional
fishing practices
Change in lifestyle
Climate change
Land development
Commercial fishing
Subsistence fishing
Traditional use
Tourism
Loss of tradition
Loss of income source for community
Impact on people's health
Marine invertebrates
Commercial fishing
Subsistence fishing
Tourism
Loss of income source for community
Impact on people's healthOverfishing
ErosionHabitat loss
Dredging
TyphoonClimate change
Loss of traditional
fishing practices
Land development
Corals
Pollution
Climate change
Human negligence
Development
Tourism
Traditional use Loss of tradition
Loss of incomeBleaching
Dredging
Coastal development
Habitat for fish
Coastal protection
Food security
More damage from storms
Turtles
Food source
Tourism
Loss of food security (outer
islands)
Loss of culture / traditions
Loss of income
Over harvest
Pollution
Nest erosion
New fishing techniques
Non-compliance with laws & cultural
practice
Human negligence
Climate change
Income
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Forests
Land development
Natural disaster
Business expansion
(ETG)
Farming
Local medicine
Habitat for food source
Less fruit bat & pigeon to eat
Loss of cultureTyphoon
Wildfire
Invasive species, fungus & disease
Lumber for local house &
canoes
Decline in human health
New sawmills
Bumphead parrotfish
Soil erosion
Local foodMass fishing
Commercial fishing
Customary exchange Loss of culture
Loss of income
Catching undersize fish
Juvenile habitat
destruction
Access to refridgeration
High demand for fish
consumption
Modern fishing
methods
Forests
Land development
Natural disaster
Business expansion
(ETG)
Farming
Local medicine
Habitat for food source
Less fruit bat & pigeon to eat
Loss of cultureTyphoon
Wildfire
Invasive species, fungus & disease
Lumber for local house &
canoes
Decline in human health
New sawmills
Bumphead parrotfish
Soil erosion
Local foodMass fishing
Commercial fishing
Customary exchange Loss of culture
Loss of income
Catching undersize fish
Juvenile habitat
destruction
Access to refridgeration
High demand for fish
consumption
Modern fishing
methods
Corals
Pollution
Climate change
Human negligence
Development
Tourism
Traditional use Loss of tradition
Loss of incomeBleaching
Dredging
Coastal development
Habitat for fish
Coastal protection
Food security
More damage from storms
Turtles
Food source
Tourism
Loss of food security (outer
islands)
Loss of culture / traditions
Loss of income
Over harvest
Pollution
Nest erosion
New fishing techniques
Non-compliance with laws & cultural
practice
Human negligence
Climate change
Income
Fruit bats
Local consumption
Less food security
Over harvesting
Breakdown in traditional
consumption system
Lack of enforcement
of laws
Source of income
MangrovesHabitat destruction
Natural disaster
(typhoon)
High demand for lime
High demand for coastal real estate
Shoreline protection
Lime production
Home development
Meeting houses
More storm damage
Loss of culture
Less affordable housing
Seed disperal
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Goals
ReefFish
- Wanttoseemoreinthefuturetoprovidemorefoodsecurityandwellbeing- Foodsecurity=enoughforeveryonetoeatfisheveryday- Wewillbesuccessfulifwecanseeschoolsoffishinthelagoonagain,ifpeopledon'thaveto
travelsofartofish,andifcommunityobservationandmonitoringdemonstratesincreasesinfishabundance
MarineInvertebrates
- Wewanttoseemoreclams,trochus,seacucumbersandseashells(formoney).- Moreinvertebrateswillprovideandbeindicatedbyahealthyreefandcleanwater- Wewillbesuccessfuliftherearenomorecomplaintsfromfishersabouttoofewresources
(Rachelnotedtherearetoolstoelicitcommunityperceptionsaboutresourcestatus)
NOTES–Thereisacurrentmoratoriumonseacucumbercollection,butsomenon-compliance(soldforexport).Itisoftenwomeninvolvedincollectinginvertebrates.
Corals
- Wewanttoseemore,healthycorals,indicatedbyanincreaseinpercentcover,andmaintained/restoredcoraldiversity
- Progresswillbeassessedthoughmonitoringdata,communityperceptionsandinformationfromdivers.
NOTE–wecan’tpreventbleaching,butcanmonitorandrespond.
Turtles
- Wewantenoughturtlestoallowforsustainableconsumptionandtraditionaluse
NOTE–outerislandchiefsdistributeturtlecatch,butthesystemisbeingabused.Nowitisbeingshippedtoandsoldonthemainisland.
