Yale College Programs of Study 2019–2020...Yale College Programs of Study Fall and Spring Terms...

Yale CollegePrograms of StudyFall and Spring Terms

2019–2020

BULLETIN OF YALE UNIVERSITY

Series 115 Number 4 June 30, 2019

Periodicals postage paidNew Haven, Connecticut

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BULLETIN OF YALE UNIVERSITY Series 115 Number 4 June 30, 2019 (USPS 078-500) is published seventeen times a year (one time in May and October; three times in June and September; four times in July; five times in August) by Yale University, 2 Whitney Avenue, New Haven CT 0651o. Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut.

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The closing date for material in this bulletin was May 3, 2019.The University reserves the right to withdraw or modify the courses of instruction or to change the instructors at any time.

©2019 by Yale University. All rights reserved. The material in this bulletin may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form, whether in print or electronic media, without written permission from Yale University.

The Yale College Programs of Study is primarily a digital publication, available in HTML and pdf at http://catalog.yale.edu/ycps. A limited number of copies were printed on 50% postconsumer recycled paper for Yale College and the permanent archive of the Bulletin of Yale University.

Mission Statement of Yale College The mission of Yale College is to seek excep-tionally promising students of all backgrounds from across the nation and around the world and to educate them, through mental discipline and social experience, to develop their intellectual, moral, civic, and creative capacities to the fullest. The aim of this edu-cation is the cultivation of citizens with a rich awareness of our heritage to lead and serve in every sphere of human activity.

The University is committed to basing judgments concerning the admission, education, and employment of individuals upon their qualifications and abilities and a∞rmatively seeks to attract to its faculty, sta≠, and student body qualified persons of diverse back-grounds. In accordance with this policy and as delineated by federal and Connecticut law, Yale does not discriminate in admissions, educational programs, or employment against any individual on account of that individual’s sex, race, color, religion, age, disability, status as a protected veteran, or national or ethnic origin; nor does Yale discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity or expression. University policy is committed to a∞rmative action under law in employment of women, minority group members, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans. Inquiries concerning these policies may be referred to Valarie Stanley, Director of the O∞ce for Equal Opportunity Programs, 221 Whitney Avenue, 4th Floor, 203.432.0849. For additional information, see www.yale.edu/equalopportunity.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 protects people from sex discrimination in educational programs and activities at institutions that receive federal financial assistance. Questions regarding Title IX may be referred to the University’s Title IX Coordinator, Stephanie Spangler, at 203.432.4446 or at [email protected], or to the U.S. Department of Education, O∞ce for Civil Rights, 8th Floor, 5 Post O∞ce Square, Boston MA 02109-3921; tel. 617.289.0111, fax 617.289.0150, TDD 800.877.8339, or [email protected].

In accordance with federal and state law, the University maintains information on secu-rity policies and procedures and prepares an annual campus security and fire safety report containing three years’ worth of campus crime statistics and security policy statements, fire safety information, and a description of where students, faculty, and sta≠ should go to report crimes. The fire safety section of the annual report contains information on current fire safety practices and any fires that occurred within on-campus student hous-ing facilities. Upon request to the O∞ce of the Vice President for Human Resources and Administration, PO Box 208322, 2 Whitney Avenue, Suite 810, New Haven CT 06520-8322, 203.432.8049, the University will provide this information to any applicant for admission, or prospective students and employees may visit http://publicsafety.yale.edu.

In accordance with federal law, the University prepares an annual report on participation rates, financial support, and other information regarding men’s and women’s intercol-legiate athletic programs. Upon request to the Director of Athletics, PO Box 208216, New Haven CT 06520-8216, 203.432.1414, the University will provide its annual report to any student or prospective student. The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) report is also available online at http://ope.ed.gov/athletics.

For all other matters related to admission to Yale College, please write to the O∞ce of Under-graduate Admissions, Yale University, PO Box 208234, New Haven CT 06520-8234; telephone, 203.432.9300; website, http://admissions.yale.edu.

Yale University’s website is www.yale.edu; the Yale College Programs of Study is online at http://catalog.yale.edu/ycps.

Yale CollegePrograms of StudyFall and Spring Terms2019–2020


Series 115 Number 4 June 30, 2019

Contents

Key to Course Listings 6Building Abbreviations 7Yale College Calendar with Pertinent Deadlines 9Yale College Administrative Officers 13Final Examination Schedules 15Subject Abbreviations 16A Message from the Dean of Yale College 18

I. Yale College 19The Undergraduate Curriculum 19Distributional Requirements 20Major Programs 22Multidisciplinary Academic Programs 23International Experience 24Yale Summer Session 26Advising and Academic Resources 26Special Programs 29Honors 31

II. Academic Regulations 33A. Requirements for the B.A. or B.S. Degree 33B. Grades 40C. Course Credits and Course Loads 44D. Promotion and Good Standing 45E. Registration and Enrollment in Courses 46F. Withdrawal from Courses 50G. Reading Period and Final Examination Period 51H. Completion of Course Work 54I. Academic Penalties and Restrictions 57J. Leave of Absence, Withdrawal, and Reinstatement 59K. Special Arrangements 64L. Transfer Students 76M. Eli Whitney Students Program 77N. Non-degree Students Program 79O. Visiting International Student Program 81P. Credit from Other Universities 82Q. Acceleration Policies 86R. Amendments 90

III. Subjects of Instruction 91Majors in Yale College 91Accounting 93Aerospace Studies 94African American Studies 97African Studies 105American Studies 114Anthropology 125Applied Mathematics 135

Applied Physics 140Archaeological Studies 146Architecture 152Art 160Astronomy 171Biology 177Biomedical Engineering 179British Studies 186Chemical Engineering 187Chemistry 192Child Study Center 205Classics 207Cognitive Science 218College Seminars 227Computer Science 228Computer Science and Economics 241Computer Science and Mathematics 244Computer Science and Psychology 245Computing and the Arts 247DeVane Lecture Course 250Directed Studies 251East Asian Languages and Literatures 253East Asian Studies 263Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 274Economics 284Economics and Mathematics 298Education Studies 300Electrical Engineering 306Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 315Energy Studies 318Engineering 319Engineering and Applied Science 320English Language and Literature 323Environment 344Environmental Engineering 345Environmental Studies 349Ethics, Politics, and Economics 358Ethnicity, Race, and Migration 368Film and Media Studies 377First-Year Seminar Program 386Forestry and Environmental Studies 396French 397Geology and Geophysics 408German Studies 419Global Affairs 429Global Health Studies 439Hellenic Studies 444History 446History of Art 473History of Science, Medicine, and Public Health 484

Human Rights Studies 492Humanities 494Italian 508Judaic Studies 514Latin American Studies 520Linguistics 528Literature 536Mathematics 550Mathematics and Philosophy 560Mathematics and Physics 562Mechanical Engineering 563Modern Middle East Studies 571Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry 577Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology 586Music 603Naval Science 613Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 617Neuroscience 629Philosophy 636Physics 645Physics and Geosciences 656Physics and Philosophy 658Political Science 659Portuguese 679Psychology 682Public Health 694Religious Studies 695Russian and East European Studies 704Science 708Slavic Languages and Literatures 709Sociology 718South Asian Studies 727Southeast Asia Studies 734Spanish 738Special Divisional Majors 746Statistics and Data Science 749Study of the City 760Theater Studies 761Urban Studies 770Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies 773

The Work of Yale University 782Index 784Map of Yale University 790

6 Yale College Programs of Study 2019–2020

Key to Course Listings

AFAM Course subjects are listed by three- or four-letter abbreviations incapitals. See the complete list of Subject Abbreviations.

MATH 112a or b The letters “a” and “b” aer a course number denote fall- and spring-term courses, respectively. A course designated “a or b” is the same coursegiven in both terms.

Staff Multiple course instructors are commonly listed as “Staff.” Refer toYale Course Search (Http://courses.yale.edu) for individual sectioninstructors.

Prerequisite:MATH 112

Prerequisites and recommendations are listed at the end of the coursedescription.

L5, HU Foreign language courses are designated L1 (first term of languagestudy), L2 (second term), L3 (third term), L4 (fourth term), or L5(beyond the fourth term). Other distributional designations are QR,WR, HU, SC, and SO, representing quantitative reasoning, writing,humanities and arts, science, and social science, respectively. See“Distributional Requirements” under “Requirements for the B.A. orB.S. Degree” (http://catalog.yale.edu/ycps/academic-regulations/requirements-for-ba-bs-degree/) in the Academic Regulations.

½ Course cr Most courses earn one course credit per term; variations are noted.

RP A course designated “RP” meets during the reading period. See “ReadingPeriod and Final Examination Period” (http://catalog.yale.edu/ycps/academic-regulations/reading-period-final-examination-period/) in theAcademic Regulations.

