y1404803790lWorksheet S St 9th Solution Term 2

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P-1

1 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–1Ans. 1. Railway. 1Ans. 2. Dutch. 1Ans. 3. Rice production. 1Ans. 4. Lading. 1Ans. 5. The Kalangs of Java were known as a community of skilled forest cutters because of

the following reasons :— (i) The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting

cultivators. (ii) They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the

6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. (iii) Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the

kings to build their palaces. 3Ans. 6. The colonial government started commercial forestry in India due to the following

reasons :— (i) British needed forest wood in order to build ships and railways. (ii) For the development of plantation. (iii) They wanted more income from forest. 3Ans. 7. Dietrich Brandish was appointed as the First Director General of Forests in India. He set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864. Three main features of scientific forestry are as follows: (i) Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. (ii) One type of trees was planted in straight rows. (iii) Forest officials surveyed the forests and made working plans for forest management

every year. 1 + 1 + 3 = 5Ans. 8. Local names of shifting cultivation in South East Asia – Lading, in Central America –

Milpa, in Africa – Chitemene or Tavy and in Sri Lanka – Chena. Features of shifting cultivations are as follows: (i) This is a traditional agricultural practice. (ii) In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. (iii) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested

by October–November. (iv) Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18

years for the forest to grow back. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–2Ans. 1. Sleepers. 1Ans. 2. Kalangs of Java. 1Ans. 3. Forest having trees suitable for building ships and railways. 1Ans. 4. Chhattisgarh. 1Ans. 5. (i) Forest Act was enacted in 1865. (ii) It was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. (iii) 1878 Act, divided the forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village

forests. 3

UNIT - I : INDIA AND CONTEMPORARYTHE WORLD - I

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P-2 SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS-9 TERM - II

Ans. 6. The efforts made by the Dutch to win over labour to cut trees and transport the logs were :

(i) The Dutch first imposed rent on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.

(ii) Later instead of rent exemption forest villagers were given small wages but their right to cultivate forest land was restricted. 1½ + 1½ = 3

Ans. 7. The Saminist Movement in Indonesia : (i) This movement started in the last decade of the 19th century against the restriction

by the colonial state. Surontiko Samin headed the movement. (ii) The Dutch Government forced the farmers to pay taxes on land etc. (iii) Even for the collection of fire wood taxes, were imposed. (iv) The Dutch Government implemented welfare programmes and projects without

their concern. So, they started the movement. (v) It was a non-violent movement. 5Ans. 8. The British suppressed the revolt of Bastar in the following ways :— (i) The Adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and

fired on them. (ii) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. (ii) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle out of fear. (iv) It took three months for the British to regain control on the people of Bastar. (v) But the British could never manage to capture Gunda Dhur. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–3Ans. 1. 1860’s. 1Ans. 2. Dhya, Podu, Kumri. 1Ans. 3. Dehradun. 1Ans. 4. Milpa. 1Ans. 5. Plantation was promoted in India at the cost of forest during British Period in the

following ways :— (i) Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber

plantation in order to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities. (ii) The colonial government took over the forests and gave vast areas to the European

planters at cheap rates. (iii) These areas were enclosed and cleared off forests and planted with tea or coffee. 3Ans. 6. The three special features of the life of the wood cutters of Java were : (i) The Kalangs of Java were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting

cultivation. (ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families

were equally divided between two kingdoms. (iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their

palaces. (iv) The Dutch tried to make the Kalangs work under them. (v) In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort but they were

suppressed. (any three) 3Ans. 7. (a) The Kalangs were a community of skilled cutters and shifting cultivators. They

were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram Kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms. Without their expertise it would be difficult to harvest teak or build palaces.