Fruit bats
Local consumption
Less food security
Over harvesting
Breakdown in traditional
consumption system
Lack of enforcement
of laws
Source of income
MangrovesHabitat destruction
Natural disaster
(typhoon)
High demand for lime
High demand for coastal real estate
Shoreline protection
Lime production
Home development
Meeting houses
More storm damage
Loss of culture
Less affordable housing
Seed disperal
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Bumpheadparrotfish
- Wewanttoseeanincreaseinabundanceandsizeofbumpheadparrotfish,andrecoverthepopulationtopreviouslevels,sothattherewillbeenoughtoprovideforfutureculturalpractice(mainisland)
Forests
- Wewanthealthierforestsandvegetation,anincreaseinfruityieldingtrees.Thiswillprovideasustainablesourceoflumberandallowforrevivalinuseofmedicinalplantsandhealthierdiet
Mangroves
- Wewanttoseeanincreaseintheextentofmangroveforestareasandrehabilitationofdamagedmangroveforestareas
Fruitbats
- Wewanttoseemorebatcolonies(butareunsureofpopulationtrajectory)andanincreaseinthenumberofseed-bearingtreesasaresult(batsareprimaryseeddispersers)
NOTES–Therearelawsfortraditionaluse,butnon-compliance.Traditionallyonlyland-lockedvillagesshouldeatbat,nowotherseatforspecialoccasions.
StrategyMappingUsingthesituationanalysisthebreakoutgroupscameupwithstrategiesforachievingtheirgoalsforeachconservationtarget.
Corals
- Review,improveandenforcelawsforpollutionanddredging(EPA)- Utilizecommunitymanagementstrategiestohelpminimizebleaching/improveresilience
throughdesign(community)
Turtle
- Reviewandimprovelaws,considerbanonsalestomainisland(EPA,enforcement?)- Bringbacktraditionalregulationsonturtlecatch(community)- Plasticbagban(inplacefor2years)- Stopeggconsumptionbyprotectingnests(communities,exampleonUlithi)- Regulationonlonglineuse
Mainchallengeishowtoenforcerules,especiallysincecommunitiesowntheirresources.Itwilltaketimetochangebehavior.Governmentneedstoregulatesales,butcommunitiesneedtohelpwithturtlenests.Weneedmoregovernmentleaderstoattendmeetingssoastoalignobjectivesandconcernswithcommunityrepresentatives.Forexample,economicdevelopmentaspirationsarenotincorporatedherebecausegovernmentagencyrepresentativesarenotpresent.
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Banningturtlesalewillbeachallengewhereitistheprimarysourceofincomeforafamily.Whatalternativeincomeoptionsarethere?Maybelimitsalesinsteadofban?
Mangroves
- Establishno-takeareasonrecoveringmangroveforestareas(community)–thiswillpreventmangrovecutting,butwillbechallengedbypeoplewhodependonmangrovewoodforincome,andwillincreasethepriceoflime
- Establishrotating“take”areaswherecuttingisallowed,andthenre-vegetationactivities.Butcouldbehardifmangroveareasareinsufficient,andpeoplemightpoach.
- Identifyandprotecttheoldgrowthmangroveareas(community)- Sustainabledevelopment(community)
NOTES–Allmangrovesareowned.Traditionalpracticewassustainable,withdifferentpeopleallowedtoharvestparticularspeciesandnoclearcutting.
Suggested:mangroveplanting/re-vegetationactivitiesinareaswheremangroveextenthasdecreased(community)
Fruitbats
- Seasonalhuntingperiod.Butthiswouldneedtonotconflictwithcustomaryneedse.g.YapDay.
- Establishprotectedareasandregulationstopreventhuntingatroostsites,butenforcementchallenging
- Existinglawonlyallowsfortraditionalusebutisabused.Chiefsneedtoreactivateandenforcetraditionalpractice.
Bumpheadparrotfish
- Notakeareas(community)- Seasonalbans(community)- Banonusingmoderntoolstotake(community)- Sizelimitstopreventtakeofjuveniles- Baninnighttimespearfishing(community)
Challenges=lackofenforcementandlimitedpossibilitytocreateprotectedareaslargeenoughtoencompassspecieshomerange.
NOTE–Pohnpeitraditionalleaderscurrentlyrefusebumpheadparrotfishastribute,untilstocksrecover
Forests
- Protectedareas,focusedonareasimportantforfoodandbats(community)- Laws(governmentcanmakebutcommunityled)
Challenges=managinginvasivespeciesandnaturaldisasters.Wildfirescausedbypoorburningpractices.
