Yao herbal medicinal market during the Dragon Boat ...

RESEARCH Open Access

Yao herbal medicinal market during theDragon Boat Festival in Jianghua County,ChinaBinsheng Luo1,2, Yujing Liu3, Bo Liu1,2, Sizhao Liu1,2, Beixi Zhang1,2, Linghan Zhang1,2, Chunrui Lin4, Yan Liu4,Edward J. Kennelly2,5, Zhiyong Guo1,2 and Chunlin Long1,2,6*

Abstract

Background: The traditional medicinal markets held during the Dragon Boat Festival are common and importantin China’s countryside. In Jianghua, a Yao autonomous county in Hunan Province in China, the medicinal marketalso plays an important role for the application, conservation, and communication of traditional Yao medicinalknowledge.

Methods: During the Dragon Boat Festival in 2016 and 2017, ethnobotanical surveys and inventories wereconducted in the medicinal market of Jianghua County, and voucher plant specimens were collected, identified,and deposited in a herbarium. Quantitative analysis included measurement of frequency of occurrence for speciesin the marketplace and the relative importance index for the number of uses for a given species.

Results: A total of 306 plant species (249 genera, 113 families) and their related information about the medicinalmarket were collected. Some major findings include the following: (1) Using the whole plant as medicine is morecommon than other medicinal plant parts; (2) treating rheumatism and clearing inner heat are the most frequentmedicinal uses; and (3) taking a medicinal bath is the most frequent modality to administer the traditional medicine.The frequency of occurrence and the relative importance index of some medicinal plants were analyzed, as well as thedemographics and the number of stalls and the status of traditional Yao medicinal knowledge in Jianghua. Based onthe investigation, suggestions were proposed for better protecting the medicinal market and preserving traditionalmedicinal knowledge in Jianghua County.

Conclusion: The medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Jianghua County possesses an important culturalvalue and helps to conserve the traditional Yao medicinal knowledge. The medicinal plants sold at the market showedgreat diversity and unique local characteristics. The medicinal market is facing some challenges in such a rapidlydeveloping era. Cultivation of young healers and maintaining the local biodiversity might be the key solutions for thedevelopment of local medicinal market and local Yao medicinal knowledge.

Keywords: Dragon Boat Festival, Yao ethnic group, Jianghua County, Traditional knowledge, Conservation

* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry ofEducation, Beijing 100081, China2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081, ChinaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article

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Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0260-5

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BackgroundThe Dragon Boat Festival, occurring on the fifth day ofthe fifth month in the Chinese lunar calendar, is one ofthe most famous traditional festivals in China. People eatzongzi (a special food made from sticky rice and other in-gredients), drink realgar wine, and race dragon boats tocelebrate this festival all over the country. However, inJianghua, a county with the largest population of Yaopeople in China [1], the Dragon Boat Festival is a specialopportunity for the local people to trade medicinal plantsin a large market. It has become the most important trad-ition in Jianghua. During this festival, the Yao villagersbring medicinal plants collected recently to the market.They share and exchange the experiences of identifying,harvesting, and applying their medicinal plants with eachother and with consumers. This unique medicinal markethas already become a great platform for different peopleto communicate with and learn from each other [2]. Thisspontaneous traditional activity is also making vital contri-butions to the sustainable conservation, transmission, andexpansion of related traditional knowledge [3].The Yao is an ancient ethnic group, and one of the 55 of-

ficially recognized minority groups of the Chinese govern-ment. The largest populations of Yao live in the mountainsand high ranges of southern China and practiceslash-and-burn agriculture and hunt [4, 5]. Based on thelong-term practice, the Yao people depend on local plantresources to prevent and treat diseases. They have devel-oped their own traditional medicine system, as well asdistinct customs to promote health. For example, they useAcorus calamus, Artemisia argyi, and realgar to keep pestsand pathogens away [4]. Our previous investigation(unpublished) indicated that in traditional culture of theYao ethnic group, the Dragon Boat Festival is believed to bethe birthday of the so-called Medicinal Lord. The effect ofmedicinal plants during this festival is believed to be thebest by local people. Thus, the medicinal market hasbecome the biggest and the most popular event on theDragon Boat Festival in Jianghua.In recent years, more scientists have studied natural

herbal medicine to determine their efficacy and potentiallydevelop validated new drugs and health care products [5,6]. As a natural treasury of traditional medicinal knowledge,the markets selling herbal drugs possess great potential fornew drug discovery [7]. Using the Web of Science withsearch term “medicinal market and China”, only fourEnglish-language research papers can be found [8–11].As a cultural phenomenon in China, several Chinese-lan-

guage papers have reported different medicinal marketsduring the Dragon Boat Festival, such as the investigationsin Jingxi County [2, 12], Yongzhou City [13], and Gong-cheng County [14]. These studies showed the species diver-sity of medicinal plants and their medicinal parts, medicinalpurposes, modalities, and other information [2, 12–14].

Much of the traditional knowledge is in danger of beinglost, so these local medicinal plant resources need to beprotected [2, 12–14]. In Jianghua, the medicinal market inthe Dragon Boat Festival is relatively large in scale, but verylittle scientific research has been carried out [15, 16].Nowadays, as much traditional knowledge is in danger

of disappearing, the traditional knowledge associated withthe Jianghua medicinal marketplace should be preserved.Therefore, an ethnobotanical research focused on Jian-ghua medicinal market was conducted at the Dragon BoatFestival in 2016 and 2017. This study evaluates the statusof the Jianghua medicinal market and analyzes the rela-tionship among this medicinal market, local community,and local natural environment. Based on the study results,some suggestions are included for local communities toprotect this medicinal market. Furthermore, this studymay provide valuable clues for future development andalso give comprehensive and scientific guidance for localpeople to consume the medicinal herbs in a safer manner.

MethodsStudy siteJianghua Yao Autonomous County belongs to HunanProvince and is located close to the border area of Guang-dong Province, Guangxi Region, and Hunan Province inSouth China (Fig. 1). This area has a rich biodiversity,plentiful rainfall, and a mild temperature due to thelow-latitude subtropical monsoon climate [17]. The popu-lation of Jianghua County is predominated by Yao peoplewho account for more than half of the county’s popula-tion. Other ethnic groups like Zhuang, Han, and Miaoalso live there but have smaller populations [17]. Ourprevious investigation showed that the medicinal marketdistributes on Changzhen Street and its branches. Themarket starts 2 days before the Dragon Boat Festival andit grows to its largest on the festival day.

Ethnobotanical data collection and statistical analysisAn ethnobotanical method was mainly used for this study.At the local market, each stall and vendor was investigated,and relevant information was recorded for all of the medi-cinal plants in trade. The chosen informants were vendors,buyers, and folk healers as well as other old knowledgeablepeople. Key informant interview was comprised of semi-structured interview and free listing based on the informantconsensus. By means of different interview methods, com-prehensive information about the medicinal plants in themarket for further analysis was obtained.Quantitative analysis was used to reveal the taxonomic

characters and diversity of the modalities, using parts andmedicinal uses of the medicinal herbs. The medicinal mar-ket opened around the Dragon Boat Festival which is onlyabout 3 days each year. We intensively collected informa-tion from the medicinal market (269 stalls), and the

Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 of 25

methods including pairwise comparison and rank orderingare almost impossible even they are much more robust.Instead, the frequency of the occurrence and the relative im-portance (RI) index of the medicinal herbs were employed.RI was originally proposed by Bennet et al. in 2000

[18]. This index is used to evaluate the degree of devel-opment and utilization of certain plant species. The for-mula of RI is as below [19]:

RI ¼ NUTþNT

NUT is the number of categories used for a certain spe-cies divided by the number of all categories, and NT is thenumber of types of uses of a specific species divided by thenumber of all use types. During this study, NUT wasequated as the number of types of therapeutic modalities(NM) of a given species divided by the number of all mo-dalities [19]. Thus, RI is the sum of the NM and NT as thefollowing formula:

RI ¼ NMþNT

The number of the vendors, the gender, and the agecomposition of the vendors were also analyzed.Voucher specimens of medicinal plants were collected

with assistance from the local people in the market, villagesnearby, and local ecosystems. They were identified by bo-tanical experts, Profs. Chunlin Long, Chunrui Lin, and Yan

Liu and Dr. Bo Liu. All specimens of medicinal plants col-lected in Jianghua were deposited in the College of Life andEnvironmental Sciences, Minzu University of China. Theinformation compiled includes the following: vernacularnames, scientific names, taxonomic status, using parts, me-dicinal uses, modalities, and voucher numbers of all medi-cinal plants collected in Jianghua. All the medicinal plantsand related information are shown in Table 1.

Results and discussionDiversity and characteristics of medicinal plantsBy conducting field surveys at the Dragon Boat Festivalmarketplace in Jianghua in 2016 and 2017, 306 species be-longing to 249 genera and 113 families were recorded andidentified (Table 1). The taxonomic statistics clearly dem-onstrate the plant species biodiversity present in this Yaocommunity market. The plant family with the most spe-cies represented was Asteraceae (23 species). Fabaceae(Leguminosae) was the second most common plant familywith 15 species while Primulaceae and Lamiaceae werethe third and fourth largest plant families with 11 and 10species, respectively. Regarding plant genera, most of gen-era had three or fewer species represented, except for thegenera Artemisia and Ardisia (Table 1). Seven species ofArdisia were found in the marketplace, while five speciesof Artemisia were present. The genus Ardisia, which con-tains a large number of medicinal species, has more than

Fig. 1 The location of Jianghua County, Hunan Province, China


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Gym

nosperma

Cunn

ingh

amialanceolata

(Lam

b.)Hoo

k.Taxodiaceae

Con

gLiang

Skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

JH-114

2

Juniperuschinensis

L.Cup

ressaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-043

4

Ceph

alotaxus

fortun

eiHoo

k.Cep

halotaxaceae

Treatin

gcancer,treatingrheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-159

3

Gnetum

parvi+281:286folium

(Warb.)W.C.Cheng

Gne

taceae

Skin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-181

3

Ang

iospermae

Illicium

verum

Hoo

k.f.

Schisand

raceae

Nou

rishing

,relieving

pain

Spices

Fruit

JH-027

3

Kadsuracoccinea

(Lem

.)A.C

.Sm.