P-3

(b) The Dutch imposed rents on lands being cultivated in the forests. They exempted some villages from these rents on condition that they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This is known as the ‘Blandongdiensten System’. 2½ +2½ = 5

Ans.8. The fi ve special features of the life of the people of Bastar are : (i) Bastar is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh in central India. (ii) Different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurvas,

Bhalras, etc. (iii) They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs. (iv) They believe that each village is given its land by the Earth and in return, they

look after the earth by making offerings during the festivals. (v) In addition to the Earth, they pay respect to the spirits of river, forest and

mountain. (vi) Since each village knows its boundaries, they look after their natural resources

within the boundary. (vii)If they want to take some wood from another village, they pay a small fee called

Devsani in exchange. (viii)Some village protects their forests by keeping watchmen and each house

contributes grains to pay them. (ix) They meet once a year to discuss issues of concern, including forest. (Any fi ve) 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–4Ans. 1. Dutch. 1Ans. 2. 1864. 1Ans. 3. Dietrich Brandis. 1Ans. 4. 9.3%. 1Ans. 5. Reasons : (i) The British saw the large animals as the signs of wild, primitive and savage

society. (ii) They believed that by killing dangerous animals, the British would civilize India.

1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 6. Dietrich Brandis introduced scientific Forestry in India. In scientific forestry : (i) Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. (ii) One type of tree is planted in straight rows. (iii) Forest officials surveyed the forests and made working plans for forest management

every year. 3Ans. 7. Causes : (i) The colonial government proposed to reserve two third of the forest in 1905. (ii) Stopped shifting cultivation. (iii) Hunting and collection of forest product were stopped. (iv) People were displaced without any notice or compensation. (v) Villagers suffered due to increased land rent, demand for free labour and goods by

colonial officials. (Any three) Consequences : (i) Work on reservation was temporarily suspended. (ii) The area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910.

3 + 2 = 5Ans. 8. The fi ve suggestions proposed by Dietrich Brandis for forest management were :






(i) Setting up of Indian Forest Service in 1864. (ii) Scientific forestry taught at IFRI Dehradun. (iii) Removal of a variety of trees from an area replaced by one type of trees planted in

straight rows. (iv) Made working plan for forest management. (v) Fixed plan about cutting portions of plantations and replanting. (Any five) 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–5Ans. 1. Reserved forest. 1Ans. 2. Dehradun, 1906. 1Ans. 3. Baigas. 1Ans. 4. Reserved forests. 1Ans. 5. Dietrich Brandis was a German expert. Brandis was invited to India to set up the Indian Forest Service and helped to formulate

the Indian Forest Act of 1865. His two major contributions were as follows :— (i) Scientific forestry was introduced. (ii) He introduced proper system to manage the forests. (iii) Rules about the use of forest resources where laid down. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 6. The spread of railways during the British period adversely affect the forest wealth of

India in the following ways :— (i) The spread of railways created a new demand of various goods. (ii) To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel. (iii) Wood was also needed for sleepers to lay tracks. (iv) A large number of trees were cut down to meet the requirement of wood. (v) Contracts were given to the individuals who cut down trees indiscriminately.

(Any three) 3Ans. 7. Fears of the people : (i) With the stopping of shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce

the people of Bastar were worried very much. (ii) Some villages were allowed to stay in the reserved forests if they worked free for

the forest department. Later on they were known as “forest villages”. (iii) People of other villages were displaced. (iv) Villagers were suffering from increased land rents. (v) Reservations proved to be the last straw. 5 × 1 = 5Ans. 8. The First Inspector General of forests was a German expert named Dietrich Brandis. His Contribution :— (i) He ensured that people had to be trained in managing and conserving the forests.

He framed rules about the use of forest resources. Set up Indian Forests Service in 1864 and helped in formulating Indian Forests Act in 1865.

(ii) The Imperial Forests research institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. (iii) The system of Scientific Forestry was introduced. (iv) Restricted indiscriminate felling of trees to be preserved for timber productions.

1 + 4 = 5




P-5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–6Ans. 1. Forests did not yield revenue to enhance income of the state. 1Ans. 2. Kalangs. 1Ans. 3. Dietrich Brandis was the First Inspector General of Forests in India. 1Ans. 4. Dutch. 1Ans. 5. Reasons :— (i) The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute,

sugar, wheat and cotton. (ii) Colonial states thought that forests were unproductive. They considered that the

forests should be cleared and brought under cultivation. (iii) They saw the expansion of cultivation as sign of progress. 3Ans. 6. Some people benefitted from the control of forests by the colonial rulers :— (i) New opportunities had opened up in trades. (ii) Many people left their traditional occupation and started trading in forest

products. (iii) In Assam both men and women from forest communities were recruited to work

on tea plantations. 3Ans. 7. The First and Second World War had a major impact on forests :— (i) In India working plans were abandoned at this time and the forest department cut

trees freely to meet British war’s needs. (ii) In Java just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed Scorched

Earth policy, destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands.