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Suggested:haveareasoftheforestwhereharvestoffruitsandbatsallowedbutnocutting(community);limitcanoebuilding,doesn'tneedtobeeveryyear(community)
Reeffishandmarineinvertebrates
- Conservationareas(community)- Gearrestrictions(community)- Limitorbanonsellingfish(community)- Sizeandspeciesrestrictionsoncatch(community)- Landdevelopmenttominimiseerosion(community)- Climatechangeconsideredinmanagementandactions(communitiesmadeaware)- Revisitexistinglaws(communitiesandgovernment)- Promotealternativefishinggroundsand/ormethodse.g.pelagicspecies,FADs,aquaculture- Betterenforceexistinglaws(communitiesandgovernment)- Proposetolessenpressureonmainislandreefsbyfacilitatingaccesstoouterislandreefs
Challenges=communitiescanonlyenforcetheirownareas.Communitycommitmenttounity–previouseffortstorewardpeopleforreportingviolationshaven’tworked.Weneedasystemtoallowandrewardanonymouswhistleblowers.Forbetweencommunityviolations,communitieseitherneedtoworkwiththegovernmenttoenforceorchiefsneedtocooperate.
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Mapping&reviewofexistingPasGroupreviewedcurrentmapofPAstoagreeonconfirmedsitesversusproposedsites.
Anthony–Wacholabhavehadthoughtsaboutchangingtheirboundariesandwouldlikerecommendations.
No-onepresentcanspeakforRiken
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YapCAPhavebeenapproachedbyRumungcommunity–theyarepotentiallyinterestedinprotectingthewesternsideoftheirfishingground,includingthebluehole.TheexistingMPAmarkediscurrentlyfished–Mikeremoved.
Reey–Currentboundaryisaccurate,wouldlikemanagementrecommendations.
Nimpal-Currentboundaryisaccurate,wouldlikemanagementrecommendations.Willalsorecognizetraditionalusearea.NOTE–fortraditionaluseareas,usesoftboundariestoavoidcausingboundarydisputes)
Ngulu–ZoneA=notake,B=commercialfishingallowed(includingYFA),C=previouslyclosedfor3years,nowopen.Managementwasreviewedin2014sodoesnotneedtoberevisitednow.
Ulithihasbanonharvestingturtleeggsfromtwoislands.
AddingSitestotheYapPANThegroupdiscussedwhattheprocessshouldbeforaddingnewsitestothePAN
- DraftPANbilliswiththelegislature;weneedtodeterminehownewsiteswillbeofficiallyadded
- BernaproposedthatifacommunityisworkingwithYapCAP,theirPAinformationcanbeshared.Groupagree.
- Berthasuggestedthatnewsitesshouldbeaddedwhenthecommunityhasendorsedthemanagementplanandmanagementisinplace
- BeforePANmembership,communitiescanapplyforsmallgrantstohelpdeveloptheirmanagementplan
- AgreedthatmembershipoftheYapPANrequiresamanagementplan.
NextSteps
1. Dr.RebeccaWeeks&LizTerkwillproducetechnicalreportwithrecommendationsbasedonthe3-daymeetingbyendofFebruary2017.
a. Recommendationonexisting&proposedareasb. Recommendationonotherfisheriesmanagementstrategiesc. Providepresentationcontentstogovernmentpartners/traditionalleaders(By2nd
weekofDecember2016)d. Scorecardsonexistingandproposedprotected/managedareas
2. YapCAP&YLMANpresentationtogovernmentpartners/traditionalleadersofmeetingresult.BerthaisdoinganOceans5presentationinDecember2016andwillincluderesults.
3. YapCAP&YLMANtofollowupwithproposedsitesonmainislandonlyandreportbackASAPonwhethertheyareinterestedstillinprotectedareaandwhethertheyareinterestedinrecommendations.
4. BernaneedtoforwarddraftYapPANvisiontoLiz&RebeccabyNov.28th20165. Ifcommunitiesareinterestedincomprehensivefisheriesplan,that’ssomethingthatTNC
canfacilitate.YapStatewidecomprehensivefisheriesplanning(YLMAN&YFA).
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Appendix1.Agenda
YapProtectedAreasNetworkDesignWorkshop
November18th,21st&22nd
YapCAPConferenceRoom
Friday:Wherearewenow,wherearewegoing?
9:00–9:30am
Workshoppurposeandparticipantsintroductions
Berna
9:30–10:15 HistoryofPANandpreviousGAPanalysis
Berna PreviousplansthathavebeendevelopedforFSMandYapState,andthestrengthsandweaknessesofthoseprocesses/products.Settingthescene
10:15-10:30 Break
10:30–11:30 Systematicconservationplanningandbenefitsofscalinguplocalefforts
Rebecca Positioncurrentprocessaspartofadaptivemanagementcycle,outlinesystematicconservationplanningprocess,andexplainhowspatialprioritizationworks.usePohnpeiasexample
11:30–12:30 Wherearewenow? Discussionaboutsuccessesandchallengesw.existingPAs
12:30–1:30 Lunch
1:30–2:00 Wherearewenow?Gapanalysisresults.