[ASTR 320] Courses in brackets are not offered during the current year but areexpected to be given in the succeeding academic year.

*HIST 012 All seminars are starred and enrollment is limited. The instructor’spermission may be required.

ITAL 310/LITR 183 A course with multiple titles, i.e., with two or more departments in thetitle line, counts toward the major in each department where it appears.

TR The abbreviation “TR” denotes a literature course with readings intranslation.

English: Pre-1900 Lit Courses with department-specific designations are applied toward therequirements of certain majors. See the program descriptions of therelevant majors.

HIST 130Jb, MCDB201Lb

A capital J or L following the course number denotes a Historydepartmental seminar or a science laboratory, respectively.

Cognitive ScienceCourses: ECON 159

Related courses appear in departments other than their own (e.g.,ECON 159 might be listed under Cognitive Science). Such courses maycount toward the major of the relating department.

Building Abbreviations 7

Building Abbreviations

AKW Arthur K. Watson HallBASS Bass Center for Molecular and

Structural BiologyBASSLB Bass LibraryBATTEL Battell ChapelBCMM Boyer Center for Molecular

MedicineBCT Becton Engineering and Applied

Science CenterBF Benjamin Franklin CollegeBK Berkeley CollegeBM Charles W. Bingham HallBML Brady Memorial LaboratoryBR Branford CollegeBRBL Beinecke Rare Book and

Manuscript LibraryBRW35 35 BroadwayC Connecticut HallCCAM Center for Collaborative Arts and

MediaCO451 451 College StreetCO493 493 College StreetCRB Class of 1954 Chemistry Research

BuildingCSC Child Study CenterD Durfee HallDAVIES Davies Auditorium, Becton

CenterDC Davenport CollegeDL Dunham LaboratoryDOW Dow HallEM Edwin McClellan HallES Ezra Stiles CollegeESC Class of 1954 Environmental

Science CenterEVANS Edward P. Evans HallF Farnam HallGH Grace Hopper CollegeGML Greeley Memorial LaboratoryGRN Holcombe T. Green, Jr., HallHENDRIEHendrie HallHGS Hall of Graduate StudiesHLH17 17 Hillhouse AvenueHLH28 28 Hillhouse AvenueJE Jonathan Edwards CollegeK Kirtland HallKBT Kline Biology Tower

KCL Kline Chemistry LaboratoryKGL Kline Geology LaboratoryKRN Kroon HallL Lawrance HallLC Linsly-Chittenden HallLEPH Laboratory of Epidemiology and

Public HealthLFOP Leitner Family Observatory and

PlanetariumLGH Abby and Mitch Leigh HallLOM Leet Oliver Memorial HallLORIA Jeffrey H. Loria CenterLUCE Henry R. Luce HallLWR Lanman-Wright Memorial HallMC Morse CollegeMEC Malone Engineering CenterML Mason LaboratoryMY Pauli Murray CollegeOML Osborn Memorial LaboratoriesPC Pierson CollegePH Phelps HallPM Peabody Museum of Natural

HistoryPR77 77 Prospect StreetPWG Payne Whitney GymnasiumRDH Rudolph HallRKZ Rosenkranz HallS Sage HallSA10 10 Sachem StreetSCL Sterling Chemistry LaboratorySDQ Sterling Divinity QuadrangleSHM Sterling Hall of MedicineSLB Sterling Law BuildingSM Silliman CollegeSMH Sprague Memorial HallSML Sterling Memorial LibrarySPL Sloane Physics LaboratorySSS Sheffield-Sterling-Strathcona

HallSTOECK Stoeckel HallSY Saybrook CollegeTAC The Anlyan CenterTC Trumbull CollegeTD Timothy Dwight CollegeTM432 432 Temple StreeUT University TheatreV Vanderbilt Hall


W Welch HallWALL81 81 Wall StreetWH55 55 Whitney AvenueWHC Whitney Humanities CenterWL Wright LaboratoryWL-W Wright Laboratory WestWLH William L. Harkness HallWTS Watson CenterYCBA Yale Center for British ArtYK212 212 York StreetYK220 220 York StreetYSB Yale Science BuildingYUAG Yale University Art Gallery

Yale College Calendar with Pertinent Deadlines 9

Yale College Calendar withPertinent Deadlines

This calendar includes a partial summary of deadlines given in the AcademicRegulations and in the Yale College online publication Undergraduate Regulations.Unless otherwise specified, references are to sections in the Academic Regulations, anddeadlines fall at 5 p.m.

Fall Term 2019

Aug. 21 W Residences open to upper-level students, 9 a.m.Online Course Selection opens

Aug. 23 F Residences open to first-year students, 9 a.m.Required registration meetings for first-year students, 8 p.m.

Aug. 27 T Required registration meetings for upper-level students (Class of 2022, 9a.m.; Class of 2021, 9:45 a.m.; Class of 2020, 10:30 a.m.).Preliminary course schedules due at 11:59 p.m.

Aug. 28 W Fall-term classes begin, 8:20 a.m.

Aug. 30 F Friday classes do not meet; Monday classes meet instead.Deadline to complete applications for financial aid for the 2020 spring term,for students not enrolled in the 2019 fall term. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Sept. 2 M Labor Day; classes do not meet.

Sept. 9 M Final course schedules due for the Class of 2023.*

Sept. 10 T Final course schedules due for the Classes of 2021 and 2022.*

Sept. 11 W Final course schedules due for the Class of 2020.*All students planning to complete degree requirements at the end of the fallterm must file a petition by this date.Final deadline to apply for a fall-term Leave of Absence. See Leave of Absence,Withdrawal, and Reinstatement.Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a student to a fullrebate of fall-term tuition. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Sept. 19 TH Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the first half of the fall termwithout the course appearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal from Coursesand Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a courseoffered in the first half of the fall term. See Grades.

Sept. 21 S Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a student to arebate of one-half of fall-term tuition. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Oct. 4 F Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the first half of the fall term. SeeWithdrawal from Courses and Grades.

Oct. 14 M Classes begin for courses offered in the second half of the fall term.

Oct. 15 T October recess begins, 11 p.m.Deadline to apply for a spring 2020 Term Abroad. See Special Arrangements.

Oct. 21 M Classes resume, 8:20 a.m.


Oct. 25 F Midterm.Last day to withdraw from a fall full-term course without the courseappearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal from Courses and Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a fallfull-term course.Deadline to apply for double credit in a single-credit course. See SpecialArrangements.Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a student to arebate of one-quarter of the fall term’s tuition. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Nov. 7 TH Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the second half of the fall termwithout the course appearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal from Coursesand Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a courseoffered in the second half of the fall term. See Grades.

Nov. 23 S November recess begins, 9 p.m.

Nov. 30 S Last day to relinquish on-campus housing for the spring term without charge.See Undergraduate Regulations.

Dec. 2 M Classes resume, 8:20 a.m.

Dec. 6 F Classes end, 5:30 p.m.; reading period begins.Last day to withdraw from a fall full-term course or a course offered in thesecond half of the fall term. See Withdrawal from Courses and Grades.

Dec. 12 TH Reading period ends, 5 p.m.Final examinations begin, 7 p.m.†Deadline for all course assignments, other than term papers and term projects.This deadline can be extended only by a Temporary Incomplete authorized bythe student’s residential college dean.

Dec. 13 F Application for 2020 Yale Summer Session Programs Abroad opens.

Dec. 18 W Examinations end, 5:30 p.m.; winter recess begins.Deadline for all term papers and term projects. This deadline can be extendedonly by a Temporary Incomplete authorized by the student's residentialcollege dean.

Dec. 19 TH Residences close, 12 noon.

Spring Term 2020

Jan. 8 W Residences open, 9 a.m.

Jan. 12 SU Required registration meetings for first-year students, 9 p.m.Application for 2020 New Haven and online Summer Session courses opens.Rolling admissions for New Haven and online courses.

Jan. 13 M Spring-term classes begin, 8:20 a.m.Upper-level students pick up registration materials by 5 p.m. in theirresidential college dean's office.

Jan. 17 F Friday classes do not meet; Monday classes meet instead.

Jan. 20 M Martin Luther King Jr. Day; classes do not meet.

Jan. 22 W Final course schedules due for the Class of 2023.*

Jan. 23 TH Final course schedules due for the Classes of 2021 and 2022.*

Jan. 24 F Final course schedules due for the Class of 2020.*Last day for students in the Class of 2020 to petition for permission tocomplete the requirements of two majors.

Yale College Calendar with Pertinent Deadlines 11

Jan. 27 M Final deadline to apply for a spring-term Leave of Absence. See Leave ofAbsence, Withdrawal, and Reinstatement.Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a student to a fullrebate of spring-term tuition. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Feb. 4 T Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the first half of the spring termwithout the course appearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal from Coursesand Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a courseoffered in the first half of the spring term. See Grades.