Schisand

raceae

DaZu

anRelieving

pain,treatingrheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath,

makingtin

cture

Root,stem

JH-070

5

Kadsuralong

ipedun

culata

Fine

t&Gagne

p.Schisand

raceae

Xiao

Zuan

GuFeng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-165

3

HouttuyniacordataThun

b.Saururaceae

GeLe

Tao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grespiratory

disease,

treatin

ghe

atstroke

Food

,herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-089

6

Saururus

chinensis

(Lou

r.)Baill.

Saururaceae

YiBaiLiang

Bai

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,skin

disease

Herbaltea,foo

d,med

icinalbath,

stew

ing

Who

leplant

JH-061

6

Piperbetle

L.Pipe

raceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,skin

disease,treatin

gcold

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Stem

,leaf

JH-029

6

Asarum

sagittarioides

C.F.Liang

Aristolochiaceae

Shan

CiG

uTreatin

gsnakebite,treatingrheumatism,relieving

pain,

traumaticinjury

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-277

6

Fissistigmaoldh

amii

(Hem

sl.)Merr.

Ann

onaceae

XiangTeng

Treatin

grheumatism,relieving

pain,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes

Med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-180

4

Fissistigmapolyan

thum

(Hoo

k.f.&Thom

s.)Merr.

Ann

onaceae

XieDiFen

gTreatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-298

3

Cinn

amom

umcamph

ora

(L.)Presl

Lauraceae

ZhangShu

YeTreatin

grheumatism,expellingparasite

Med

icinalbath

JH-208

3

Cinn

amom

umglan

duliferum

(Wall.)Meisn.

Lauraceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Bark,roo

tJH-088

3

Cinn

amom

umwilson

iiGam

ble

Lauraceae

Gui

ShuPi

Treatin

grheumatism,treatingarthritis

Med

icinalbath,

food

Bark

JH-077

4

Lind

eraglauca

(Sieb.

etZu

cc.)

Blum

eLauraceae

JiaSiFeng

Treatin

grheumatism,d

etoxifying,

relaxing

tend

onsand

activatingcollaterals

Med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-233

4

Litsea

cubeba

(Lou

r.)Pers.

Lauraceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,relieving

pain,treatinggastrointestinaldisease

Food

(fruit,bu

d)Who

leplant,

fruit,bu

dJH-153

5

Chloranthu

sfortun

ei(A.G

ray)Solm

sChloranthaceae

SiJiFeng

Treatin

grheumatism,treatingcold,d

etoxifying,

relieving

coug

hMed

icinalbath,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-055

6


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Sarcan

draglabra

(Thu

nb.)Nakai

Chloranthaceae

JiuJie

Cha

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,he

atclearin

gandde

toxifying

Leaf:med

icinal

bath;roo

t:making

tincture

Who

leplant

JH-096

5

Acorus

calamus

var.

angustatus

Besser

Acoraceae

YanChang

PuSkin

disease,treatin

gcold

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-202

4

Acorus

calamus

L.Acoraceae

ShaJiang

Nou

rishing

Med

icinalbath,

food

Rhizom

eJH-221

3

Arisa

emadecipiensScho

ttAraceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-295

3

Pothos

chinensis

(Raf.)Merr.

Araceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-185

3

Potamogeton

lucens

L.Po

tamog

eton

aceae

Treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

Food

Who

leplant

JH-184

2

Dioscorea

oppositaThun

b.Dioscoreaceae

Nou

rishing

,elim

inatingph

legm

Food

Tube

rJH-275

3

Taccaplan

taginea

(Hance)Drenth

Dioscoreaceae

XiaZi

Cao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

elim

inatinginflammation,

stop

ping

bleeding

Herbaltea,foo

d,med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-011

5

Stem

onatuberosa

Lour.

Stem

onaceae

Treatin

grespiratory

disease,expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

nTube

rJH-281

3

Paris

polyph

ylla

Sm.

Melanthiaceae

DuJiaoLian

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

relieving

coug

hExternaluse,

decoction

Rhizom

eJH-260

4

Disp

orum

canton

iense

(Lou

r.)Merr.

Colchicaceae

YaoBian

Zhu

Relieving

coug

h,prom

otingdige

stion

Decoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-214

2

SmilaxchinaL.

Smilacaceae

Niu

WeiCai

Treatin

grheumatism,d

etoxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Root:foo

d(stewing

with

chicken);leaf:

med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-246

5

SmilaxripariaA.D

C.

Smilacaceae

DaShen

gJin

Treatin


coug

hMed

icinalbath

Root,rhizome

JH-097

3

Aletris

spicata(Thu

nb.)

Franch.

Liliaceae

JinXian

Diao

BaiM

iNou

rishing

,relieving

coug

h,expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

n,food

Who

leplant

JH-178

5

Anem

arrhenaasph

odeloides

Bung

eLiliaceae

FenTiao

Cai

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,treatin

ggyno

pathy

Decoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-113

3

Aspidistra

elatiorBlum

eLiliaceae

WuGon

gGen

Nou

rishing

,promotingbloo


coug

hDecoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-174

4

Aspidistra

retusa

K.Y.

Lang

etS.Z.Huang

Liliaceae

Guo

Shan

WuGon

gNou

rishing

,promotingbloo


coug

hDecoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-130

4

Liriope

muscari(Decne

.)L.H.Bailey

Liliaceae

Nou

rishing

Decoctio

nTube

rJH-271

2

Oph

iopogonbodinieriH

.Lév.

Liliaceae

JiuCaiMai

Don

gHeatclearin

gDecoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Tube

rJH-069

3

Oph

iopogonjaponicus

(Thu

nb.)KerGaw

l.Liliaceae

QingPi

Cao

Nou

rishing

Herbaltea

Tube

rJH-217

2

Reineckiacarnea

Liliaceae

Heatclearin

g,relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-251

3


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

(And

rews)Ku

nth

Bulbophyllum

odoratissimum

(J.E.Smith

)Lindl.

Orchidaceae

ShiX

ianTao

Treatin

grespiratory

disease,treatin

gin

fantile

malnu

trition

,relaxingtend

onsandactivatingcollaterals,

elim

inatinginflammation

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-264

5

Bulbophyllum

pectinatum

Fine

tOrchidaceae

ShiShanTao

Traumaticinjury,treatingrespiratory

disease,relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-041

4

Dendrobium

catena

tum

Lind

l.Orchidaceae

Relieving

stom

achache

Herbaltea

Stem

JH-265

2

Dendrobium

nobileLind

l.Orchidaceae

Treatin

gdiabetes,improvingeyesight,n

ourishing

,promoting

gastrointestinalfunctio

nsHerbaltea

Stem

JH-101

5

Galeolalindleyan

a(Hoo

k.f.&Thom

son)

Rchb

.f.Orchidaceae

ZouMaFeng

Treatin


headache

Decoctio

n,makingtin

cture

Who

leplant

JH-058

4

LuisiamorseiRolfe

Orchidaceae

DiaoLan

Treatin

grheumatism,treatingrespiratory

disease,treatin

gcold,

treatin

gcancer

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-133

5

Pholidotachinensis

Lind

l.Orchidaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

Food

(stewing

with

meat)

Pseudo

bulb

JH-146

3

Spiranthessin

ensis

(Pers.)

Ames

Orchidaceae

Nou

rishing

,detoxifying

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-122

3

Gladiolus

×gand

avensis

Iridaceae

Dim

inishing

inflammation,traumaticinjury,heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Externaluse

Rhizom

eJH-040

4

IrisconfusaSealy

Iridaceae

Dim

inishing

inflammation,treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

,treatin

grespiratory

disease

Med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-193

4

Dianella

ensifolia(L.)DC.

Aspho

delaceae

Detoxifying,

prom

otingbloo


pain

Externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-282

4

Hem

erocallis

citrinaBaroni

Aspho

delaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

nourishing

Food

(stewing

with

meat,flower),

decoction(ro

ot)

Root,flower

JH-090

4

Curculigoorchioides

Gaertn.

Amaryllidaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes

Med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-213

4

Polygona

tum

sibiricum

F.Delaroche

Asparagaceae

Nou

rishing

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-236

3

Murdann

iakeisa

k(Hassk.)

Hand.-M

azz.

Com

melinaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,treating

snakebite

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-093

4

Bulbophyllum

odoratissimum

(Sm.)Lind

l.ex

Wall.

Musaceae

Treatin

ghe

artdisease

Herbaltea

Flow

erJH-006

2

Alpiniachinensis

(Retz.)R

oscoe

Zing

iberaceae

JianGan

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-196

2

Alpiniagalang

a(L.)Willd.

Zing

iberaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

Med

icinalbath

Fruit,rhizom

eJH-046

3

Alpiniajaponica

(Thu

nb.)Miq.

Zing

iberaceae

Huang

Qi

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,relieving

pain

Med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-138

4


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Amom

umvillosum

Lour.

Zing

iberaceae

JingGan

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

Med

icinalbath,

makingtin

cture

Fruit

JH-195

4

Curcum

along

aL.

Zing

iberaceae

Relieving

pain,treatinggyno

pathy,indu

cing

diapho

resis

Spices:stewing

with

chicken

Rhizom

eJH-128

4

Typh

aorientalisC.Presl

Typh

aceae

Shui

LaZh

uNou

rishing

Med

icinalbath

Flow

erJH-134

2

Juncus

effususL.

Juncaceae

Shui

Den

gXin

Heatclearin

g,indu

cing

diuresis,treatingrespiratory

disease,

relieving

coug

h,Herbaltea

Stem

pith

JH-262

5

Imperata

cylindrica(L.)Raeusch.

Poaceae

Heatclearin

g,stop

ping

bleeding

,ind

ucingdiuresis

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Root

5

Loph

atherum

gracile

Bron

gn.

Poaceae

Heatclearin

g,relieving

coug

h,indu

cing

diuresis

Herbaltea

Root

JH-243

4

Penn

isetum

alopecuroides

(L.)Spreng

.Po

aceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

relieving

coug

hHerbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-106

3

Saccha

rum

spon

taneum

L.Po

aceae

SiMao

Cao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

gcold,relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nRh

izom

e,stem

JH-276

4

Eomecon

chiona

ntha

Hance

Papaveraceae

XueSanQi

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Decoctio

nRo

ot,rhizome

JH-219

2

Macleayacordata(W

illd.)R.Br.

Papaveraceae

YeXia

Shuang

Skin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-253

3

Akebiatrifoliata

(Thu

nb.)Ko

idz.

Lardizabalaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,ind

ucingdiuresis,treatinggyno

pathy,

relaxing

tend

onsandactivatingcollaterals

Makingtin

cture,

med

icinalbath

Root,stem,

fruit

JH-296

6

Sargentodoxa

cuneata(Oliv.)