Rebecca CurrentPAachievementofMCtargetsandcomparisonwithPohnpei.
2:00–3:00 PlanningScope&PANvision
Berna Identifythescopeofplanning,sothatitisclearwhattheplancoversandwhatitdoesnot,andwhoisexpectedtousetheplantoimplementconservationstrategies.Decideonaclearandcommonvision–adescriptionofthedesiredstateorultimateconditionthatweareworkingtoachieve.
3:00-3:15 Break
Notes:Ali,RebeccaandBerna.TrytoseeifLancefromYapCAPcanhelp.
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Monday:
9:00–9:30am Introducenewparticipantsandworkshopplan
Berna
9:30–10:00 recapFriday Liz Presentscope&visionforagreement
10:00-10:45 LatestscientificadvicefordesigningMPAs
Liz Presentationandopendiscussion:Refinebiophysicaldesignprinciplestoachievegoals/objectivesbiophysicaldesignprinciplesforMPAs
10:45–11.00 Break
11:00-12:00 Wherearewenow?Gapanalysisresults.
CurrentPAachievementofMCtargetsandcomparisonwithPohnpei.
12:00–1:00 Lunch
1:00–3:00 DesigningMPAnetworksforimportantfishspeciesinYap
Groups,facilitatedbyLiz&Rebecca
MPAsizeactivity,followedbyplenarydiscussion
3:00-3:15 Break
3.15–4.30 SituationAnalysis–conservationtargets&threats
Rebeccaintro,Marine&terrestrialgroups
Listspecificfeaturesthatneedtobeconsidered(species,habitats,sites);identifythreatstothem&social&economicoutcomes[note:includesimportantfishspp]
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Tuesday:Operationalizing
9:00-9:15 RecapofDay2 Liz/Berna Summaryofkeychallenges
9:15–10:30 Goals Liz Definewhatconstitutessuccess,forbothconservationandconnectedoutcomesforhumanwell-beingRepresentationtargetsforprimaryfeaturesandhabitatsurrogatesLookatconservationfeaturesandsaywhatwewanttosee
10:30–10:45 Break
10:45-12:00 Strategymapping
Rebecca/Berna Identifypossiblemanagementstrategiesandconstructresultschains
12:00–1:00 Lunch
1:00–2:00 Social,economicandculturalgoals&objectives,targets
Rebecca/Berna/Liz Whataretheimportanttrade-offsandhowcanweconsidertheminplanning?Presentationonoptionsforfisheriesdata(Rebecca)&discussion
2.00–2.15 Break
2.15–3:45 Dataneeds&Mappingexercise(MiketobringblankmapsofYap)
Mike&Rebecca Reviewmapsofconservationfeaturesandprimaryinterests(notingwheresurrogatesarerequiredforprimaryinterests)• Mapopportunitiesandconstraints
onPAplacementMapkeythreatsandspatialuses
3:45-4:00 Wrapup&Nextsteps Liz/Berna Revisitconservationplanningframeworkwithwhatwehaveachievedandwhatwewilldonext
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Appendix2.Participants
Participant Entity Day1 Day2 Day3
1.BrianRamngen BalebatMPAcommunity
X X X
2.DanielForang ReeyMCAcommunity X
3.PatrickSogaw ReeyMCAcommunity X X X
4.JohnathanFichibman Gachparcommunity X X X
5.ChristinaFillmed YapStateEPA X
6.SabinoSauchomal YapCAP X
7.RachaelNash MCRegionalOffice X X X
8.JamesG.Lukan Dept.ofR&D X
9.RayTamow Dept.ofR&D X
10.JulianaAdgil YapFishingAuthority X X X
11.AnthonyYalon YapCAP X X X
12.MagmayMagmay Weloycommunity/NimpalMCA
X X X
13.JesseG.Lukan Weloycommunity X X X
14.MichaelGaag Weloycommunity/NimpalMCA
X
15.JaniceTamangided TamilResourcesConservationTrust(TRCT)
X X
16.MichaelRuw YapCAP/Ngulu X X X
17.FrancisRuegorong DivisionofAgric.&Forestry,Dept.ofR&D
X
18.ThomasGorong NimpalMCAcommunity X X X
19.XavierJibemai MarineResources,Dept.ofR&D
X
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20.JordanPaam BalebatMPAcommunity
X
21.ClementMohoral HistoricPreservationOffice
X X X
22.OwenFoneg Gachparcommunity X
23.AkiraSueba TRCT/JICA X X
24.VittFoneg TRCT X
25.JacobFalan YapStateEPA X X
26.DebraLaan YapGEF5R2R X
27.BerthaReyuw YapCAP X X