Feb. 6 TH Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a student to arebate of one-half of spring-term tuition. See Undergraduate Regulations.

Feb. 13 TH Deadline for applications for Yale Summer Session Programs Abroad.

Feb. 19 W Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the first half of the spring term.See Withdrawal from Courses and Grades.

Feb. 27 TH Classes begin for courses offered in the second half of the spring term.

Feb. 28 F Deadline to apply for Non-Yale Summer Abroad.

Mar. 5 TH Deadline to apply for a fall 2020 Term Abroad or a 2020–2021 Year Abroad.

Mar. 6 F Midterm.Spring recess begins, 5:30 p.m.Last day to withdraw from a spring full-term course without the courseappearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal from Courses and Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a springfull-term course.Deadline to apply for double credit in a single-credit course. See SpecialArrangements.Withdrawal from Yale College on or before this date entitles a studentto a rebate of one-quarter of the spring term’s tuition. See UndergraduateRegulations.

Mar. 23 M Classes resume, 8:20 a.m.

Apr. 2 TH Last day to withdraw from a course offered in the second half of the springterm without the course appearing on the transcript. See Withdrawal fromCourses and Grades.Last day to convert from a letter grade to the Credit/D/Fail option in a courseoffered in the second half of the spring term. See Grades.

Apr. 24 F Classes end, 5:30 p.m.; reading period begins.Last day to withdraw from a spring full-term course or a course offered in thesecond half of the spring term. See Withdrawal from Courses and Grades.

Apr. 30 TH Reading period ends, 5 p.m.Final examinations begin, 7 p.m.†Deadline for all course assignments, other than term papers and term projects.This deadline can be extended only by a Temporary Incomplete authorized bythe student’s residential college dean.

May 1 F Applications for fall-term Leaves of Absence due. See Leave of Absence,Withdrawal, and Reinstatement.

May 6 W Examinations end, 5:30 p.m.Deadline for all term papers and term projects. This deadline can be extendedonly by a Temporary Incomplete authorized by the student's residentialcollege dean.

May 7 TH Residences close for all students except seniors, 12 noon.


May 18 M University Commencement.

May 19 T Residences close for seniors, 12 noon.

Summer Session Courses offered during the summer are offered through Yale Summer Session. Furtherinformation is available from the Yale Summer Session office or on the website.

* Late schedules from all classes are fined. See Grades and Registration and Enrollmentin Courses.

† Examinations will be held on Saturdays and Sundays, December 14 and 15; May 2and 3.

Yale College Administrative Officers 13

Yale College AdministrativeOfficers

Administrative OfficersPeter Salovey, Ph.D., President of the UniversityBenjamin Polak, Ph.D., Provost of the UniversityMarvin Chun, Ph.D., Dean of Yale CollegeTamar S. Gendler, Ph.D., Dean of the Faculty of Arts and SciencesJane Edwards, Ph.D., Senior Associate Dean; Dean of International and Professional

ExperienceBurgwell Howard, M.Ed., Senior Associate Dean; Associate Vice President of Student

EngagementCamille Lizarríbar, J.D., Ph.D., Senior Associate Dean; Dean of Student AffairsMark J. Schenker, Ph.D., Senior Associate Dean; Dean of Academic AffairsPamela Schirmeister, Ph.D., Senior Associate Dean; Dean of Undergraduate EducationSandy Chang, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Dean for Science and QR EducationJeanine Dames, J.D., Associate Dean for Career StrategiesJeanne Follansbee, Ph.D., Associate Dean; Dean of Yale Summer SessionGeorge G. Levesque, Ph.D., Associate Dean; Dean of Academic ProgramsPetronella Van Deusen-Scholl, Ph.D., Associate Dean for Foreign Language Education;

Director of the Center for Language StudyMelanie Boyd, Ph.D., Assistant Dean of Student Affairs; Special Adviser to the Dean on

Gender IssuesMatthew Makomenaw, Ph.D., Assistant Dean; Director of the Native American Cultural

CenterEileen M. Galvez, M.Ed., Assistant Dean; Director of La Casa CulturalAlfred E. Guy, Jr., Ph.D., Assistant Dean; Director of the Yale College Writing CenterKelly McLaughlin, M.A., Assistant Dean of Assessment; Deputy Director and Director

of Study AbroadRisë Nelson, M.A., Assistant Dean, Director of the Afro-American Cultural CenterHannah Peck, M.Div., Assistant Dean of Student AffairsRisa Sodi, Ph.D., Assistant Dean; Director of Advising and Special ProgramsJoliana Yee, M.Ed., Assistant Dean; Director of Asian American Cultural CenterJoel Silverman, Ph.D., Director of Academic and Educational AffairsKsenia Sidorenko, M.Phil., Title IX CoordinatorEmily Shandley, B.A., University Registrar


Deans of the Residential CollegesBerkeley College, Brianne Bilsky, Ph.D.Branford College, Sarah E. Insley, Ph.D.Davenport College, Ryan A. Brasseaux, Ph.D.Timothy Dwight College, Sarah Mahurin, Ph.D.Jonathan Edwards College, Christina Ferando, Ph.D.Benjamin Franklin College, Jessie Royce Hill, M.S.Grace Hopper College, David Francis, Ph.D.Morse College, Angela Gleason, Ph.D.Pauli Murray College, Alexander Rosas, J.D., Ph.D.Pierson College, Riché Barnes, Ph.D.Saybrook College, Ferentz Lafargue, Ph.D.Silliman College, Leanna Barlow, Ph.D.Ezra Stiles College, Nilakshi Parndigamage, J.D.Trumbull College, Surjit Chandhoke, Ph.D.

Admissions and Financial Aid OfficersJeremiah Quinlan, M.B.A., Dean of Undergraduate AdmissionsMargit A. Dahl, B.A., Director of Undergraduate AdmissionsScott Wallace-Juedes, B.A., Director of Undergraduate Financial AidCaesar Storlazzi, M.M., University Director of Financial AidKerry Worsencro, B.S., Deputy University Director of Financial Aid

Final Examination Schedules 15

Final Examination Schedules

Rules governing the conduct of final examinations are given in Academic Regulations,section G, Reading Period and Final Examination Period.

An examination group number is assigned to every course. Examination groupassignments are based on course meeting times, according to the following scheme.Hours shown are the times at which courses begin:

(31) M, W, or F, 8:20 a.m.

(32) M, W, or F, 9 or 9:25 a.m. (22) T or Th, 9 or 9:25 a.m.

(33) M, W, or F, 10:30 a.m. (23) T or Th, 10:30 a.m.

(34) M, W, or F, 11:35 a.m. (24) T or Th, 11:35 a.m.

(36) M, W, or F, 1 or 1:30 p.m. (26) T or Th, 1 or 1:30 p.m.

(37) M, W, or F, aer 2 p.m. (27) T or Th, aer 2 p.m.

Note: With the exception of courses assigned to common examination groups, a changein class meeting time will alter the examination time.

Courses with multiple sections but a common examination are assigned to anexamination group from (61) to (69). Typical assignments include (but are notlimited to): (61) foreign languages; (63) introductory-level English; (64) introductoryeconomics; (65) physics; (69) introductory mathematics.

The examination group (50) is assigned to courses whose times are published HTBA,or whose times belong to more than one of the groups listed above.

Courses in group (0) usually have no regular final examination, concluding insteadwith a term essay or other final exercise. Instructors of such courses may schedule aregular final examination based on the course starting time.

Final examination dates and times for 2019–2020 are:

Fall 9 a.m. 2 p.m. 7 p.m. Spring 9 a.m. 2 p.m. 7 p.m.

12 Dec. Th (23) 30 April Th (63)

13 Dec. F (63) (61) 1 May F (61) (33)

14 Dec. Sa (31) (26) (22) 2 May Sa (69) (31) (65)

15 Dec. Su (33) (69) 3 May Su (34) (36)

16 Dec. M (37) (34) (64) 4 May M (23) (27) (37)

17 Dec. Tu (27) (36) (32) 5 May Tu (32) (24) (64)

18 Dec. W (65) (24) 6 May W (22) (26)

A student who in a given term elects two courses with the same examination groupnumber will be charged $35 for a makeup examination. (See Academic Regulations,section H, Completion of Course Work, “Postponement of Final Examinations.”)