Rehd

eret

E.H.W

ilson

Lardizabalaceae

Huo

Xue

Feng

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,he

atclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,treatin

grheumatism

Makingtin

cture,

med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-161

6

Stepha

niaceph

alan

thaHayata

Men

ispe

rmaceae

SeiD

ong

Treatin

ginno

minateinflammatory

Decoctio

nTube

rJH-168

2

Stepha

niakw

angsiensis

H.S.Lo

Men

ispe

rmaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

relieving

pain

Decoctio

nTube

rJH-053

4

Tino

sporasagittata(Oliv.)

Gagne

p.Men

ispe

rmaceae

QingTeng

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,

relieving

pain,relieving

sore

throat

Decoctio

nTube

rJH-231

5

Berberisjuliana

eC.K.Schne

id.

Berberidaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,

sterilizatio

nMed

icinalbath

Root

JH-247

4

Dysosmaversipellis

(Hance)M.

Che

ngBerberidaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Decoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-235

3

Epimedium

brevicornu

Maxim

.Berberidaceae

Nou

rishing

,skindisease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-294

3

Mah

oniafortun

ei(Lindl.)Fedd

eBerberidaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-241

3

Nan

dina

domesticaThun

b.Berberidaceae

Heatclearin

g,treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Root,stem

JH-072

3

Acon

itum

gymna

ndrum

Maxim

.Ranu

nculaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,traum

aticinjury

Externaluse,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-163

4

Clem

atishenryiOliv.

Ranu

nculaceae

DiLei

Traumaticinjury,red

ucingph

legm

,relieving

pain,relieving

coug

hHerbaltea,

makingtin

cture

Root,leaf

JH-026

6


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Clem

atisun

cina

taChamp.

exBenth.

Ranu

nculaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,rhe

umaticarthritis,stopp

ingbleeding

,toothache,relaxing

tend


Root:m

aking

tincture;de

coction

Root,leaf

JH-155

7

Liquidam

barform

osan

aHance

Alting

iaceae

LuLu

Tong

Relaxing

tend


Med

icinalbath

Fruit

JH-167

2

Semiliquidam

barcathayensis

H.T.C

hang

Alting

iaceae

BanFeng

He

Treatin

grheumatism,relaxingtend

onsandactivating

collaterals,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,po

stpartum

recovery,

skin

disease

Med

icinalbath,

decoction,

Bark,roo

tJH-284

7

Loropetalum

chinense

(R.Br.)

Oliv.

Ham

amelidaceae

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,leaf:stopp

ingbleeding

,traumaticinjury

Med

icinalbath,

externaluse

Root,leaf

JH-103

5

Astilbe

rivularisBu

ch.-H

am.

exD.Don

Saxifragaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo


pain,treatinggastrointestinaldisease

Herbaltea

Rhizom

eJH-032

5

Hylotelephium

erythrostictum

(Miq.)H.O

hba

Crassulaceae

Traumaticinjury,treatinginno

minateinflammatory,

treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-126

4

Kalancho

epinn

atum

(Lam

.)Oken

Crassulaceae

Traumaticinjury,treatinginno

minateinflammation

Med

icinalbath

Leaf

JH-300

3

Sedum

emargina

tum

Migo

Crassulaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

traumaticinjury,stopp

ing

bleeding

,hep

atitis

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-123

5

Sedum

kamtschaticum

Fisch.

Crassulaceae

LuoDi

Shen

gGen

Treatin

ginno

minateinflammation,traumaticinjury,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,stop

ping

bleeding

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-242

5

Ampelopsisgrossedentata

(Hand.-M

azz.)W.T.W

ang

Vitaceae

Tian

Cha

Treatin

grespiratory

disease,he

atclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

ghype

rten

sion

Herbaltea

Tend

erstem

,leaf

JH-120

4

Cayratiajaponica

(Thu

nb.)

Gagne

p.Vitaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,treating

snakebite

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-108

5

Partheno

cissus

tricuspidata

(Siebo

ld&Zu

cc.)Planch.

Vitaceae

DaFeng

Teng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Root,stem,

fruit

JH-266

4

Bauh

iniacham

pion

ii(Ben

th.)

Benth.

Fabaceae

JiuLong

Zuan

Treatin


onsandactivating

collaterals,relieving

pain

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Stem

JH-285

5

Calleryaspeciosa

(Champ.

exBenth.)Scho

tFabaceae

TuRenShen

Nou

rishing

,heatclearin

g,activatingcollaterals

Decoctio

nRo

otJH-269

4

Cassiatora

L.Fabaceae

Improvingeyesight,ind

ucingdiuresis,treating

gastrointestinaldisease

Food

,med

icinalbath

Seed

JH-240

5

Desmodium

multiflorum

DC.

Fabaceae

EMaHuang

Heatclearin

g,treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

Herbaltea

Flow

er,

branch

JH-144

3

Entada

phaseoloides

(L.)Merr.

Fabaceae

Niu

GuFeng

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,promoting

bloo

dcirculation

Decoctio

nRattan

JH-143

4

Flem

ingiaph

ilippinensis

Merr.

etRo

lfeFabaceae

DiaoMa

Zhuang

Nou

rishing

Decoctio

nRo

otJH-012

2

Gleditsiasin

ensis

Lam.

Fabaceae

Skin

disease,elim

inatingph

legm

,ind

ucingdiuresis,expelling

parasite

Burnt,he

rbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Pod,

seed

,shoo

tthorn

JH-256

7


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Indigofera

decora

Lind

l.var.

icha

ngensis

(Craib)Y.Y.Fang

&C.Z.Zhe

ng

Fabaceae

YeJueMing

Treatin

ghigh

fever

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Root

JH-080

3

Kummerow

iastriata

(Thu

nb.)

Schind

l.Fabaceae

Hon

gCha

ZiHeatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-290

5

Lespedezacuneata(Dum

.Cou

rs.)G.D

onFabaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

improvingeyesight,treatinginfantile

malnu

trition

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-292

5

Millettia

dielsia

naHarms

Fabaceae

Xing

Xue

Feng

Treatin


onsand

activatingcollaterals

Med

icinalbath

Stem

JH-036

3

Ohw

iacaudata(Thu

nb.)

H.Ohashi

Fabaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,

skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Root,w

hole

plant

JH-274

4

Pithecellobium

clypearia

(Jack)Benth.

Fabaceae

ZaoGaZi

Treatin

grheumatism,skindisease

Med

icinalbath

Fruit

JH-110

3

Soph

oratonkinensis

Gagne

p.Fabaceae

TaoMaZh

uaHeatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,

relieving

pain,

Food

(stewingwith

meat),

med

icinalbath

Root

JH-124

5

Spatho

lobussuberectus

Dun

nFabaceae

JiuCen

gFeng

Prom

otingbloo


grheumatism

Food

(stewingsoup

),med

icinalbath

Stem

JH-054

4

Fagopyrum

acutatum

(Leh

m.)Mansf.ex

K.Ham

mer

Polygo

naceae

TieLeng

Jiao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

treatin

gcalculus

Externaluse,

decoction

Root,rhizome

JH-230

5

PolygalafallaxHem

sl.

Polygalaceae

Huang

JiGon

gNou

rishing

Food

(stewing

with

chicken)

Root

JH-031

2

Polygalajaponica

Hou

tt.

Polygalaceae

Resolvingph

legm

,heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Herbaltea,

stew

ingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-037

4

Polygalatenu

ifolia

Willd.

Polygalaceae

Nou

rishing

,resolving

phlegm

,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Bark

JH-191

5

Polygonu

mhydropiperL.

Polygo

naceae

Liao

ZiCao

Treatin

grheumatism,d

etoxifying,

expe

lling

parasite,

elim

inatinginflammation

Med

icinalbath,

makingtin

cture

Who

leplant

JH-199

6

Polygonu

mperfoliatum

L.Po

lygo

naceae

SheBu

Guo

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,treating

veno

mou

ssnakebite

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-084

4

Reynoutriamultiflora

(Thu

nb.)Molde

nke

Polygo

naceae

Nou

rishing

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Tube

rJH-192

3

Rumex

acetosaL.

Polygo

naceae

Yang

TiGen

Skin

disease,he

atclearin

gandde

toxifying

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-044

3

Rumex

nepalensisSpreng

.Po

lygo

naceae

TuDaHuang

Relieving

pain,stopp

ingbleeding

Med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-218

3

Agrim

oniapilosa

Lede

b.Ro

saceae

SaYao

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,diminishing

inflammation,

stop

ping

bleeding

,treatinghe

atstroke

Med

icinalbath,

med

icine,he

rbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-098

7

Geum

aleppicum

Jacq.

Rosaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,heatclearin

g,relieving

pain

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-100

5

Potentilladiscolor

Bung

eRo

saceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

stop

ping

bleeding

,treating

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-190

4


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

diabetes

Sang

uisorbaofficinalisL.

Rosaceae

XiGua

Xiang

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

stop

ping

bleeding

,relieving

pain

Decoctio

n,food

(stewingwith

water)

Root

JH-209

5

Fran

gulacrenata

(Siebo

ld&Zu

cc.)Miq.

Rham

naceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-071

3

Rham

nusglobosaBu

nge

Rham

naceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

nFruit

JH-273

3

Sageretia

thea

(Osbeck)

M.C

.Joh

nst.

Rham

naceae

Dao

Ding

Feng

Elim

inatingph

legm

,skindisease,treatin

grheumatism

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Aerialp

art

JH-198

5

Zelkovaserra

ta(Thu

nb.)Makino

Ulm

aceae

ShaLang

Shu

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Bark,leaf

JH-014

3

Hum

ulus

scan

dens

(Lou

r.)Merr.

Cannabaceae

PiJiu

Hua

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-226

4

Ficuspumila

L.Moraceae

HeiPi

Feng

Nou

rishing

,treatingrheumatism

Herbaltea

Fruit

JH-002

3

Boehmerianivea(L.)Gaudich.

Urticaceae

Heatclearin

g,indu

cing

diuresis,stopp

ingbleeding

,no

urishing

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Rhizom

e,leaf

JH-291

6

Parietaria

micrantha

Lede

b.Urticaceae

ShiQ

ianCao

Heatclearin

g,prom

otingdige

stHerbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-099

3

PileacavalerieiH

.Lév.