(iii) The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests.

(iv) Many villagers used this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forest. (v) After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land

back. (vi) As in India people’s need for agricultural land has brought them into conflict with

the forest department’s desire to control the land and exclude people from it. (Any fi ve) 5

Ans. 8. Shifting Cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa & South America. In Shifting Cultivation parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested by October-November.

Colonial impacts on Shifting Cultivation :— (i) Europeans regarded this practice harmful for the forests. They felt that the forest

burnt would destroy timber and the danger of the flames would spread and burn valuable timber.

(ii) Shifting Cultivation made it harder for the government to calculate taxes so British government decided to ban Shifting Cultivation.

(iii) As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in forest. (iv) Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small

rebellions. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–7MAP WORK 1 × 6 = 6Ans. 1.

Ans. 2. 1 × 5 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–8All the activities have to be done by the students on their own. It will help them to develop their power of observation and reasoning. It also helps to develop creative expression.




P-7

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–9Ans. 1. Rajasthan. 1Ans. 2. Craftsmen, traders and pastoralists. 1Ans. 3. East Africa. 1Ans. 4. The Massai and other pastoral groups were forced to live within the confine of special

reserves. 1Ans. 5. 1871. 1Ans. 6. The two ways in which the forest acts changed the lives of the pastoralist were :— (i) They were now prevented from entering many forests which earlier provided

livelihood to them. (ii) Even in the areas where they lived, their movements were restricted. They needed

permits to move out of their area. 1Ans. 7. The three restrictions imposed on the pastoral groups of Africa were :— (i) The Massai and other pastoral groups were forced to live within the confine of

special reserves. (ii) They were not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) The pastoralists were also not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. 3Ans. 8. In pre-colonial period the Maasai society was divided into two social categories elders

and warriors. Role : (i) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the

affairs of the community and settle disputes. (ii) The warriors, consisting of young people were mainly responsible for the protection

of the tribe. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 9. Main provisions of Forest Laws : (i) Pastoralists now were prevented from entering many forests that has earlier

provided valuable forage for their cattle. (ii) Even in the areas where they were allowed to enter, their movements were now

restricted. Permit had to be taken in advance. (iii) Timing of their entry and exit was specified. (iv) Many pastoralists had to move away because of extensive restrictions.

(Any three) Main provisions of Criminal Tribes Act : (i) In 1871, the colonial government in India passed Criminal Tribes Act. According

to this many communities of craftsman, traders, pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes.

(ii) They were stated to be criminal by nature and by birth. These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. The village police kept continuous watch on them. 3 + 2 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–10Ans. 1. It helps in commercial activity. 1Ans. 2. Maharashtra. 1Ans. 3. The people who do not have a permanent place to live in are pastoral nomads. 1Ans. 4. Massai. 1


2 PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD





Ans. 5. Under the colonial rule, the life of pastoralists was changed in the following ways :— (i) Grazing grounds shrank as it was transformed into cultivated farms which meant

the decline of pastures. (ii) Forests Acts enacted, pastoralists were prevented from entering many forests that

had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. (iii) In 1871, the colonial government, in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act by

which many pastoral communities were classified as criminal tribes. (iv) Taxes were imposed on land, on canal water, on salt, on trade goods and even

on animals. Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. (Any three) 3

Ans. 6. Gujjars Bakarwals are the herders of goats and sheep living in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Their herds moved out of this area between summer and winter and travel in groups of Kafilas.

(i) They earned their livelihood by selling milk, ghee, and other products or their herds.