Subject Abbreviations

ACCT AccountingAFAM African American StudiesAFST African StudiesAKKD AkkadianAMST American StudiesAMTH Applied MathematicsANTH AnthropologyAPHY Applied PhysicsARBC ArabicARCG Archaeological StudiesARCH ArchitectureARMN ArmenianART ArtASL American Sign LanguageASTR AstronomyBENG Biomedical EngineeringBIOL BiologyBNGL BengaliBRST British StudiesBURM BurmeseCENG Chemical EngineeringCGSC Cognitive ScienceCHEM ChemistryCHLD Child Study CenterCHNS ChineseCLCV Classical CivilizationCLSS ClassicsCPAR Computing and the ArtsCPSC Computer ScienceCSEC Computer Science and EconomicsCZEC CzechDEVN DeVane Lecture CourseDRST Directed StudiesDUTC DutchEALL East Asian Languages and

LiteraturesEAST East Asian StudiesECON EconomicsEDST Education StudiesE&EB Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyEENG Electrical EngineeringEGYP EgyptianENAS Engineering and Applied ScienceENGL English Language and LiteratureENRG Energy StudiesENVE Environmental EngineeringEP&E Ethics, Politics, and Economics

ER&M Ethnicity, Race, and MigrationEVST Environmental StudiesF&ES Forestry & Environmental StudiesFILM Film and Media StudiesFNSH FinnishFREN FrenchG&G Geology and GeophysicsGLBL Global AffairsGMAN Germanic Languages and

LiteraturesGREK Ancient GreekHEBR HebrewHGRN HungarianHIST HistoryHLTH Global Health StudiesHMRT Human RightsHNDI HindiHSAR History of ArtHSHM History of Science, Medicine, and

Public HealthHUMS HumanitiesINDN IndonesianITAL ItalianJAPN JapaneseJDST Judaic StudiesKHMR KhmerKREN KoreanLAST Latin American StudiesLATN LatinLING LinguisticsLITR LiteratureMATH MathematicsMB&B Molecular Biophysics and

BiochemistryMCDB Molecular, Cellular, and

Developmental BiologyMENG Mechanical EngineeringMGRK Modern GreekMMES Modern Middle East StudiesMTBT Modern TibetanMUSI MusicNAVY Naval ScienceNELC Near Eastern Languages and

CivilizationsNSCI NeurosciencePERS PersianPHIL Philosophy

Subject Abbreviations 17

PHYS PhysicsPLSC Political SciencePLSH PolishPNJB PunjabiPORT PortuguesePSYC PsychologyRLST Religious StudiesROMN RomanianRSEE Russian and East European StudiesRUSS RussianS&DS Statistics and Data ScienceSAST South Asian StudiesSBCR Bosnian-Croatian-SerbianSCIE ScienceSKRT SanskritSLAV Slavic Languages and LiteraturesSNHL SinhalaSOCY SociologySPAN SpanishSPEC Special Divisional MajorSTCY Study of the CitySWAH KiswahiliTAML TamilTBTN Classical TibetanTHST Theater StudiesTKSH TurkishTWI TwiUKRN UkrainianURBN Urban StudiesUSAF Aerospace StudiesVIET VietnameseWGSS Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality

StudiesWLOF WolofYORU YorùbáZULU isiZulu


A Message from the Dean ofYale College

We officially call this publication Yale College Programs of Study, but generations ofstudents and faculty have known it simply as the blue book. A compendium of roughly2,000 courses to be offered in Yale College in 2019–2020, the blue book is a resource touse. Bookmark pages you wish to return to; browse the subjects that you find yourselfcalled to. Let the blue book be your key to the renowned faculty at Yale, through whosecourses you will develop the intellectual knowledge, skills, and sense of citizenship thatwill serve you all the days of your lives.

Of course, a listing of individual courses does not constitute an education. To helpshape that education, we offer you the counsel of faculty and deans and the guidingprinciples of our distributional requirements, but in the end we are counting on youto explore your old passions and new interests in ways that will lead you to becomecultivated citizens of the world. Our expectation is that when you leave Yale, you willnot only have acquired a trained mind, broadened knowledge, and a greater sense ofcitizenship; you also will have come to a deeper understanding of the continuing joy ofdisciplined learning.

We hope that the blue book will stir you to consider courses of study that you had neverbefore imagined and lead you deeper into intellectual worlds you already have explored.It represents the heart and soul of what the Yale faculty holds in promise for you. Itcomes to you with our best wishes for a successful year.

Marvin M. Chun, Ph.D.Dean of Yale CollegeRichard M. Colgate Professor of Psychology; Neuroscience; Cognitive Science

I. Yale College 19

I. Yale College

The Undergraduate CurriculumYale College, founded in 1701, is a coeducational undergraduate institution offeringinstruction in the liberal arts and sciences to about 5,800 students. The College is theoldest and the largest school of the University, which also comprises the GraduateSchool of Arts and Sciences and ten professional schools.

Yale College offers a liberal arts education, one that aims to cultivate a broadlyinformed, highly disciplined intellect without specifying in advance how that intellectwill be used. Such an approach to learning regards college as a phase of exploration, aplace for the exercise of curiosity, and an opportunity for the discovery of new interestsand abilities. The College does not seek primarily to train students in the particularsof a given career, although some students may elect to receive more of that preparationthan others. Instead, its main goal is to instill knowledge and skills that students canbring to bear in whatever work they eventually choose. This philosophy of educationcorresponds with that expressed in the Yale Report of 1828, which draws a distinctionbetween “expanding [the mind’s] powers, and storing it with knowledge.” Acquiringfacts is important, but learning how to think critically and creatively in a variety of waystakes precedence.

To ensure that study is neither too narrowly focused nor too diffuse, the Collegestands behind the principle of distribution of studies as strongly as it supports theprinciple of concentration. It requires that study be characterized, particularly in theearlier years, by a reasonable diversity of subject matter and approach, and in the lateryears, by concentration in one of the major programs or departments. In addition,the College requires that all students take courses that develop certain foundationalskills—writing, quantitative reasoning, and foreign language—that hold the key toopportunities in later study and later life. People who fail to develop these skills at anearly stage unknowingly limit their futures. In each skill, students are required to travelsome further distance from where they were in high school so that each competencematures and deepens. The best high school writer is still not the writer he or she couldbe; students who do not use their quantitative or foreign language skills in collegecommonly lose abilities they once had and can graduate knowing less than when theyarrived.

In a time of increasing globalization, both academic study of the international worldand firsthand experience of foreign cultures are crucial. No Yale College student canafford to remain ignorant of the forces that shape our world. Yale College urges all of itsstudents to consider a summer, a term, or a year abroad sometime during their collegecareers.

A student working toward a bachelor’s degree takes four or five courses each termand normally receives the B.A. or B.S. degree aer completing thirty-six term coursesor their equivalent in eight terms of enrollment. To balance structure with latitudeand to achieve a balance of breadth and depth, a candidate for the bachelor’s degree


is required, in completing the thirty-six term courses, to fulfill the distributionalrequirements described in this bulletin, as well as the requirements of a major program.

Distributional RequirementsThe distributional requirements described below are intended to insure that allgraduates of Yale College have an acquaintance with a broad variety of fields ofinquiry and approaches to knowledge. These requirements are the only specific ruleslimiting the selection of courses outside a student’s major program. By themselves, thedistributional requirements constitute a minimal education, not a complete one. Theyare to be embraced as starting points, not goals.

Distributional Requirements for the Bachelor’sDegreeStudents must fulfill disciplinary area requirements by taking no fewer than two coursecredits in the humanities and arts, two in the sciences, and two in the social sciences.Students must also fulfill skills requirements by taking at least two course credits inquantitative reasoning, two course credits in writing, and courses to further theirforeign language proficiency. Depending on their level of accomplishment in foreignlanguages at matriculation, students may fulfill this last requirement with one, two, orthree courses or by certain combinations of course work and approved study abroad.

Area requirement in the humanities and arts (two course credits) Study of thehumanities and arts—those subjects that explore how we chronicle and interpret theexpression of human experience—cultivates an appreciation of the past and enrichesour capacity to participate in the life of our times. By engaging other cultures andcivilizations, both ancient and modern, students gain insight into the experiencesof others while also obtaining an opportunity to critically examine their own.Through the study and practice of the arts, students analyze, create, and performworks allowing them to explore or experience firsthand the joy and discipline ofartistic expression. Rigorous and systematic study of the humanities and the artsfosters tolerance for ambiguity and sophisticated analytic skills that provide essentialpreparation for careers in most areas of contemporary life. But independently of anyspecific application, study of these subjects teaches understanding and delight in thehighest achievements of humanity.

Area requirement in the sciences (two course credits) Science is the study ofthe principles of the physical and the natural world through observation andexperimentation. The theoretical inquiry, experimental analysis, and firsthand problemsolving inextricably linked to scientific inquiry give rise to new modes of thought.Acquiring a broad view of what science is, what it has achieved, and what it mightcontinue to achieve is an essential component of a college education. Close study ofa science develops critical faculties that educated citizens need to evaluate naturalphenomena and the opinions of experts, and to make, understand, and evaluatearguments about them. Scientific literacy teaches students to appreciate the beauty ofthe natural and physical worlds oen hidden from casual observation but which, oncerevealed, lend richness to everyday life.