Urticaceae

AiJiaoCha

Relieving

coug

h,de

toxifying,

heat

clearin

gandde

toxifying,

relieving

pain

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-194

3

Hem

sleya

macrosperma

C.Y.W

uCucurbitaceae

Shan

WuGui

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin


Decoctio

nTube

rJH-283

3

Thladian

thadubiaBu

nge

Cucurbitaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nFruit,root

JH-187

4

Begoniacathayan

aHem

sl.

Bego

niaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease,

traumaticinjury

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-015

5

Begoniafim

bristipulaHance

Bego

niaceae

SanXu

eZi

Treatin

gtraumaticinjury,relieving

coug

hExternaluse,

decoction

Corm

JH-063

4

CelastrusorbiculatusThun

b.Celastraceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Fruit

JH-287

4

CelastruswilfordiiH

ook.f.

Celastraceae

Nan

She

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-118

3

Euon

ymus

fortun

ei(Turcz.)

Hand.-M

azz.

Celastraceae

LuoShiTen

gRelaxing

tend


Herbaltea,foo

d(m

akingsoup

)Stem

,leaf

JH-066

3

Hypericum

japonicum

Thun

b.Clusiaceae

Gua

ZiCao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifyingprom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

treatin


Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-189

3

Hypericum

mon

ogynum

L.Clusiaceae

Treatin


coug

h,treatin

gstom

achache,

treatin

gtraumaticinjury

Herbaltea

Root

JH-140

5

Hypericum

sampson

iiHance

Clusiaceae

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,he

atclearin

gandde

toxifying,

relaxing

tend

ons

Herbaltea,

Who

leplant

JH-131

5


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

andactivatingcollaterals

med

icinalbath

ViolainconspicuaBlum

eViolaceae

LiTouCao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

traumaticinjury

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-252

4

Croton

cong

estusLour.

Salicaceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath,

fruit:food

Branch,leaf

JH-013

3

Bischo

fiapolycarpa

(H.Lév.)Airy

Shaw

Euph

orbiaceae

Stop

ping

bleeding

Med

icinalbath

Root,b

ark

JH-087

2

Glochidionpuberum

(L.)Hutch.

Euph

orbiaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

ggastrointestinal

disease,prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Decoctio

nRo

otJH-091

4

Phyllanthu

surinariaL.

Phyllanthaceae

NiQ

iuCao

Improvingeyesight,heatclearin

g,prom

otingdige

stsystem

Decoctio

nWho

leplant,

root

JH-083

4

Combretum

indicum

(L.)DeFilipp

sCom

bretaceae

Prom

otingdige

st,expellingparasite

Food

Seed

JH-224

3

Lythrum

salicariaL.

Lythraceae

Hon

gSiCao

Treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

,stopp

ingbleeding

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-148

3

Rotalarotund

ifolia

(Buch.

-Ham

.exRo

xb.)Ko

ehne

Lythraceae

Heatclearin

g,traumaticinjury,treatingsnakebite,

skin

disease

Decoctio

n,externaluse,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-272

7

Melastomadodecand

rum

Lour.

Melastomataceae

DiY

angmei

Treatin


Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-263

2

Mem

ecylon

scutellatum

(Lou

r.)Hoo

k.&Arn

Melastomataceae

Treatin

ghe

artdisease

Decoctio

nFlow

erJH-157

2

Osbeckiastellata

Buch.-

Ham

.exKerGaw

l.Melastomataceae

Dim

inishing


ggastrointestinaldisease,

heat

clearin

g,stop

ping

bleeding

Decoctio

n,food

(stewingwith

meat)

Who

leplant,

root

JH-115

6

Stachyurus

chinensis

Franch.

Stachyuraceae

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,he

atclearin

g,urinarytractinfection,

indu

cing

diuresis

Decoctio

nStem

pith

JH-068

5

Acerpictum

Thun

b.Anacardiaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,

traumaticinjury

Decoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Stem

,leaf

JH-021

5

Rhus

chinensis

Mill.

Anacardiaceae

PenBai

Skin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-258

3

Acronychiapedunculata

(L.)Miq.

Rutaceae

LaJiang

YeDetoxifying

Med

icinalbath

Root,leaf,

fruit

JH-052

2

Atalan

tiabuxifolia

(Poir.)

Oliv.

Rutaceae

LeiG

ongLe

Treatin

gcold,treatingrheumatism,treatingrespiratory

disease,treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,traumaticinjury

Med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-067

6

Citrus

trifoliata

L.Ru

taceae

Skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Branches

and

leaves

JH-171

2

Toddaliaasiatica(L.)Lam.

Rutaceae

ZouXu

eFeng

Treatin


pain,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-249

4

Zantho

xylum

ailantho

ides

Sieb

old&Zu

cc.

Rutaceae

Treatin


onsandactivating

collaterals

Makingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-279

3


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Zantho

xylum

armatum

DC.

Rutaceae

Treatin


onsandactivating

collaterals

Food

Who

leplant,

fruit

JH-259

3

Zantho

xylum

austrosin

ense

Huang

Rutaceae

Man

Shan

Xiang

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath,

externaluse,

decoction

Fruit

JH-304

5

MeliaazedarachL.

Meliaceae

Expe

lling

parasite,skindisease

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Root,b

ark

JH-232

4

Sida

acutaBu

rm.f.

Malvaceae

Dim

inishing

inflammation,sterilizatio

nMed

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-207

3

Wikstroem

iaindica

(L.)C.

A.M

ey.

Thym

elaeaceae

TieGuShan

Skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-129

2

Rorippa

indica

(L.)Hiern

Brassicaceae

MiG

ong

Stop

ping

bleeding

,traum

aticinjury,relieving

coug

h,skin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-092

6

Balano

phoraha

rland

iiHoo

k.f.

Balano

phoraceae

Traumaticinjury,p

romotingbloo


ggyno

pathydisease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-132

4

Taxilluschinensis

(DC.)

Danser

Loranthaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes,miscarriage

preven

tion

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-079

5

Viscum

articulatum

Burm

.f.Loranthaceae

Pang

XieJiao

Treatin


disease,prom

oting

bloo

dcirculation

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-211

5

Viscum

diospyrosicola

Hayata

Loranthaceae

TaoJiShen

gTreatin


g,diminishing

inflammation,

relaxing

tend

ons

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-111

6

Viscum

liquidambaricolaHayata

Loranthaceae

Treatin


onsandactivating

collaterals,p

romotingbloo


coug

hDecoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-107

6

Ceratostigmawillmottianu

mStapf

Plum

baginaceae

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,treatin


disease

Med

icinalbath

Branches

and

leaves,roo

tJH-261

4

Plum

bago

zeylan

icaL.

Plum

baginaceae

BaiZ

iCao

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,expe

lling

parasite,d

etoxifying

Externaluse,

makingtin

cture

Who

leplant,

root

JH-065

6

Plum

bago

zeylan

icaL.

Plum

baginaceae

Men

gLao

Hu

Treatin

grheumatism,d

etoxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Root,leaf

JH-175

4

Drosera

peltata

Thun

b.Droseraceae

DiM

ingZh

uTraumaticinjury,d

etoxifying

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-064

3

Achyranthesaspera

L.Amaranthaceae

BaiN

iuXi

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,

nourishing

,relieving

pain

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-267

6

Achyranthesbidentata

Blum

eAmaranthaceae

TuNiu

XiNou

rishing

Decoctio

nRo

otJH-050

2

Achyrantheslong

ifolia

(Makino)

Makino

Amaranthaceae

Hon

gNiu

XiProm

otingbloo

dcirculation,indu

cing

diuresis

Food

Root

JH-227

3

Aervasang

uino

lenta(L.)Blum

eAmaranthaceae

Relieving

coug

h,traumaticinjury,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes,treatin

gdysentery,no

urishing

Med

icinalbath,

food

Root,flower

JH-078

7

Amaran

thus

spinosus

L.Amaranthaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-200

2


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb.

Phytolaccaceae

Traumaticinjury,skindisease

Root:externalu

se;

tend

erleaf

and

stem

:foo

d

Root

JH-112

4

Basella

alba

L.Basellaceae

Teng

SaQi

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

skin

disease

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Leaf,w

hole

plant

JH-119

4

Portulacaoleracea

L.Po

rtulacaceae

Gua

ZiCai

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

elim

inatingph

legm

Med

icinalbath,

herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-007

4

Talinum

paniculatum

(Jacq.)Gaertn.

Portulacaceae

TuRenShen

Nou

rishing

,ind

ucingsaliva,de

toxifying

Food

Tube

rJH-301

4

Ardisia

affinisHem

sl.

Prim

ulaceae

Xiao

AiD

iCha

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,traumaticinjury

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Root

JH-095

4

Ardisia

corymbifera

Mez

Prim

ulaceae

Traumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-028

3

Ardisia

crenataSimsvar.

bicolor(E.W

alker)C.Y.W

u&C.C

hen

Prim

ulaceae

Zhen

Zhu

GaiLiang

San

Treatin

gtraumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism,treating

respiratory

disease

Food

,med

icinal

bath,herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-254

6

Ardisia

cymosaBlum

ePrim

ulaceae

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,he

atclearin

g,diminishing

inflammation,stop

ping

bleeding

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-001

5

Ardisia

gigantifolia

Stapf

Prim

ulaceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo


pain

Externaluse,

med

icinalbath

Rhizom

e,who

leplant

JH-170

5

Ardisia

japonica

(Thu

nb.)Blum

ePrim

ulaceae

XueFeng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease,treatin

gcold,relieving

coug

hHerbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant,

root

JH-121

7

Ardisia

pusillaA.D

C.

Prim

ulaceae

Relieving

pain,p

romotingbloo


ggyno

pathy,treatin

gsnakebite,skindisease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-225

6

Embelia

laeta(L.)Mez

Prim

ulaceae

ZhuanGuo

Hon

gTreatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath,

stew

ingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-048

3

Embelia

rudisHand.-M

azz.

Prim

ulaceae

Gou

She

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism,skindisease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-004

4

Lysim

achiabarystachys

Bung

ePrim

ulaceae

Skin

disease,stop

ping

bleeding

Med

icinalbath,

externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-210

4

Plan

tago

asiaticaL.

Prim

ulaceae

MaGuaiC

aoHeatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,elim

inating

phlegm

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-018

4

Camellia

sinensis

(L.)Ku

ntze

Theaceae

Heatclearin

g,indu

cing

diuresis,relieving

coug

h,treatin

ghe

atstroke

Med

icinalbath,

herbaltea

Tend

erleaf

JH-020

6

Symplocos

paniculata

Miq.