(ii) Women went to the markets and sold home made products like pots filled with buttermilk, honey, etc. while the men took the cattle to graze. 1 + 2 = 3

Ans. 7. The forest lands were considered as waste land because :— (i) These lands did not yield agricultural product nor any other revenue. (ii) They considered these lands as unproductive and referred these as waste lands. Reasons to transform these lands into cultivated farms :— (i) By expanding cultivated land, the British wanted to increase their revenue. (ii) For increasing production of commercial crops like jute, cotton wheat etc. (iii) Since uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive, the Britishers thought it to

be unproductive and as a waste land. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5Ans. 8. British officials were suspicious of nomadic people due to the following reasons : (i) They did not like mobile craftsmen and traders who sold their goods in villages. (ii) British tried to settle them as they wanted to rule over a settled population which

was easy to identify and control. (iii) They wanted them to be peaceable and law abiding. (iv) Britishers passed the Criminal Tribes Act. According to this many communities

of craftsmen, traders and pastoralist were classified as criminal tribes. They were stated to be criminal by nature and birth.

(v) These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move out without a permit. Village police kept a continuous watch on them. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–11Ans. 1. Vast meadows in the high mountains. 1Ans. 2. Dhangars. 1Ans. 3. Central plateau of Maharashtra. 1Ans. 4. Sheep and goats. 1Ans. 5. The two problems faced by the maasai community in Africa due to colonialism were :— (i) The best grazing land were taken over for the white settlers. (ii) The Maasais were pushed into a small area. They were confined to an arid zone

with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures. 1Ans. 6. Drought. 1Ans. 7. Maru. 1Ans. 8. The life of Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir :— (i) Even today the Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of

goat and sheep.




P-9

(ii) Many of them migrated to this region in 19th century. They settled down here and moved annually between their summer and winter resorts.

(iii) When the higher mountains are snow bound in winter, they shift to the lower hills. By the end of April, they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. 3 × 1 = 3

Ans. 9. Banjaras were well known group of graziers. He were to be found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

The life of Banjaras :— (i) They used to move long distances for selling their products and to bring back

necessary item for their use. (ii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and

foods. (iii) Their livelihood was depend on their movement to right areas where they could

find the sources of their livelihood. 1 + 1 + 3 = 5Ans.10. Drought affected the pastoral life in Africa during the colonial period in the following

ways :— (i) Due to dry Pastures, cattle starve because there was lack of forage. (ii) Pastoralist had to migrate to far away areas. (iii) During the colonial period the Massai were forced to live within a reserve and

hence lacked pastures. (iv) Loss of human lives and cattle due to starvation and diseases. As the area of

grazing lands shrank the adverse effect of the drought increased repidly. (v) There was a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–12Ans. 1. The Criminal Tribes Act. 1Ans. 2. Elders and Warriors. 1Ans. 3. My people. 1Ans. 4. Pastoral Communities of the Himalayas. 1Ans. 5. The best grazing lands were taken over for the white settlers. 1Ans. 6. Grazing lands of Africa turned into use for other activities by the following ways :— (i) Since the late nineteenth century, the British colonial government in east Africa

encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated field.

(ii) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserve like the Massai. Mara and Sanburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania.

(iii) Best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement. 3Ans. 7. (i) They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area. (ii) They needed to calculate the timing of their movement and move through different

territories. (iii) They had to set up a relationship with the farmers so that the herds could graze

and manure the soil. 3Ans. 8. Gujjars Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir moved annually between their summer

and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests here provided pasture for their herds. By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas. The rainfall in the region was meagre and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvests fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches no crop could be grown. So, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. During the monsoons, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture

UNIT - I : INDIA AND COMTEMPORARYTHE WORLD - I





was available. By October, when these grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pasture and water, and returned again during the next monsoon. One group of Raikas – known as the Maru (desert) Raikas – herded camels and another group reared sheep and goat. 5

Ans. 9. The following colonial laws affected the lives of postoralists :— (i) Waste land rules : According to this Act, uncultivated lands were taken and given over to selected

individuals. They were granted concessions. Some of them were made Headmen. Impact : Grazing grounds shrank and livestock decreased.

(ii) Forest Acts : According to this Act, the forests were divided into reserved and protected.

Pastoralists were not allowed to access reserved forests. Customary Grazing rights were granted for protected forests.