Area requirement in the social sciences (two course credits) Broadly conceived,the social sciences study human social behavior and networks using a variety of

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methodologies and both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The disciplines in thesocial sciences teach us about who we are as social beings and help us appreciate theperspective of the other as well as the particularities of society. Methods in the socialsciences test for connections between the familiar and the foreign, the traditionaland the contemporary, the individual and the group, the predicted result and theanomalous outcome. Their theories propose explanations for the entire range of humanphenomena. Study of the social sciences prepares students for lives of civic engagementand develops a nuanced sense of the world around them.

Skills requirement in foreign language (at least one course, depending onpreparation) The study of languages has long been one of the distinctive and definingfeatures of a liberal arts education and, in the world of the twenty-first century,knowledge of more than one language is increasingly important. The benefits oflanguage study include enhanced understanding of how languages work, oenresulting in heightened sophistication in the use of one’s own language; unmediatedaccess to texts otherwise available only in translation, or not at all; and the ability torecognize and cross cultural barriers.

All Yale College students are required to engage in study of a foreign language,regardless of the level of proficiency at the time of matriculation. Depending ontheir preparation, students take one, two, or three terms of foreign language studyto fulfill the distributional requirement. Students may complete an approved studyabroad program in lieu of intermediate or advanced language study at Yale. Detailsof the foreign language distributional requirement are listed under DistributionalRequirements in the Academic Regulations.

Skills requirement in quantitative reasoning (two course credits) The applicationof quantitative methods are critical to many different disciplines. Mathematics andstatistics are basic tools for the natural and the social sciences, and are useful in manyof the humanities as well. Information technology and the rigorous dissection of logicalarguments in any discipline depend on algorithms and formal logical constructs. Aneducated person must be able to use quantitative information to make, understand, andevaluate arguments.

Many quantitative reasoning courses are taught through the departments ofMathematics, Statistics and Data Science, Computer Science, Economics, and theacademic programs in engineering. Quantitative reasoning courses may also be foundin a range of other programs.

Skills requirement in writing (two course credits) The ability to write well is one ofthe hallmarks of a liberally educated person and is indispensable to advanced researchin most disciplines. As students strengthen their writing skills, they develop intellectualpractices that distinguish active from passive learners.

The English department in particular offers many courses that focus on writingclearly and cogently, and courses in other departments stress writing skills within thecontext of their disciplines. Hundreds of courses, spanning most academic programs,give special attention to writing. Such courses, designated WR, do not necessarilyrequire more writing than other courses; rather, they provide more help with writingassignments. Some characteristics of WR courses include writing to discover ideas,learning from model essays, detailed feedback, and reviewing writing in small groups.


Note that credit toward the writing requirement cannot be earned in courses in creativewriting (specifically poetry, fiction, and playwriting) nor in courses conducted in alanguage other than English.

Major ProgramsAll candidates for a bachelor’s degree in Yale College must elect a major program. Therequirements for a major are described in general terms in the sections below, and inmore detail under Subjects of Instruction. Students should acquaint themselves fullywith all the requirements of the major they plan to enter, considering not only thechoice of courses in the current term but also the plan of their entire work in the lasttwo or three years in college. Advising in the major is available in the departmentsby the director of undergraduate studies (DUS) or the DUS’s designee, and studentsshould plan a schedule of courses in their major in consultation with them. In addition,aer a student has declared a major, the DUS or the DUS’s designee is normally theperson who signs the student’s course schedule.

Students seeking the B.S. or the B.A. degree with a major in science or engineering areexpected to declare their majors at the beginning of sophomore year, although a studentwho has completed the prerequisites may elect a science major later. Sophomoresinterested in majoring in science or engineering should discuss their major course ofstudies with the director of undergraduate studies or the adviser designated by thedepartment. Students seeking the B.A. degree with a major in a field other than scienceor engineering typically declare their major by the end of the sophomore year andshould do so no later than the beginning of the junior year. In the sophomore year,these students’ schedules are signed by their college adviser, chosen by the student,with whom the program has been discussed.

Selection of a MajorIn designing a program of study, the student ought to plan for depth of concentrationas well as breadth of scope. To study a subject in depth can be one of the mostrewarding and energizing of human experiences and can form the basis of the interestsand occupations of a lifetime. Knowledge advances by specialization, and one can gainsome of the excitement of discovery by pressing toward the outer limits of what isknown in a particular field. Intense study of a seemingly narrow area of investigationmay disclose ramifications and connections that alter perspectives on other subjects.Such study also sharpens judgment and acquaints a person with processes by whichnew truths can be found.

In order to gain exposure to this kind of experience, students must elect and completea major, that is, the subject in which they will work more intensively than in any other.Yale College offers more than eighty possible majors. The department or programconcerned sets the requirements for each major, which are detailed under Subjects ofInstruction.

Some students will have made a tentative choice of a major before entering college.Others will have settled on a general area—for example, the natural sciences or thehumanities—without being certain of the specific department or program of theirmajor. Still others will be completely undecided. Many students who arrive with theirminds made up change them aer a year or two. Even students who feel certain of their

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choices should keep open the possibility of a change. In selecting courses during theirfirst two years, students should bear in mind not only the distributional requirements,but also the need for some exploration of the subjects to which they feel drawn.

The Major (B.A. or B.S.)A major program usually includes at least twelve term courses in the same area,progressing from introductory to advanced work, which become the focus of astudent’s program in the junior and senior years. Majors are offered by departments,interdepartmental programs, or interdisciplinary programs. In many departments andprograms, a limited number of courses in related fields may be offered in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the major. Many majors have prerequisites, usually taken in thefirst year or sophomore year.

In all majors, the student must satisfy a senior requirement, usually a senior essay,senior project, or senior departmental examination. In an intensive major, the studentmust fulfill additional requirements, such as taking a prescribed seminar, tutorial, orgraduate course, or completing some other project in the senior year.

Special Divisional MajorsA Special Divisional Major affords an alternative for the student whose academicinterests cannot be met within one of the existing major programs. Such students may,with the approval of the Committee on Honors and Academic Standing, design specialmajors of their own in consultation with members of the faculty and in accordance withthe procedures outlined under Subjects of Instruction. A Special Divisional Major maynot be offered as one of two majors.

Multidisciplinary Academic ProgramsMultidisciplinary Academic Programs provide opportunities for Yale College studentsto examine pressing social challenges from a variety of disciplinary perspectives amonga community of students and faculty who have shared interests. Students from anymajor can apply to these programs, and faculty from across the University participatein them. Each program focuses centrally on a distinct and different set of issues, butthey all share common features, including a core curriculum—beginning with a gatewaycourse and culminating in a senior capstone project—and opportunities for practicalexperience that allow students to combine theory and practice, applying what they havelearned in the classroom and in their research.

Education StudiesThe Education Studies program comprises an interdisciplinary cohort of scholars whoare interested in education practice, policy, and/or research. Each scholar completeselectives within the Education Studies curriculum, a summer or academic-year fieldexperience, and a senior capstone seminar and thesis-equivalent project. EducationStudies Scholars also explore educational topics through symposia led by Yale facultyand advising relationships with mentors. Students may apply to the Education StudiesUndergraduate Scholars program in their sophomore year. The prerequisite forapplying is EDST 110. For more information, see the program website.


Energy StudiesThe Energy Studies multidisciplinary academic program is designed to provide selectundergraduates with the broad knowledge and skills needed for advanced studies,leadership, and success in energy-related fields. The curriculum is divided in threetracks—Energy Science and Technology, Energy and the Environment, and Energy andSociety—and requires the completion of six graded term courses covering the threetracks, plus a senior capstone project. Admission to the Energy Studies UndergraduateScholars program is by application in the fall term of sophomore year. For moreinformation, see the program website.

Global Health StudiesThe Global Health Studies program is designed for students interested in critically andanalytically engaging in global health. The program supports students in developingand balancing an appreciation for biomedical and technical issues related to diseases,and their treatment and prevention, with an understanding of the historical, social,economic, and political concerns that are implicated in how health is determined andexperienced in the twenty-first century. Although most courses in global health areopen to all undergraduates, students desiring greater depth in the field are encouragedto apply to become a Global Health Scholar, typically in the fall of their sophomoreyear. Students in the program complete an interdisciplinary course of study thatincludes required and elective course work across different global health competencyareas. Moreover, in the summer aer junior year, Global Health Scholars pursue anexperiential learning project (e.g., internships with NGOs, archival research, field-based research with faculty, etc.), for which they can receive support in the formof designated funding and mentorship from a global health adviser. During theirsenior year, students enroll in a colloquium course in which they develop a capstoneproject that meaningfully integrates their experiential learning project with other skillsand knowledge acquired through the GHS Program. For more information, see theprogram website.