Symplocaceae

Heatclearin

g,treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Stem

andleaf

JH-305

4

Gaultherialeucocarpa

var.

yunn

anensis

(Franch.)T

.Z.

Hsu

&R.C.Fang

Ericaceae

XiaShan

Hu

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,relaxing

tend


Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-082

4

EucommiaulmoidesOliv.

Eucommiaceae

Nou

rishing

,stren

gthe

ning

muscles

andbo

nes,miscarriage

preven

tion

Med

icinalbath

Bark

JH-205

4


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Ceph

alan

thus

subspino

sns

(Roxb.)Ridsd.

etBakh.f.

Rubiaceae

Skin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-125

3

Dam

nacanthu

sgiganteus

(Makino)

Nakai

Rubiaceae

XiuHua

Zhen

Nou

rishing

,stopp

ingbleeding

Herbaltea,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-302

4

Dam

nacanthu

sindicus

C.F.G

aertn.

Rubiaceae

XiuHua

Zhen

Treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

,nou

rishing

,relieving

pain,

treatin

gcold,treatinghe

patitis

Herbaltea,foo

d(m

akingsoup

)Who

leplant

JH-234

7

Hedyotis

auriculariaL.

Rubiaceae

Huang

Shao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

ggastrointestinal

disease,relieving

coug

h,treatin

gcold,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease,snakebite

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Leaf

JH-206

9

Paederiascan

dens

(Lou

r.)Merr.

Rubiaceae

JiShiTen

gTreatin

grheumatism,p

romotingdige

st,heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Med

icinalbath,

herbaltea,de

coction

Who

leplant

JH-074

6

Serissa

serissoides

(DC.)

Druce

Rubiaceae

Treatin


gandde

toxifying,

relaxing

tend


Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-051

5

Uncariarhynchophylla

(Miq.)

Miq.exHavil.

Rubiaceae

Ying

Zhao

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath

Branch,leaf

JH-038

3

Adenium

obesum

(Forssk.)

Roem

.&Schu

lt.Apo

cynaceae

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,treatin

ggyno

pathy

Externaluse

Flow

erJH-268

3

Anodendron

affine(Hoo

k.&Arn.)Druce

Apo

cynaceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-158

2

Cyna

nchu

mauriculatum

Royleex

Wight

Apo

cynaceae

Niu

PiDon

gSkin

disease

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-176

3

Cyna

nchu

mpaniculatum

(Bun

ge)Kitag.

Apo

cynaceae

XuChang

Qin

Heatclearin

g,diminishing

inflammation,relieving

coug

hHerbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-278

5

Dischidiaaustralis

Tsiang

etP.T.Li

Apo

cynaceae

Treatin

grespiratory

disease,skin

disease,diminishing


garthritis

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-127

5

Dischidiachinensis

Champ.

exBenth.

Apo

cynaceae

ShiX

inZi

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

redu

cing

phlegm

,treating

infantile

malnu

trition

Food

(stewingwith

meat)

Who

leplant

JH-139

4

Marsdeniasin

ensis

Hem

sl.

Apo

cynaceae

JiuNiu

Teng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,

treatin

ghe

atstroke

Decoctio

nStem

JH-151

4

Trachelospermum

jasm

inoides

(Lindl.)Lem.

Apo

cynaceae

Guo

Qiang

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-045

3

ArgyreiaacutaLour.

Con

volvulaceae

Skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-177

2

Cuscutachinensis

Lam.

Con

volvulaceae

Nou

rishing

Herbaltea,foo

dSeed

JH-286

3

Dicho

ndra

repens

J.R.

Forst.&G.Forst.

Con

volvulaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-270

3

Petrocodon

dealbatus

var.dealbatus

Gesne

riaceae

BeiFen

gFei

Yang

Relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-237

2

Buddlejalindleyan

aFortun

eScroph

ulariaceae

Yang

WeiBa

Skin

disease,treatin

gskin

itch

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-086

3


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Andrograph

ispaniculata

(Burm.f.)Nees

Acanthaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

elim

inatinginflammation

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-141

3

Campsisgran

diflora

(Thu

nb.)

K.Schu

m.

Bign

oniaceae

Hon

gHua

Dao

Shui

Lian

Traumaticinjury

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-034

3

Raderm

achera

sinica

(Hance)Hem

sl.

Bign

oniaceae

Heatclearin

g,treatin

gveno

mou

ssnakebite,sterilization

Externaluse(leaf),

med

icinalbath

Root,leaf,

fruit,branch

JH-009

5

Callicarpapedunculata

R.Br.

Verben

aceae

Skin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Stem

,leaf

JH-160

2

Clerodendrum

chinense

(Osbeck)Mabb.

Verben

aceae

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo


pain,heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

improvingdige

stion

Herbaltea

Root,leaf,

who

leplant

JH-164

6

VerbenaofficinalisL.

Verben

aceae

TieMaBian

Treatin

grheumatism,treatingveno

mou

ssnakebite,heat

clearin

g,prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,elim

inating

inflammation

Decoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-135

8

Vitexnegund

oL.

Verben

aceae

Huang

JinZi

Nou

rishing

,relieving

coug

h,redu

cing

phlegm

Med

icinalbath,foo

d(stewingwith

meat)

Who

leplant

JH-248

5

Clerodendrum

cyrtophyllum

Turcz.

Lamiaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism

Decoctio

n,med

icinal

bath

Root,leaf

JH-142

4

Leon

urus

japonicusHou

tt.

Lamiaceae

Hon

gHua

Ai

Heatclearin

gHerbaltea,m

edicinal

bath,m

akingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-075

3

LycopuslucidusTurcz.ex

Benth.

Lamiaceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-033

2

Menthacana

densisL.

Lamiaceae

Treatin

gcold,skindisease

Food

(stewing

with

meat),

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-117

4

Moslachinensis

Maxim

.Lamiaceae

Xiao

YeSuo

Cao

Preven

tinghe

atstroke,m

osqu

itoes

repe

lling

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-019

4

Perillafru

tescens(L.)Britton

Lamiaceae

Detoxifying,

treatin

grespiratory

disease,treatin

gcold,

invigo

ratin

gstom

ach

Med

icinalbath,

food

(stir-fry)

Stem

,leaf,

fruit

JH-023

5

Pogostem

onauricularius(L.)

Hassk.

Lamiaceae

Yejiwei

Heatclearin

g,cleaning

thewou

ndDecoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-239

3

Prun

ellavulgarisL.

Lamiaceae

Improvingeyesight,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation

Herbaltea

Fruitcluster,

flower

JH-179

3

Scutellaria

barbataD.D

onLamiaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,

treatin

gcold

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-042

3

Stachysgeobom

bycisC.Y.W

uLamiaceae

Detoxifying,

treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,traumaticinjury,

skin

disease

Food

Who

leplant,

rhizom

eJH-228

4

Codono

psisjavanica

(Blume)

Hoo

k.f.&Thom

son

Cam

panu

laceae

NaiShen

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,no

urishing

,relieving

coug

h,treatin

ggyno

pathy,treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

Food

(stewing

with

meat)

Root

JH-154

6


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Codono

psislanceolata

(Siebo

ld&Zu

cc.)Benth.&Hoo

k.f.

exTrautv.

Cam

panu

laceae

Yang

RuTonic

Food

(coo

king

with

meat)

2

Ilexasprella

(Hoo

k.&Arn.)

Champ.

exBenth.var.asprella

Aqu

ifoliaceae

Che

ngXing

Shu

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,clearin

ghe

atHerbaltea,

decoction,

med

icinalbath

Leaf,roo

tJH-303

5

Ilexchinensis

Sims

Aqu

ifoliaceae

Sterilizatio

n,prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Leaf:m

edicinalbath;

seed

:makingtin

cture,

decoction;bark:

decoction

Bark,leaf,

root,seed

JH-182

6

Achilleamillefolium

L.Asteraceae

Suan

Ming

Cao

Treatin

grheumatism,traum

aticinjury,treatinggyno

pathy,

snakebite

Externaluse,

decoction,

med

icinalbath

Leaf,flower

JH-016

7

Ageratum

conyzoides

L.Asteraceae

BaiH

uaCao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,

stop

ping

bleeding

Externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-257

4

Artemisiaan

nuaL.

Asteraceae

QingHao

Treatin

gmalaria,skindisease

Med

icinalbath

Branches

and

leaves

JH-238

3

ArtemisiaargyiH

.Lév.&

Vaniot

Asteraceae

YeAi

Skin

disease,treatin

ggyno

pathy

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-005

4

Artemisiacapillaris

Thun

b.Asteraceae

Treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,diminishing

inflammation

Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Tend

ershoo

t,tend

erleaf

JH-062

4

ArtemisiadubiaWall.ex

Bess.

Asteraceae

Treatin


gandde

toxifying,

diminishing

inflammation,expe

lling

parasite

Decoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-156

7

Artemisiaprinceps

Pamp.

Asteraceae

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,treatinggyno

pathy,

diminishing

inflammation,stop

ping

bleeding

Decoctio

nLeaf

JH-245

6

Asterindicusvar.indicus

(L.)Sch.-Bip.

Asteraceae

JiYo

uCai

Heatclearin

g,relieving

coug

hHerbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-188

4

Astertataricus

L.f.

Asteraceae

JiYo

uCha

Heatclearin

gHerbaltea

Root

JH-003

2

Centipedaminima(L.)A.

Braun&Asch.

Asteraceae

EBu

ShiC

aoTreatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,

elim

inatinginflammation

Decoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-162

6

Cirsium

japonicum

(Thu

nb.)

Fisch.ex

DC.

Asteraceae

Shan

LuoBo

Nou

rishing

,treatinggyno

pathy,prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

stop

ping

bleeding

,elim

inatinginflammation

Decoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant,

root

JH-215

8

Eupatorium

chinense

L.Asteraceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-150

2

Farfu

gium

japonicum

(L.)Kitam.

Asteraceae

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,traumaticinjury,relieving

coug

hDecoctio

n,external

use,med

icinalbath

Root

JH-280

6

Gerbera

anan

dria(L.)Sch.-Bip.

Asteraceae

PuDiLing

Treatin

ghe

patitis

Decoctio

n,Who

leplant

JH-255

2

Gerbera

piloselloides

(L.)Cass.

Asteraceae

PuDiG

enHeatclearin

g,diminishing


ginfantile

malnu

trition

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-223

5

Glebion

islavand

ulifolium

(Fisch.

Asteraceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Herbaltea,

Who

leplant

JH-166

3


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

exTrautv.)Ling

&Shih

med

icinalbath

Glebion

ismorifolium

(Ram

at.)Tzne

l.Asteraceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,

improvingeyesight

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Flow

erJH-047

5

Grang

eamaderaspatana

(L.)Po

ir.Asteraceae

Gua

ZiCao

Heatclearin

g,treatin

gincisedwou

ndExternaluse,

herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-201

4

Gynurajaponica

(Thu

nb.)Juel

Asteraceae

Treatin

gdiabetes,treatinginfantile

malnu

trition

,traum

atic

injury

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-137

4

Helianthu

san

nuus

L.Asteraceae

Treatin

grheumatism

Med

icinalbath

Flow

erJH-152

2

Inulacappa(Buch.-Ham

.ex

D.Don

)DC.

Asteraceae

BaiM

ian

Feng

Treatin


pain,relieving

coug

h,treatin

gcold,elim

inatingph

legm

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-169

6

Inulajaponica

Thun

b.Asteraceae

Treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

Decoctio

nRo

ot,leaf,

flower

JH-172

2

Senecioscan

dens

Buch.-

Ham

.exD.D

onAsteraceae

JiuLiGuang

Skin

disease,im

provingeyesight,heatclearin

gand

detoxifying

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-076

5

Viburnum

odoratissimum

Ker

Gaw

l.Ado

xaceae

JianGuFeng

Treatin

grheumaticarthritis,traum

aticinjury

Herbaltea,foo

d,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-035

4

Lonicera

acum

inataWall.

Caprifoliaceae

Yinhu

aSkin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-186

2

Lonicera

confusa(Sweet)DC.

Caprifoliaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying

Decoctio

nFlow

er,stem,

leaf

JH-149

2

Lonicera

hypoglauca

Miq.

Caprifoliaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Med

icinalbath

Flow

erbu

d,stem

JH-022

3

Lonicera

japonica

Thun

b.Caprifoliaceae

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Stem

JH-085

4

Lonicera

reticulataChamp.

Caprifoliaceae

Yinhu

aSkin

disease

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-104

2

Pittosporum

glabratum

Lind

l.Pittospo

raceae

TieLiangSan

Treatin

gsteamingbo

neHerbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Seed

,skin

JH-173

3

Dendropan

axdentigerus

(Harms)Merr.

Araliaceae

YinYang

Feng

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,skin

disease,relieving

pain

Med

icinalbath

Root,b

ark

JH-293

5

Eleutherococcusno

diflorus

(Dun

n)S.Y.Hu

Araliaceae

WuGuGou

Nou

rishing

Food

(stewing

with

chicken

andsoybean)

Root

JH-145

2

Eleutherococcussenticosus

(Rup

r.&Maxim

.)Maxim

.Araliaceae

WuJia

PiNou

rishing

Med

icinalbath

Leaf,roo

tbark,stem

JH-288

2

Gam

blea

ciliata

var.evodiifolia

(Franch.)C.B.Shang

,Low

ry&Frod

in

Araliaceae

WuZh

aoFeng

Treatin

grheumatism

Decoct,

med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-102

3

Hederasin

ensis

(Tob

ler)

Hand.-M

azz.

Araliaceae

SanJiao

Feng

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,

nourishing

,relieving

pain

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-010

5


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Heteropan

axfra

gran

s(Roxb.)Seem

.Araliaceae

YaJiaoFeng

Treatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,foo

d(m

akingsoup

)Bark,stem

pith

JH-220

3

Kalopana

xseptem

lobus

(Thu

nb.)Ko

idz

Araliaceae

Shan

KuDi

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo


pain,traum

aticinjury

Med

icinalbath

Bark,stem

JH-094

5

Pana

xjaponicus(T.N

ees)

C.A

.Mey.

Araliaceae

Nou

rishing

,elim

inatingph

legm

,stopp

ingbleeding

,relieving

pain

Decoctio

nRh

izom

eJH-244

5

Scheffleraheptaphylla

(L.)Frod

inAraliaceae

YaJiaoFeng

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

treatin

grheumatism,skin

disease,relaxing

tend


Decoctio

nLeaf,b

ark

JH-081

5

Bupleurum

chinense

DC.

Apiaceae

TuChaiH

uDim

inishing

inflammation,he

atclearin

g,treatin

gcold,

treatin

gfever

Herbaltea

Root

JH-030

5

Cryptotaeniajaponica

Hassk.

Apiaceae

Shui

Qin

Cai

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,skin

disease,treatin

grespiratory

disease

Food

,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-203

5

Hydrocotylesib

thorpioidesLam.

Apiaceae

Heatclearin

g,prom

otingdige

st,treatinginfantile

malnu

trition

Food

,herbaltea,

makingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-060

6

Peucedan

umguan

gxiense

R.H.Shan&M.L.She

hApiaceae

Treatin

gcold,treatingrheumatism

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Root

JH-024

4

Saniculachinensis

Bung

eApiaceae

Shan

Qin

Cai

Relieving

coug

h,treatin

ggastrointestinaldisease,he

atclearin

g,diminishing

inflammation

Herbaltea

Who

leplant

JH-025

5

Pinu

smassonian

aLamb.

Pinaceae

Treatin



Med

icinalbath

Branches

and

leaves

JH-212

3

Pteridop

hyta

Huperziaserrata(Thu

nb.)Trevis

Hup

erziaceae

QianCen

gTa

Prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,stop

ping

bleeding

,relieving

pain,treatingsenilede

men

tia,traum

aticinjury

Externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-049

6

Dipha

siastrum

complan

atum

(L.)Holub

Lycopo

diaceae

Song

JinCao


Med

icinalbath,

decoction

Who

leplant

JH-297

4

Lycopodium

japonicum

Thun

b.Lycopo

diaceae

Shen

gJin

Cao

Treatin


onsandactivating

collaterals

Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-136

3

Phlegm

ariurusfargesii

(Herter)Ching

Lycopo

diaceae


Med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-039

3

Equisetum

arvenseL.

Equisetaceae

JieJie

Cao

Stop

ping

bleeding

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-289

3

Equisetum

ramosissimum

subsp.

debile(Roxb.

exVauche

r)Hauke

Equisetaceae

Improvingeyesight,ind

ucingdiuresis

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-197

4

Angiopteris

fokiensis

Hieron.

Ang

iopteridaceae

Xiao

MaTi

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

prom

otingbloo

dcirculation,

relieving

pain

Decoctio

n,externaluse

Rhizom

eJH-222

5

Lygodium

japonicum

(Thu

nb.)Sw

.Lygo

diaceae

TieXian

Cao

Indu

cing

diuresis,treatingcalculus,treatingrheumatism

Med

icinalbath;

decoction

Spore,who

leplant

JH-216

5

Lygodium

scan

dens

(L.)Sw

.Lygo

diaceae

Heatclearin

g,indu

cing

diuresis,relieving

pain

Spore:de

coction;

med

icinalbath

Spore,who

leplant

JH-204

6


Table

1Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstraded

intheJiang

huamed

icinalmarket(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Family

name

Localn

ame

Purposes

Usage

Partused

Vouche

rnu

mbe

rRI value

Cibotium

barometz(L.)J.Sm

.Dickson

iaceae

JinGou

ZiStop

ping

bleeding

Externaluse

Hair

JH-299

2

Alsoph

ilaspinulosa(W

all.

exHoo

k.)Tryon

Cyatheaceae

Long

Gu

Feng

Treatin

grheumatism,p

romotingbloo

dcirculation,

streng

then

ingmuscles

andbo

nes

Med

icinalbath

Stem

JH-229

4

PterismultifidaPo

ir.Pteridaceae

Feng

Wei

Cao

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

traumaticinjury,treating

gastrointestinaldisease

Root:externalu

se;

food

;med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-008

6

Aleuritopteris

argentea

(Gmel.)

Fée

Sino

pteridaceae

Huo

Shao

Cao

Treatin

ggyno

pathy,no

urishing

,treatingem

pyrosis

Externaluse

Who

leplant

JH-250

4

Davallia

mariesii

T.Moo

reex

Baker

Davalliaceae

Traumaticinjury

Externaluse

Rhizom

eJH-073

2

Lepidogram

mitisdrym

oglossoides

(Baker)Ching

Polypo

diaceae

PaShan

Hu

Heatclearin

gandde

toxifying,

indu

cing

diuresis,stopp

ing

bleeding

Decoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-057

4

Lepidogram

mitisrostrata

(Bed

d.)Ching

Polypo

diaceae

BaoShuLian

Treatin

ginfantile

malnu

trition

,promotingdige

stMakingsoup

Who

leplant

JH-105

3

Lepisorusthun

bergianu

s(Kaulf.)Ching

Polypo

diaceae

Heatclearin

g,indu

cing

diuresis,relieving

coug

hDecoctio

nWho

leplant

JH-116

4

Microsorum

fortun

ei(T.M

oore)

Ching

Polypo

diaceae

QiX

ingJian

Treatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,

med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-059

3

Pyrrosialingua(Thu

nb.)Farw

.Po

lypo

diaceae

Traumaticinjury

Med

icinalbath,

externaluse

Leaf

JH-056

3

Pseudodrynariacorona

ns(W

all.ex

Mett.)

Ching

Drynariaceae

BiShan

Hu

Treatin

grheumatism,nou

rishing

,relaxingtend

onsand

activatingcollaterals,traum

aticinjury

Decoctio

n,med

icinalbath

Rhizom

eJH-183

6

Lichen

es

Usnea

diffracta

Vain

Usneaceae

Song

JinTeng

Treatin

grheumatism

Herbaltea,

food

,med

icinalbath

Who

leplant

JH-147

4

Theorde

rof

plan

tspeciesin

thistableisfollowed

bytheAPG

IVsystem

,gym

nospermsclassificationsystem

(197

8),and

Qinrencha

ngfern

plan

tclassificationsystem

(197

8)


a 900-year history of clinical use in China. Some Ardisiaspecies are common ingredients of traditional Chinesemedicine formulas and Chinese folk medicines, includingall the Ardisia species identified in the Jianghua medicinalmarket.Compared to the previous study by Liu [15] 15 years ago,

the plant species number recorded in the current study hasalmost tripled, which indicates that the medicinal market inJianghua has grown considerably. This change seems to bein paradox to the loss of traditional knowledge under theimpact of rapid economic development. One of the reasonsfor the increase in plant diversity in the marketplace mightbe the improved transportation and living conditions in re-mote areas, which makes collection easier and helps to fa-cilitate communication among different ethnic people andthus enhances the marketplace experience. On the con-trary, elder informants (> 50 years old) could provide Yaonames (Table 1) to only 173 plant species (56%). The localpeople used Mandarin Chinese instead of the Yao languageto identify many of the medicinal plants in this survey. Thisphenomenon might partially reflect the gradual disappear-ance of the local medicine-associated knowledge. It couldalso be the result of merging of different medicinal culturefrom different groups of people. The Yao language, as aspoken language without traditional characters, can only bememorized and transmitted by humans; this might also ex-plain the loss of local Yao language which leads to the lackof Yao names of medicinal plants.