(iii) Criminal Tribes Act : According to this Act, pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes. They were

asked to live in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move out without a permit.

(iv) Grazing Tax : According to this Act, pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed

on the pastures. Tax per head went up rapidly. System of collection was made efficient. To enter a grazing track, a cattle herder had to show a pass or pay the tax. So number of cattle herds decreased. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–13Ans. 1. Pastoral Communities of the Himalayas. 1Ans. 2. East Africa. 1Ans. 3. Because Maasais were confined to a small area. 1Ans. 4. Jammu and Kashmir. 1Ans. 5. 1871. 1Ans. 6. The life of Raikas community of Rajasthan :— (i) Raikas lived in the desert of Rajasthan. (ii) The rainfall in the region was meagre and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest

fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. So, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.

(iii) During the monsoons the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available.

(iv) By October, when these grazing grounds were dry and exhausted. They moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon. (Any three) 3

Ans. 7. The three features of the life of African pastoralists were :— (i) African pastoralist community includes Bedouins, Barbers, Massai, Somali, Boran

and Turkana. (ii) Most of them are in the semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rain-fed

agriculture is difficult. (iii) They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys and they sell milk, meat,

animal skin and wool. 3Ans. 8. Criminal Tribes Act and its effects on people :— (i) The Britishers were suspicious of nomadic people. They wanted the rural people

to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights on particular fields. (ii) They felt that such a population would be easy to identify and control. (iii) Nomadic people were considered to be criminal. Therefore in 1871, the Criminal

Tribes Act was passed.




P-11

(iv) By this Act, many communities of traders, craftsmen and pastoralists were stated to be criminals by nature and birth. These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move without a permit. A continuous watch on them was kept by the village police. 4 × 1¼ = 5

Ans. 9. The pastoral nomads are found in different parts of India such as in the mountains, on plateaus, plains and deserts :

(i) The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In summer, the Gujjar herders go up to the high meadows of the Bugyals, and in winter they come down the dry forests of the Bhabar.

(ii) The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh have a similar cycle of seasonal movement. They too spend their winter in the low hills of Siwalik range grazing their flocks in scrub forests. By April, they move north and spend the summer in Lahul Spiti. When the snow melts and the high passes are clear, many of them move on to the higher mountain meadows. By September, they begin their return movement.

(iii) Dhangars are an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. Most of them are shepherds, blanket weavers and other are buffalo herders. They grow kharif and rabi crops like bajra, rice.

(iv) The Gollas, Karumas and Kurubas are pastoral communities that live in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sell woven blankets. They cultivate small patches of land and get engaged in a variety of petty trades also.

(v) Banjaras are yet another well known groups of grazers. They are found in many states of India, especially in the North. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–14Ans. 1. These lands did not yield agricultural product nor any other revenue. 1Ans. 2. The life of Dhangars of Maharashtra :— (i) The Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. (ii) Most were shepherds and some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. (iii) During monsoon they stayed in central plateau of Maharashtra. (iv) In October they harvested bajra. (Any three) 3Ans. 3. Grazing lands of Africa turned into use for other activities by the following ways :— (i) Since the late nineteenth century, the British colonial government in east Africa

encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated field.

(ii) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserve like the Massai. Mara and Sanburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania.

(iii) Best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement. 3Ans. 4. The various advantages to the environment due to continuous movement of nomadic

tribes are :— (i) It allows the pastures to recover and prevent their overuse as pastures are not

rendered completely barren by exploitative and long use. (ii) This helps in making effective use of pastures available in different areas. (iii) This also allows nomadic tribes to practise many occupations such as cultivation,

trade and herding. (iv) Their cattle help in manuring the soil. (Any three) 3Ans. 5. Main provisions of Forest Laws :— (i) Pastoralists now were prevented from entering many forests that has earlier

provided valuable forage for their cattle.






(ii) Even in the areas where they were allowed to enter, their movements were now restricted. Permit had to be taken in advance.

(iii) Timing of their entry and exit was specified. (iv) Many pastoralists had to move away because of extensive restrictions. (Any three) Main provisions of Criminal Tribes Act : (i) In 1871, the colonial government in India passed Criminal Tribes Act. According

to this many communities of craftsman, traders, pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes.