Human Rights StudiesThe Human Rights Studies program seeks to equip students with an academicfoundation from which to engage meaningfully with human rights scholarship andpractice. The program is based on an understanding that human rights constitutesa rich and interdisciplinary field of study, drawing on bodies of work in history,literature, economics, political science, philosophy, anthropology, law, and area studies.The program provides students with relevant analytical, conceptual, and practical skills;connects students to affiliated faculty and peers; supports student research projects andinternship opportunities; and offers career guidance in the field. Students interestedin admission to the Human Rights Studies program must apply in the fall semester oftheir sophomore year. For more information, see the program website.

International ExperienceExperience abroad is an invaluable complement to academic training. Such experiencemay include course work at foreign universities, intensive language training, directedresearch, independent projects, internships, laboratory work, and volunteer service.Yale College provides a variety of international opportunities during term time,

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summers, and post-graduation, as well as a large and growing number of fellowshipsto support students abroad, all of which augment students’ education in a globalizingworld. Students can visit the Center for International and Professional Experience toexplore options for study abroad, search for international internships and careers, andseek funding for study, research, and work experiences off campus. Summer coursesabroad are offered by Yale Summer Session. Students can also apply to receive transfercredit from eligible outside summer study abroad programs. To learn more, visit theStudy Abroad website. Students receiving financial aid may be eligible for summerfunding through the International Summer Award (ISA) program.

Year or Term AbroadIn recognition of the special value of formal study abroad, Yale College allows juniorsand second-term sophomores to earn a full year or term of credit toward the bachelor’sdegree through the Year or Term Abroad program. Participation in the programprovides students the opportunity to approach academic study through a differentcultural perspective. Students apply to the Yale College Committee on the Year orTerm Abroad for approval of a program of study abroad. The pertinent applicationprocedures and regulations are listed under Special Arrangements in the AcademicRegulations. Additional information is available from the Study Abroad office.

Yale in LondonThe Yale in London program offers spring-term courses in British art and cultureat the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, located in central London. Theprogram is open to undergraduates, carries full Yale course credit, and counts as aterm of enrollment. Instruction is designed to take advantage of the cultural resourcesof London and its environs, with regular field trips (including overnight stays) tomuseums, historic houses, and other sites of interest. Accommodations are providedfor students in shared apartments. Further information is available on the programwebsite, or from the Yale in London office at the Yale Center for British Art, or by emailto [email protected].

Yale in London Summer ProgramYale in London offers two overlapping summer sessions at the Paul Mellon Centrefor Studies in British Art in central London, each lasting six weeks. There are twocourses in each session, which vary from year to year and cover topics in humanitiesand social sciences, including history, history of art, architecture, sociology, literature,and drama. The courses are open to undergraduates and carry full Yale course credit,although enrollment in a Yale in London summer session does not count as a termof enrollment in Yale College. As with the spring program, the summer sessions takeadvantage of the cultural resources of London and its environs, and include overnightfield trips. Accommodations are provided. Course descriptions and further informationare available on the program website, or from the Yale in London office at the YaleCenter for British Art, or by email to [email protected].

The MacMillan CenterThe Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yaleis the University’s focal point for promoting teaching and research on all aspectsof international affairs, societies, and cultures around the world. It brings together


scholars from relevant schools and departments to provide comparative and problem-oriented teaching and research on regional, international, and global issues. TheMacMillan Center oversees six undergraduate majors: African Studies, East AsianStudies, Latin American Studies, Modern Middle East Studies, Russian and EastEuropean Studies, and South Asian Studies. Language training is integral to each of themajors.

Further information about the MacMillan Center is available on the Yale MacMillanCenter website.

Jackson Institute for Global AffairsThe Jackson Institute’s mission is to inspire and prepare Yale students for globalcitizenship and service. The Institute administers the undergraduate major in GlobalAffairs and offers a number of courses that are open to students in Yale College,including GLBL 101, Gateway to Global Affairs. The Institute also administers severalundergraduate fellowship competitions available to any Yale College student wishingto conduct independent research abroad, language study, or an internship related tointernational affairs.

Each year the Jackson Institute hosts Senior Fellows, leading practitioners and expertsin global affairs who teach courses, give public lectures, and are available to consultwith students on their career plans. The Jackson Institute’s career services office servesas a resource for Yale College students contemplating careers in public service and otherareas of global affairs. For further information, consult the Institute website.

Yale Summer SessionYale Summer Session offers courses in the arts, engineering, humanities, mathematics,biological and physical sciences, and the social sciences. While most Summer Sessioncourses are offered on campus in New Haven, an increasing number are offered online,and several others are offered as part of programs abroad. Courses in Summer Sessionare equivalent in credit and satisfy the same distributional requirements as theiracademic year counterparts, but are offered in a more concentrated and intensive form.Yale College students receive credit in Yale College for work successfully completed inYale Summer Session. There are no auditing privileges in Yale Summer Session. Furtherinformation is available from the Yale Summer Session office or on the Summer Sessionwebsite.

Advising and Academic ResourcesAdvisingWhat students ultimately take away from their four years at Yale largely depends onthe careful planning they apply to their programs of study. It would be premature—and unrealistic—for beginning students to map out a fixed schedule of courses for thesubsequent four years, yet it is advisable that they think ahead and make plans for theterms to come. There will be time and opportunity for students to revise such plans astheir academic ideas develop.

Yale College does not prescribe a set program of study, in the belief that students whoselect their own courses are inevitably more engaged with them. As students shape

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their educational goals, it is important that they seek informed advice. For incomingstudents who have not yet developed relationships with academic advisers on campus,Yale College furnishes a constellation of advising linked to the residential colleges.As students progress in their studies, usually by sophomore year, they select as theiradviser a member of the faculty in an intended or potential major to guide their courseselection.

In addition to these advisers, students oen seek advice about academic matters,internship and research opportunities, student life, study abroad, and post-graduationoptions from other offices on campus, including the Center for International andProfessional Experience, the Health Professions Advisory Program, the Office of CareerStrategy, the University Libraries, the Yale College Dean’s Office, and the culturalcenters.

Residential CollegesThere are fourteen residential colleges: Berkeley, Branford, Davenport, TimothyDwight, Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin, Grace Hopper, Morse, Pauli Murray,Pierson, Saybrook, Silliman, Ezra Stiles, and Trumbull. Leading each one is a residenthead of college; and in each college a resident dean advises students on both academicand nonacademic matters. Associated with the head and the dean as fellows of thecollege are about fiy additional members of the University drawn from differentdepartments and schools, many of whom serve as advisers to first-year students in thecollege. In addition, a group of seniors in each residential college, known as first-yearcounselors, serve as peer advisers to first-year students. Additional information aboutadvising resources in the residential colleges can be found on each college website andthe Advising Resources website.

Academic DepartmentsIn each academic department and for every undergraduate major, a director ofundergraduate studies (DUS) oversees the curriculum, placement matters, and advisingresources for the major. In small majors, the DUS also typically serves as the primaryadviser for all students in the major; in large majors, other members of the facultyoen assist the DUS in providing advice for students. Much information about courseplacement and prerequisites, as well as requirements for each major, can be foundin Chapter III. Additional information about advising resources and faculty in adepartment or program can be found on the relevant department website.

Academic Resources

Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and LearningThe Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning (The Poorvu Center) providesan array of teaching, tutoring, writing, and technology-enabled learning programsdistributed across the University. The Center supports student learning and providesopportunities for students to develop as teachers, mentors, and leaders. Additionally,the Center houses the Academic Strategies program, which provides information,workshops, and individual mentoring to Yale College students on the skills centralto active, empowered learning. More information is available on the Poorvu Centerwebsite.


Writing tutors and writing partners

The Yale Poorvu Center provides several ways for students to get help with writing.The most important of these is the presence of a writing tutor in each residentialcollege. Tutors meet with students on a one-to-one basis to discuss rough dras ofwork in progress, research techniques, revision strategies, or other matters relevant toeffective writing. Tutors can help with any writing project: senior essays, course papers,graduate school and fellowship applications, or anything intended for publication.The Writing Partners, another resource, are undergraduate and graduate studentswho offer drop-in help to students at any stage of writing. Finally, the Poorvu Centerwebsite offers information on using sources effectively and avoiding plagiarism.

Science and Quantitative Reasoning Tutors

Tutoring programs for science (SC) and quantitative reasoning (QR) courses areoffered through the Poorvu Center. The Poorvu Center provides quantitative reasoningand science tutoring for every field in Yale College. Many courses provide their ownCourse-Based Peer Tutors (CBPTs) who can help students as they work on problemsets or study for exams, and who can review returned assignments. Information aboutCBPTs is available on the course syllabus and Canvas website. If a particular coursedoes not have a CBPT, or if a student requires more help, the Residential College Math/Science tutors offer drop-in hours during which any science or quantitative reasoningtopic can be addressed. Finally, students who need more individual attention can applyfor small-group tutoring. More information on all of these programs can be found atthe Poorvu Center website.