Plant parts used as medicineThe statistics of using parts of medicinal plants traded inthe market are summarized (Table 2). Using whole plants isthe most frequent method with 140 species, while usingroots is the second one with 67 species. Using plant leaves(48 species) and stems (33 species) are less common. Nor-mally, the local people traded leafed branches to use in me-dicinal baths according to our observations. The localpeople prefer to use fresh medicinal plants, and thus, theaerial parts of the plants were more abundant than roots inthe marketplace.Regarding the plant parts used with their modality cat-

egories, (1) medicinal baths are the most common modality

used by the Yao people which mostly use the leaves and thebranches; (2) the reasons for using root, fruit, and flowerswere quite diverse, including almost all modality categories;(3) most of the rhizomes were used for medicine, taking me-dicinal baths, or making herbal teas.Most of the seeds from six species in total are edible.

For example, the seeds of Ilex chinensis can be used forbrewing. The seeds of some species like Cuscuta chinen-sis, Gleditsia sinensis, and Pittosporum glabratum can beused to make tea. The seeds of Combretum indicum,Cuscuta chinensis, and Senna tora can be cooked withother ingredients into a dish.

Medicinal uses of plantsThe medicinal uses of plants traded in the market are alsovarious, with 27 types (Table 1). The top ten therapeuticmedicinal uses are listed in Table 3. These ten medicinaluses reflect the most frequent physical ailments closely at-tributed to local climate, environment, and the type ofwork [20].Most local Yao people living in humid and highland areas

are engaged in heavy physical work for a living throughoutthe year [15], and thus, it is not surprising that rheumatismis the number one disorder in local communities. Remark-ably, almost one third of the species (106) can be used totreat rheumatism. The cold and skin diseases are also com-mon ailments in such an environment. Herbal medicine forskin diseases and relieving cough are important and fre-quently used. According to traditional Yao medicinal the-ory, a cold and humid environment will cause the closureof pores. The heat inside the human body cannot be ex-creted out on time, and thus, the balance of yin and yangwill be broken and cause sickness. In order to solve thisproblem, local people use many different herbs to clearinner heat (33.7%) or detoxification (26.8%, relieving in-ternal heat or fever). Moreover, it is much easier to have in-juries when doing heavy physical work in mountainousenvironment. Herbal medicinal plants for treating

Table 2 The used parts of medicinal plants traded in themarket in Jianghua

Plant part Records Percentage Plant part Records Percentage

Root 67 21.9 Fruit 18 5.9

Stem(branches)

33 10.8 Seed 6 2.0

Leaf 48 15.7 Rhizome 27 8.8

Stem pith 3 1.0 Bark 14 4.6

Flower 14 4.6 Wholeplant

140 45.8

Table 3 The top ten medicinal uses of medicinal plants in theYao marketplace in Jianghua

Medicinaluses

Records Percentage Medicinaluses

Records Percentage

Treatingrheumatism

106 34.6 Nourishing 45 14.7

Clearing heat 103 33.7 Treatingtraumaticinjury

39 12.8

Detoxification 82 26.8 Relievingpain

33 10.8

Promotingbloodcirculation

57 18.6 Relievingcough

33 10.8

Treating skindiseases

45 14.7 Stoppingbleeding

26 8.5


traumatic injury, relieving pain, and stopping bleeding com-prise a large part of the medicinal market. Herbs for nour-ishing and promoting blood circulation also comprise alarge part of the market because they can effectively helplocal people to recover from injuries.Yao medicine is renowned for being good at treating

rheumatism and gynecological diseases [21]. One of ourformer studies found that red-headed Yao women like touse herbs like Aeschynanthus bracteatus, Celosia argen-tea, and Sabia fasciculata to make decoctions for medi-cinal baths so that they can return to farming work assoon as a week after giving birth [22]. Those herbs arebelieved to have very good anti-inflammatory and toniceffectiveness by local people. In the present study, nomedicinal plant was mentioned for postpartum recoveryor gynecological diseases by local people. Most of theherbs for nourishment or pain relief like Amomum villo-sum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Vitex negundo, andSaururus chinensis are regarded to be good for womenaccording to local people.

Modalities of medicinal plantsEight categories of modalities of medicinal plants about themarket were recorded. About 60% of plant species wereused for medicinal baths, making it the most common trad-itional medicinal modality. Medicinal baths are a character-istic custom for the Yao ethnic group. When having amedicinal bath, the skin, as the largest human organ, canbe fully exposed to the medicinal bath water so that certainmedicinally useful molecules can be absorbed that way [23,24]. The heat of the water can also stimulate the blood ca-pillaries and lymph vessels to expand and promote bloodcirculation and metabolism [23, 24]. There are many aro-matic plants used in medicinal baths like Gaultheria leuco-carpa var. yunnanensis. The heat of the bath water canaccelerate the volatile molecules to evaporate from medi-cinal plants, which can be absorbed by breathing and alsostrengthen the effectiveness of medicine [4].Based on our investigation, one or more species of medi-

cinal plants are typically immersed in hot water for bathing.The Yao people do not have settled formulas and preciseamounts of medicinal plants for these baths. They usuallyput the plants with similar pharmacological efficacy to-gether to enhance their effects. These Yao formulas havenot been well studied scientifically, and side effects are notwell documented. Therefore, further phytochemical,pharmacological, and clinical tests are needed to determinethe safety and efficacy of these traditional practices [4].Besides medicinal baths, other modality categories of

medicinal plants include decoctions, teas, food and spices,tinctures, crushed or burnt, and externally applied. Decoc-tions are the second most common modality category(Table 4) with 106 species (34.6%). It is also one of themost common ways that traditional Chinese medicines

are used. People usually use water to decoct the medicinalplant for a long time and finally take the decoction to treatcertain illnesses. Making herbal tea and cooking is thethird (79 spp., 25.8%) and fourth (44 spp., 14.4%) process-ing methods, respectively. It is noteworthy that the greatmajority of medicinal plants for food are used for infantmalnutrition. More than 10% of the medicinal species areexternally applied which is mostly for treating traumaticinjuries. Local people usually crush these herbs and puton the wound to stop bleeding, diminish inflammation, re-lieve pain, and accelerate recovery.Seeds of Gleditsia sinensis can be used incinerated

to treat skin diseases like itching (it can also be usedby decoction and medicinal bath). Several studiesrevealed that the chemical constituents extracted fromGleditsia sinensis showed good anti-bacterial, anti-al-lergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative bioac-tivities [25–27]. The incineration process is unique:the local people typically use a flame to burn the Gle-ditsia sinensis seeds. Then, they hold a steel knife andmake sure the blade is on the top of both the flameand the seeds to collect the soot, and it will be scrapedoff the blade and painted on the afflicted part of thepatient. Besides the Yao people in Hunan Province, theDong people in Guangxi Region also use this incinerationmethod to treat illnesses. According to our previous studyon the medicinal market in Guangxi Province (unpub-lished), the Dong people use the same method to incineratecertain poisonous plants like the root of Alangium chinense,the whole herb of Macleaya cordata, and the root of Trip-terygium wilfordii. This method is thought to detoxify thesepoisonous plants, according to some Dong practitioners.

Frequency of occurrence and RI index of some medicinalplantsThe frequency of occurrence of each medicinal herb wasrecorded. This frequency signifies how many stalls sold aparticular medicinal plant species. Some plant specieswere more frequently found than others (Fig. 2). Mostspecies are used for clearing the inner heat and treatingrheumatism. These results (Fig. 2) suggest that (1) theplants are widely distributed in local habitats and may berelatively easier to access; (2) the plants may have com-paratively better effectiveness than the others so that they

Table 4 The modality of medicinal plants in the market inJianghua

Modality Records Percentage Modality Records Percentage

Medicinalbath

179 58.5 Externaluse

36 11.8

Decoction 106 34.6 Tincture 11 3.6

Tea 79 25.8 Spice 2 –

Food 44 14.4 Burnt 1 –


are more popular among local communities; and (3) innerheat and rheumatism are common problems for localpeople confirming the result from Table 3. High demandsfor those herbs and their effectiveness might be the majorreasons leading to the high frequency of occurrence aboutthe medicinal market.The relative importance index is used to reflect the

comprehensive utilization value [19]. The species withRI index greater than 0.4 are listed in Table 5. The mo-dality types of these species are more various than other

species. Most of them are edible and may be cooked asfood and made into herbal tea or medicinal tincture.This character of being both edible and therapeutic indi-cated that these plants (Table 5) might be safer tohumans with fewer side effects. Another reason for therelatively high RI index is that those species are easilyacquired in local habitats and thereby make them more.The species themselves are locally widespread. For ex-ample, Hedyotis auricularia, Cirsium japonicum, andVerbena officinalis can be easily found on the roadsides

Fig. 2 The frequency of occurrence of some medicinal plants in Jianghua County

Table 5 The medicinal plants with higher RI

Name Medicinal effectiveness type Modalities RI

Cirsium japonicum (Thunb.) Fisch. ex DC. Nourishing, treating gynopathy, promoting bloodcirculation, stopping bleeding, eliminating inflammation

Decoction, external use,medicinal bath

0.49

Verbena officinalis L. Treating rheumatism, treating venomous snake bite, heatclearing, promoting blood circulation,eliminating inflammation


0.49

Achillea millefolium L. Treating rheumatism, traumatic injury, treating gynopathy,snake bite

External use; decoctionwater; medicinal bath

0.47

Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.)Koehne

Heat clearing, traumatic injury, treating snake bite, skin disease Decoction, external use,medicinal bath

0.47

Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance Treating rheumatism, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals,relieving pain, treating arthritis,

Herbal tea, medicinal bath,food (stew with chicken)

0.47

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb Treating gastrointestinal disease, diminishing inflammation,stopping bleeding, treating heatstroke

Medicinal bath, medicine,herbal tea

0.47

Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. Treating rheumatism, heat clearing and detoxifying,diminishing inflammation, expelling parasite


0.47

Hedyotis auricularia L. Heat clearing and detoxifying, treating gastrointestinaldisease, relieving cough, treating cold, promoting bloodcirculation, skin disease, snake bite

Herbal tea, medicinal bath 0.40

Achillea millefolium L. Treating rheumatism, traumatic injury, treating gynopathy, snakebite

External use, decoctionwater, medicinal bath

0.47


and in the fields. Gleditsia sinensis, Damnacanthus indi-cus, and Ardisia japonica often appear in both wild andhome gardens according to our observations. Accordingto our interviews, almost everyone, including both ven-dors and local residents, can distinguish these species(Table 5). These species listed in Table 5 have high valuein use with good potential for future development.

