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Yad Vashem as a Model of Archival Migra4on and Memory
Dr. Silvia Schenkolewski-‐Kroll Department of Informa4on Science
Bar-‐Ilan University, Ramat-‐Gan, ISRAEL
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Yad Vashem • What is Yad Vashem? • Transla4on from Hebrew “Tes4mony or Eternal Memory”
• Historical • The Shoah or Holocaust period, 1933-‐1945 • Everything that happened to the Jewish people in Europe from the beginnings of the Na4onal Socialist Party in Germany, during World War II, and aXer the end of the war.
• 6,000,000 Jewish people were murdered, one third of the Jewish popula4on in the world
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Yad Vashem
• Goals
• “It must be recorded with not a single fact omi6ed . And when the 9me comes -‐ as it surely will – let the world read and know what the murderers have done”
• (From the “Oneg Shabbat Archives”)
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Yad Vashem – First Steps
• 1942 Informa4on about what was happening in Europe began to reach the Jewish community in the Land of Israel
• Commemora4ve Project for the Jews in Europe • 1946 Yad Vashem Archives • Immediately aXer the war, “Historical Commissions” (centers for documenta4on and the collec4on of tes4monies) in Munich, Warsaw , Lodz, Lublin, Paris, Bra4slava, Budapest, etc
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Yad Vashem
• Legal • 1953 Knesset (Parliament) of Israel enacted the Yad Vashem Law
• Founded Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority
• April 19th, memorial day. The day the Jewish Rebellion in the Warsaw Ghedo began
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Yad Vashem Ins4tu4on
• Archives • Museum • Library • Research Department • Editorial • Educa4on Department • Righteous Among the Na4ons Department
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Yad Vashem Archives
• Historical Documenta4on Archives • It isn’t the legal heir of any ins4tu4on or organiza4on
• It collects and copies from many administra4ve archives in Europe and throughout the world; all the material is about its principal subject: the Holocaust
• It also receives original documenta4on from many origins: personal, private, past organiza4ons
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Yad Vashem Archives
• Sec4ons in the Archives • Documenta4on • Tes4monies • Pages of Tes4mony • Photo and Film Archives
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Yad Vashem Archives
• Digital Collec4ons
• The Central Database of Shoah Vic4m’s Names • The Online Photo Archives • The Documents Archive • The Righteous Database • Yad Vashem Library • Visual Film Center Database • The Shoah Related Lists Database
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Yad Vashem Archives
• Numbers • 370 fonds in all, 120 original fonds • 170,000,000 pages of documents • 4,500,000 pages of tes4mony (7.000.000) • 110,000 tes4monies (oral history) • 214,000 photographs, 400 albums, 9,000 collec4ons
• Link to Yad Vashem Website
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http://collections.yadvashem.org/photosarchive/en-us/photos.html
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Yad Vashem -‐Changing Trends
• From a Jewish point of view of the Holocaust to a more universal view of it
• From descrip4on of and research on the Holocaust as a masse massacre of Jews to the presenta4on and descrip4on of and research on individuals’ and families’ fates in these terrible situa4ons
• Exhibi4on of the Jewish life in Europe before the Shoah
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Others Memorial Centers
• 1993 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Washington DF
• BENAS (Behind every name a story) • 1997 Museum of Jewish Heritage – New York
• 2010 EHRI European Holocaust Research Infrastructure, European Union
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Bibliography
• Reference Books • Gutman, I, (ed. in chief), The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Na9ons, YVP, 10 v. Jerusalem 2003 -‐ 2011
• Rozed, R. and Spector S. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, YVP, Jerusalem 2000
• Spector, S. and Wigoder, G. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life. Before and During the Holocaust, YVP, Jerusalem, 2001
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Bibliography – Research Studies • Almog, S., Bankier, D., Blatman, D., Ofer, D., (eds.) The
Holocaust: History and Memory, YVP, Jerusalem 2001 • Almog, S., Bankier, D., Blatman, D., Ofer, D., (eds.), The
Holocaust: The Unique and the Universal, YVP, Jerusalem 2001
• Bankier, D. and Michman, D., (eds.) Holocaust Historiography in Context, YVP, Jerusalem 2008
• Bankier, D. and Gutman,I., (eds.) Nazi Europe and the Final Solu9on, YVP , Jerusalem 2009
• Milgram, A. and Rozed, R. (eds. ) The Holocaust. Frequently Asked Ques9ons, YDP, Jerusalem 2005
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Link
• Yad Vashem -‐ Basic Search • hdp://collec4ons1.yadvashem.org/search.asp?lang=ENG&rsvr=8