Center for Language StudyThe Center for Language Study (CLS), provides resources for students of foreignlanguages and for language courses. The CLS also provides support for nonnativespeakers of English through its English Language Program. For undergraduatesenrolled in a foreign language course, the CLS offers peer tutoring in the targetlanguage. For students in Yale College and in the graduate and professional schools,the CLS offers specialized language programs such as Directed Independent LanguageStudy (DILS) for the study of languages not taught at Yale, and the Fields program fordiscipline-specific language study at advanced levels. For professional school students,the CLS offers courses in language for special purposes, such as Spanish or Chinesefor medical professionals. All language learners at Yale have access to CLS facilities,including its study rooms, distance facilities, and flexible learning spaces. For moreinformation, including hours, a list of resources, and information about Yale’s foreignlanguage requirement and placement testing, see the Center website.

Resource Office on DisabilitiesTo ensure that all students have an equal opportunity to make the most of theirYale education, the Resource Office on Disabilities (ROD) facilitates individualaccommodations for students with disabilities and works to remove physical andattitudinal barriers to their full participation in the University community. The ROD also provides information to any member of the Yale community. Services include,but are not limited to, classroom and academic accommodations, visual materialsin alternative formats, and loans of special equipment. The required first step for astudent with a disability is to contact the Resource Office on Disabilities to initiate the

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process of obtaining disability-related accommodations. Registration with the ROD isconfidential.

Generally, a student requiring academic accommodations needs to let the ROD knowat the start of each term. Students should complete this step as soon as their scheduleis known. At any time during a term, students with a newly diagnosed disability orrecently sustained injury requiring accommodations should contact the ROD. Moreinformation can be found on the ROD website, including instructions for requesting orrenewing accommodations. You can also reach us by phone at 432-2324.

Special ProgramsDirected StudiesDirected Studies (DS), a selective program for first-year students, is an interdisciplinaryintroduction to influential texts that have shaped Western civilization, spanning fromancient Greece to the twentieth century. Consisting of three integrated full-year coursesin literature, philosophy, and historical and political thought, Directed Studies providesa coherent program of study that encourages students to put rich and complex textsinto conversation with one another across time and disciplinary boundaries. From dayone to the end of their first year, students in Directed Studies engage in critical thinkingthrough learning to analyze challenging and urgent texts, participate meaningfully inseminar discussions, and write clear and persuasive analytic essays. Directed Studieshas no prerequisites and provides a strong foundation for any major. Approximatelyten-percent of the first-year class is admitted each year to the program, which alsosatisfies Yale College distribution requirements in Humanities and Arts (HU), SocialSciences (SO), and Writing (WR). Students entering the program must enroll in allthree courses and are expected to enroll for both semesters. Students participating inDS become members of a close-knit and supportive intellectual cohort that endureswell beyond the end of the first year. Additional information is available on the programwebsite.

The DeVane LecturesThe DeVane Lectures are a special series of lectures that are open to the generalpublic as well as to students and to other members of the Yale community. They wereestablished in 1969 in honor of William Clyde DeVane, Dean of Yale College from 1939to 1963. Details of the course are listed under DeVane Lecture Course in Subjects ofInstruction. Supplementary meetings will be held for those students taking the lecturesfor credit.

First-year Seminar ProgramThe First-Year Seminar program offers a diverse array of courses open only to first-year students and designed with first-year students in mind. Enrollment in seminarsis limited to fieen or eighteen students, depending on the nature of the course. Mostseminars meet twice each week and do not, unless otherwise noted, presume anyprior experience in the field. Roughly eighty first-year seminars across a wide range ofsubjects are offered every year, in both fall and spring terms. Students must apply forthese seminars before the beginning of each term. A description of the program andapplication procedures can be viewed on the program website.


Francis Writer-in-ResidenceThe Francis Writer-in-Residence in Yale College is a distinguished writer of nonfictionwho teaches either one or two courses each academic year. He or she is actively engagedwith undergraduate life and serves as an academic mentor through seminars, readings,meetings with students, and other activities. The Francis Writer-in-Residence for2019–2020 is Anne Fadiman.

Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC)Yale hosts both Naval and Air Force ROTC units, which offer qualified Yale Collegestudents an opportunity to pursue their regular Yale degrees while also preparing forleadership positions in the United States Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps. Regardlessof financial need, participating students may receive significant help in meeting thecosts of a Yale education. Further information about the Air Force ROTC programcan be found on the Yale AFROTC website or under Aerospace Studies in Subjectsof Instruction. Further information about the Naval ROTC program (includingthe Marine Corps program) can be found on the Yale NROTC website or underNaval Science in Subjects of Instruction. Students not matriculated at Yale who areparticipating in the Air Force ROTC program as part of a cross-town arrangement aresubject to Yale College’s Undergraduate Regulations.

Residential College SeminarsThe Residential College Seminar program, instituted in 1968, is devoted to thedevelopment of innovative courses that fall outside traditional departmental structures.The instructors for the seminar program are drawn from the University communityand from the region, including individuals outside academic life such as writers, artists,participants in government and the public sector, and experts from the arts and themedia. The college seminar program encourages innovative courses, and studentcommittees in the residential colleges play a significant role in selecting seminars, butall courses in the program must satisfy standard requirements for academic credit inYale College and must be approved by the relevant faculty committees that oversee thecurriculum. Each residential college sponsors at least one seminar each term. Additionalseminars are occasionally sponsored directly by the program and are equally open tostudents from all residential colleges. Descriptions of the seminars are found on theprogram website.

Rosenkranz Writer-in-ResidenceThe Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence in Yale College is a distinguished professionalwriter, chosen from fiction writers, playwrights, critics, journalists, screenwriters,essayists, poets, and social commentators. Both as a fellow of a residential college andas an instructor of one or two courses in each academic year, the Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence meets formally and informally with students through classes and throughreadings and extracurricular activities. The Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence for 2019–2020 is Louise Glück.

Studies in Grand StrategyStudies in Grand Strategy is a two-semester, calendar-year interdisciplinary seminar.The class investigates methods and materials for teaching and understanding grandstrategy as a historical concept and as an active approach to geopolitics, statecra, and

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social change. Each course, worth one credit, emphasizes connections between historyand strategy, scholarship and real-world practice, leadership and citizenship. The two-term seminar aims to educate students intending to pursue careers in a wide varietyof fields and is part of the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy. Additionalinformation can be found on the program website.

Yale Journalism InitiativeThe Yale Journalism Initiative brings a distinguished writer to campus each semesterto teach an advanced journalism seminar, ENGL 467. The seminar is open toundergraduates and select graduate and professional students; application is requiredthrough the English department’s selection process for creative writing classes. Studentswho complete the seminar may apply to become a Yale Journalism Scholar, a distinctionthat provides access to summer support for internships, career counseling with ajournalism specialist, and invitations to meet professional journalists at events both onand off campus. For more information on the initiative or on becoming a JournalismScholar, see the Journalism Initiative website.

HonorsGeneral HonorsThe bachelor’s degree cum laude, magna cum laude, or summa cum laude is awarded atgraduation on the basis of a student’s general performance in courses taken at Yale. AtCommencement, General Honors are awarded to no more than 30 percent of the class.The bachelor’s degree is awarded summa cum laude to no more than the top 5 percentof the graduating class, magna cum laude to no more than the next 10 percent of thegraduating class, cum laude to no more than the next 15 percent of the graduating class.Eligibility for General Honors is based on the grade point average (GPA) earned incourses taken only at Yale, with letter grades carrying the following values:

A 4.00 B– 2.67 D+ 1.33

A– 3.67 C+ 2.33 D 1.00

B+ 3.33 C 2.00 D– 0.67

B 3.00 C– 1.67 F 0.00

Marks of CR in courses taken on a Credit/D/Fail basis are not included in thecalculation of grade point averages. Marks of W, for Withdrawal, carry no course credit,and do not figure in a grade point average.

Distinction in the MajorDistinction in the Major is conferred at graduation on any senior who, on nominationby the student’s department or program, and with the concurrence of the Committeeon Honors and Academic Standing, merits such an award for the quality of workcompleted in the major subject.

Distinction is awarded to students who have earned grades of A or A– in three-quartersof the credits in the major subject or program and who have earned a grade of A or A–on the senior departmental examination, senior essay, or senior project. All coursestaken for the major are included in these calculations for Distinction in the Major.Grades of F and marks of CR in courses taken Credit/D/Fail are included as non-A


grades. Marks of W, for Withdrawal, which carry no course credit, and marks of P, forPass, do not figure in the calculation for Distinction.