Demographics of vendorsMost vendors are Yao mountain people, and they can ac-cess many wild medicinal plants easily. However, in mostcases, only elder vendors can speak the Yao language whilethe younger generation only speaks Mandarin Chinese orother local dialects because of the education and culturalfusion brought by the rapidly changing society and vigorousconstruction in the rural area. The age and gender of ven-dors have been recorded and analyzed (Table 6). The agerange for vendors was 22–83 years old. The number ofvendors older than 50 years old accounts for about 70%among all vendors. Those between 50 and 59 are the mostwith 90 (32.6%) people. The age composition for all ven-dors is slightly aging, but there are still many younger ven-dors, especially in 30–49 years old. Vendors younger than30 years old are only 12 people (4.4%). This age compos-ition reflects the succession problem of local traditionalknowledge of Yao medicinal plants.As for the gender structure of the vendors, the number

of men and women older than 50 years old is about equal.But under 50 years old, the number of men is twice thenumber of women. It is probably because that women dedi-cate themselves to housework, childcare, keeping livestock,and farmyard management while the men more commonlycollect wild medicinal herbs in the high mountains. The in-terviews with the young vendors also showed that collect-ing the wild medicinal plants and selling them wereconsidered only a temporary job. Much of the work collect-ing plants is done by the older generation and sold by theyoungers who have other steady jobs. It was also found thatthe medicinal plants sold by elder vendors generallyshowed more botanical diversity but were gathered in rela-tively smaller amounts, while the plants sold by youngervendors were less diverse botanically but in larger amounts.These differences indicated that elder vendors master moretraditional medicinal knowledge than younger vendors

while younger vendors have more energy to search largerareas to collect larger amounts of wild medicinal plants. Allthese research findings suggest that the local traditional Yaomedicine-associated knowledge is gradually decreasing.The medicinal market in the Dragon Boat Festival in Jian-

ghua is in a relatively large-scale venue with 269 stalls orvendors according to our investigations. Such a big trad-itional medicinal market appears at present time withwell-developed Western medicine indicating that localpeople have a rich traditional knowledge of herbal medicineand depend upon it. However, most of the medicinal plantsare not expensive, and the profit margin is slim. The factthat the vendors are still willing to come even if it is hardto collect the plants and time consuming suggests that theybelieve this is not only just for obtaining income but alsofollowing their tradition and even a way to celebrate thebirthday of the Yao Medicinal Lord. As for the buyers, al-most everyone in each age group knows a lot about medi-cinal plants. It demonstrates that the traditional knowledgeof medicinal plants is widespread in the Yao community.The speed of the disappearance of related traditional know-ledge gets much slower which is closely due to the medi-cinal markets in festival days which have played a great roleof knowledge sharing in local community.

Conservation of Yao medicinal knowledgeThe traditional knowledge of Yao medicine is apparentlydecreasing. For instance, local people only have medicinalbaths on the important festivals including the DragonBoat Festival, the Double Ninth Festival, and the PanwangFestival nowadays. But they used to take a medicinal bathonce a day in the past, according to local people. Less fre-quent practices will partially make it harder to keep suchknowledge. The demographics of vendors and the incom-plete vernacular names of medicinal plants also reflectedthis truth on other aspects. Even though a modern writingsystem of Yao language has been created, most of the Yaopeople in Jianghua still prefer spoken tradition since theyreceive Mandarin education beginning in primary school.The lack of a widely adopted writing system of the Yaolanguage is a vulnerability for knowledge transfer [28].As for the conservation of Jianghua traditional medi-

cinal knowledge, the biggest challenge is apparently theshortage of professional personnel. One problem is thatthe Yao youth do not know enough about traditional Yaomedicine and they are not confident about it [16]. By theimpact of modern Western medicine, some local peopleprefer to use faster and more precise methods instead oftheir own traditional practices [29]. In addition, althoughthe old masters of Yao medicine are dying out, the youngpeople are not willing to study it or make it as a livelihoodbecause it is not enough for feeding the family [15]. Now-adays, the Chinese government has recognized ethnomed-icine and published a series of policies to support their

Table 6 The demographics of vendors

20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 > 80 Total

A M W M W M W M W M W M W M W

B 8 4 20 8 24 14 44 46 16 28 32 32 0 2 276

C 12 28 36 90 44 64 2 276

D 4.35 10.14 13.04 32.61 15.94 23.19 0.73 100%

A ganders, B number of people, C number of people in different age groups,D percentages


protection and development after the foundation of thewhole country [30, 31]. However, it is still urgent to culti-vate more professional talents in the field of ethnomedi-cine by issuing more preferential policies and funds. It isnecessary and helpful to normalize Yao doctors, tosystemize the Yao medicinal theory, and to publish accom-panying textbooks as well as other academic books.The conservation of local medicinal plant resources is

also quite important especially the conservation of rareand endangered plant species. The maintaining of the bio-diversity is the material insurance for the development ofrelative traditional knowledge. Some endangered plantspecies were observed being traded about the Jianghuamedicinal market like Cibotium barometz, Alsophila spi-nulosa, Dendrobium officinale, and Semiliquidambarcathayensis [32]. The stem and bark area of Semiliqui-dambar cathayensis is a very popular and effective trad-itional medicine for rheumatism locally. According to oursurveys, the trading volume of Semiliquidambar cath-ayensis stem is large, and this plant material was all col-lected from the wild. Large-scale collection of plantresources will damage the local biodiversity and finallyaffect the stability of the local ecosystem.The medicinal market in the Dragon Boat Festival in

Jianghua County is a significant cultural event. Using itsfame to develop tourism and attract businesses and in-vestment may bring considerable money, but extremecare must be taken not to do any harm to local biodiver-sity and cultural diversity [33, 34].In such a beneficial environment with the support by

the government, it is an opportunity for local govern-ment agencies to improve better development of the me-dicinal market. Based on this investigation and others,the local government should consider protecting and de-veloping the medicinal market to provide a better envir-onment for vendors and buyers. The training of youngpersonnel will strongly support the sustainable develop-ment of Yao medicine. In the meanwhile, the local gov-ernment can also support the practitioners to exploitrelated by-products and apply for patents, even combin-ing with poverty alleviation. Additionally, the local bio-diversity and biological resources especially someendangered species should be protected by issuing con-servation regulations or laws and by popularizing thegreen and sustainable awareness among local people.

ConclusionThe herbal medicinal market is an important trad-itional activity celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival inJianghua County, China. The formation and develop-ment of this special market is not only closely involvedwith local social history, but also local natural envir-onment. As an herb trading site, this market plays an

important role in the local community for medicinalknowledge exchange and heritage.The result of our study showed the rich taxonomic di-

versity of medicinal plants and the diversity of their medi-cinal parts, medicinal uses, and modality categories. Basedon our investigations, 306 species (belonging to 113 fam-ilies and 249 genera) were recorded. The taxonomic distri-bution of those medicinal herbs clearly demonstrates thetaxonomic diversity of the marketplaces. The whole plantshave been used most frequently. Treating rheumatism andclearing inner heat are the most frequent symptoms ad-dressed by these local healers. Medicinal baths are a spe-cial tradition in Jianghua County and account for themost common modality of the medicinal herbs. It is im-portant to use modern scientific methods to verify thesafety and efficacy of these traditional practices.Although our analysis of the vendors reflected the pre-

dicament of losing traditional knowledge, some results arestill promising like the species richness at the medicinalmarket, the local popularity of medicinal plant use, andthe positive attitude to the traditional Yao medicine bylocal youths. These positive phenomena are associatedwith the medicinal market in some level, and it might pro-vide a valuable reference for other places to sustainablydevelop local traditional medicine. The cultivation of rele-vant talents and maintaining the local biodiversity may beviable solutions to further develop traditional Yao medi-cine in Jianghua. Based on this investigation, and takingmodern Yao culture into consideration, some proposalsfor improved construction, the protection of the medicinalmarket on the Dragon Boat Festival, and the traditionalmedicinal knowledge have been made.

AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to the local people in Jianghua County, Hunan Province,who have provided valuable information about the medicinal plants inthe medicinal market.

FundingThis work was supported by the Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (MinzuUniversity of China) of the Ministry of Education of China (KLEM-ZZ201806),National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870316, 31761143001, and31161140345), Minzu University of China (Collaborative Innovation Center forEthnic Minority Development and YLDXXK201819), and Ministry of Educationof China and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China(B08044).

Availability of data and materialsAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this publishedarticle and its supplementary information files.

Authors’ contributionsLCL conceived of and designed the study. LCL, LYJ, LB, LBS, LSZ, ZBX, LCR,LY, and GZY conducted data collection. LBS and ZLH integrated theinventory and its analysis. LCL, LCR, LY, and LB identified the plants. LBS andLYJ wrote the manuscript. EJK edited the English and provided helpfulcomments as well. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable.


Consent for publicationNot applicable.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Author details1Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry ofEducation, Beijing 100081, China. 2College of Life and EnvironmentalSciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China. 3Key Laboratory ofModern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education,Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China. 4Guangxi Institute ofBotany, Guangxi Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006,China. 5Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468,USA. 6Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650201, China.

Received: 9 May 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2018

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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.1354684.x

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.012

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.299.5604.188

https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.s1.74.0005

https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.s1.74.0005

https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i2.25

https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18723

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.001

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596597

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866603

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866603

https://doi.org/10.17348/era.4.0.51-60

https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-24



https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.3.273

https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701192637

https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701192637

https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1179

https://doi.org/10.1159/000069713

https://doi.org/10.1159/000069713

http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/W020130917614244055331.pdf

http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/W020130917614244055331.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.10.001

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.10.001

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