Phi Beta KappaElection to Phi Beta Kappa is based on the percentage of grades of A earned at Yale. Thegrade point average (GPA) is not a factor. Marks of CR in courses taken Credit/D/Failare counted as non-A grades. Marks of P in courses that are graded only on a Pass/Failbasis, such as independent study courses, are not included in the calculations. Marksof W, for Withdrawal, carry no course credit, and do not figure in the calculation forPhi Beta Kappa. Grades earned outside Yale, including those earned during studyabroad other than at Yale in London, are also not included in the calculation. Furtherinformation about the criteria for election and about the Yale chapter can be found onthe Yale Phi Beta Kappa website.

PrizesFor a list of the numerous prizes open annually to students in Yale College, consult theYale Prizes website.

II. Academic Regulations 33

II. Academic Regulations

Academic RegulationsAs a condition of enrollment in Yale College, every student is required to comply with theacademic regulations. Students are expected to familiarize themselves with these regulations,and an assertion of ignorance of their provisions cannot be accepted as a basis for an exceptionto them. No student or group of students should expect to be warned individually to conformto any of the regulations contained in this publication. Students are advised to pay specialattention to all deadlines given in the academic regulations. Students who have questions orconcerns about these regulations should consult with their residential college dean.

A. Requirements for the B.A. or B.S. DegreeTo qualify for the bachelor’s degree, B.A. or B.S., a student must successfully completethirty-six term courses in Yale College or their equivalent. In doing so, the student mustfulfill the distributional requirements of Yale College and the requirements of a majorprogram. A student may normally complete no more than eight terms of enrollment inorder to fulfill these requirements.

During the terms that students are enrolled and in residence in Yale College, theycannot be simultaneously enrolled, either full-time or part-time, in any other school orcollege at any other institution, with the exception of other Yale University schools thatpermit currently enrolled undergraduates to be admitted to programs that have beenestablished within Yale College. Examples of such programs include the simultaneousaward of the bachelor’s and master’s degree and the five-year B.A.-B.S/M.P.H. degreeprogram in Public Health. Exceptions will also be made for Yale College students whoseparticipation in the Reserve Officers Training Corps program requires enrollment incourses offered outside of Yale.

Students enrolled in the Eli Whitney Students program should consult section M, EliWhitney Students Program.

Students who have already earned a bachelor’s degree, at Yale or at another institution,are not eligible for degree enrollment in Yale College.

Distributional RequirementsAll students in Yale College must fulfill distributional requirements in order toqualify for the bachelor’s degree. For a general introduction to the distributionalrequirements and a definition of the disciplinary areas and skills categories, refer to TheUndergraduate Curriculum.

1. Distributional requirements for the first, sophomore, and junior years Studentsmust partially fulfill the distributional requirements during the first, sophomore,and junior years in order to be eligible for promotion.

Distributional requirements for the first year Students must have enrolled forat least one course credit in two skills categories by the end of the second term ofenrollment in order to be eligible for promotion to sophomore standing. They mayelect no more than four course credits in a single department, and no more than six


course credits in a single disciplinary area, except that a student taking a laboratorycourse may elect as many as seven course credits in the sciences.

Note that credit from outside Yale may not be applied toward the distributionalrequirements for the first year; accordingly, students who are permitted by theCommittee on Honors and Academic Standing to repair a deficiency in theserequirements over the summer following their first year must do so by means ofenrollment in Yale Summer Session.

Distributional requirements for the sophomore year Students must have enrolledfor at least one course credit in each of the three disciplinary areas and for at leastone course credit in each of the three skills categories by the end of the fourth termof enrollment in order to be eligible for promotion to junior standing.

Distributional requirements for the junior year Students must have completed allof their skills requirements, and must have earned at least one course credit in eachof the three disciplinary areas, by the end of the sixth term of enrollment in order tobe eligible for promotion to senior standing.

2. Multiple distributional designations Although some courses may carry morethan one distributional designation, a single course may be applied to only onedistributional requirement. For example, if a course is designated both HU and SOit may be applied toward either the humanities and arts requirement or the socialscience requirement, but not both. Similarly, if a course is designated QR and SC, itmay be applied toward either the quantitative reasoning requirement or the sciencerequirement, but not both.

A course with multiple distributional designations, once applied toward onedistributional requirement, may subsequently be applied toward a differentdistributional requirement. During the summer aer each academic year, theUniversity Registrar’s Office optimizes the use of each student’s completed coursestoward fulfillment of the distributional requirements.

3. Foreign language distributional requirement All students are required to engagein the study of a foreign language while enrolled in Yale College. The mostcommon paths to fulfillment of the foreign language distributional requirement areillustrated in the chart at the end of this section.

Students who matriculate at Yale with no previous foreign language training mustcomplete three terms of instruction in a single foreign language. This requirementis fulfilled by the completion of courses designated L1, L2, and L3.

Students who have taken the Advanced Placement examination in French, German,Italian, Latin, or Spanish, and who present scores of 5, are recognized as havingcompleted the intermediate level of study. Scores of 6 or 7 on the InternationalBaccalaureate Advanced-Level examination are also accepted as evidence ofintermediate-level accomplishment. Students at this level fulfill the languagedistributional requirement by completing one course designated L5. Alternatively,they may successfully complete one or more courses in a different foreign languageat least through the level designated L2.

Students who have studied a foreign language before matriculating at Yale but whohave not achieved a score of 5 on the Advanced Placement test in French, German,Italian, Latin, or Spanish must take a placement test offered by the appropriate

II. Academic Regulations 35

language department or, for languages in which no departmental placement testis offered, consult the appropriate director of undergraduate studies. Dates andtimes of placement tests are given in the Calendar for the Opening Days of Collegeand on the Center for Language Study website. The departmental test determineswhether students place into the first, second, third, or fourth term of languagestudy (courses designated L1, L2, L3, or L4), or whether they qualify for languagecourses beyond the fourth term of study (L5).

Students who place into the first term of a foreign language must successfullycomplete three courses in that language, designated L1, L2, and L3.

Students who matriculate at Yale able to place into the second term of a foreignlanguage must successfully complete three courses in that language, designated L2,L3, and L4. Alternatively, they may successfully complete three courses in a differentforeign language at least through the level designated L3.

Students who matriculate at Yale able to place into the third term of a foreignlanguage must successfully complete two courses in that language, designated L3and L4. Alternatively, they may successfully complete two or more courses in adifferent foreign language at least through the level designated L3.

Students who matriculate at Yale able to place into the fourth term of a foreignlanguage must successfully complete one course in that language, designated L4.Alternatively, they may successfully complete one or more courses in a differentforeign language at least through the level designated L3.

Students who matriculate at Yale able to place into the fih term of a foreignlanguage must successfully complete one course in that language, designated L5.Alternatively, they may successfully complete one or more courses in a differentforeign language at least through the level designated L2.

Students whose secondary school transcript shows that the language of instructionwas other than English may fulfill the foreign language requirement by successfullycompleting ENGL 114, 115, 120, 121, or 450. Alternatively, students in this categorymay fulfill the requirement by successfully completing one or more courses ina third language, neither English nor the language of their secondary schoolinstruction, at least through the level designated L2.

In order to promote firsthand experience in foreign cultures and the learningof language in real-world settings, students are permitted to apply toward thesatisfaction of the foreign language requirement the completion of an approvedstudy abroad program in a foreign-language-speaking setting if they have firstcompleted or placed out of a language course designated L2. Students seeking toundertake study at another institution or program for this purpose must consultthe relevant director of undergraduate studies in advance of their proposed studyfor advice about appropriate programs and courses, and for information about theapproval process. See section P, Credit from Other Universities. Study abroad maybe used in place of L1 and L2 courses only if it is part of a Yale College program,such as Yale Summer Session. Study abroad opportunities are described in TheUndergraduate Curriculum under International Experience.

Intensive language courses provide the equivalent of a full year of instruction in asingle term. A course designated L1–L2 fulfills both the L1 and the L2 levels of the


foreign language distributional requirement. Similarly, a course designated L3–L4satisfies both the L3 and the L4 levels.

Not all of the languages offered in Yale College are offered at all levels, and it maynot be possible to fulfill the language requirement in some of them. Languagescurrently offered in Yale College are Akkadian, American Sign Language, Arabic,Bengali, Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, hieroglyphic Egyptian,French, German, ancient Greek, modern Greek, biblical Hebrew, modern Hebrew,Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, isiZulu, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Kiswahili,Korean, Latin, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit,Sinhala, Spanish, Tamil, classical Tibetan, modern Tibetan, Turkish, Ukrainian,Vietnamese

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