(ii) They were stated to be criminal by nature and by birth. These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. The village police kept continuous watch on them. 3 + 2 = 5

Ans. 6. Problems :— (i) The best grazing land were taken over for the white settlers. (ii) The Massais were pushed into a small area. They were confined to an arid zone

with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures. (iii) Local peasant communities were encouraged by the British colonial government

to expand cultivation and pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields. (iv) Large areas of Massai grazing lands were converted into game reserves and

pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. (v) They were dominated by agriculturist. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–15MAP WORKAns. 1 1 × 5 = 5




P-13

Ans.2. 1 × 5 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–16All these activities has to be done by the students on their own. The imaginary interview task will help to develop the creative ability and improve the logical expression.






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–17Ans. 1. Portuguese. 1Ans. 2. Cyrus McCormick. 1Ans. 3. Captain Swing. 1Ans. 4. 1/6. 1Ans. 5. The three factors which led to the enclosures in England were :— (i) From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population expanded rapidly which

increased demand for foodgrains. (ii) Due to industrialization, urban population grew and the market for foodgrain

increased. (iii) Due to Anglo-French war by the end of 18th century, trade and import of food

grain from Europe disrupted which encouraged land owners to enclose lands in England. 3

Ans. 6. The impect of the westward expansion of settlers in the USA were :— (i) The white setters moved westward and cleaned forests for cultivation in U.S.A. (ii) Forest timber could be cut for export, animals hunted for skin and mountains

mined for gold and minerals. (iii) The American Indians had to be cleared from the land. 3Ans.7. Causes of unwillingness : (i) Planting opium in their best land could adversely affect the production of pulses. (ii) Landless cultivators could have to pay rent and lease for which they were to take

loans from the money lenders at very high rates. (iii) Cultivation of opium was a difficult process as it required constant nurturing. (iv) The price paid by the British government was very low. (v) The cultivators had to spend long hours for growing opium. 5Ans. 8. The people of England started enclosing the land in the late eighteenth century due to

the following reasons : (i) From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population expanded rapidly which increased demand for foodgrains. (ii) Due to industrialization urban population grew and the market for foodgrain

increased. (iii) Due to Anglo-French war by the end of 18th century, trade and import of food

grain from Europe disrupted which encouraged land owners to enclose lands in England.

The new enclosure was different from the old in the following ways : (i) Unlike the sixteenth century enclosures promoted sheep farming and the land

being enclosed in the late eighteenth century was for grain production. (ii) The new enclosure was happening in a different context. It became a sign of a

changing time. 3 + 2 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–18Ans. 1. Indigo. 1Ans. 2. Terrifying dust storms. 1Ans. 3. Overproduction and subsequent fall of agricultural prices. 1Ans. 4. Captain Swing. 1

3 FARMERS AND PEASANTS




P-15

Ans. 5. A mythic name. 1Ans. 6. Because they feared the shortage of labor. 1Ans. 7. Opium price was not reduced because :— (i) To earn more profit. (ii) The difference between the buying and selling price was government’s revenue. Impact : (i) Angry peasant began agitating and refused to take advances. (ii) They gave up opium cultivation and started growing sugarcane, potatoes etc. (iii) They started selling their crops to private traders at higher price. (Any two)

1 + 2 = 3Ans. 8. Problems :— (i) England at that time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. (ii) The Confucian rulers of China and the Manchus, were suspicious of all foreign

merchants. They feared that the merchants would meddle in local politics and disrupt their authority.

(iii) British could buy tea only by paying silver coins or bullion. This meant an outflow of treasure from England, a prospect that created widespread anxiety. 3 × 1 = 3

Ans. 9. (i) Rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. (ii) They wanted to have compact blocks to allow improved breeding. (iii) Common land was divided and enclosed and hedges were built to separate their

property. (iv) They drove the villagers who had small cottages on the commons and prevented

the poor from entering the closed fields. (v) They were supported by the State or the Church. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–19Ans. 1. Advances. 1Ans. 2. The entire ploughed landscape was stripped of all grass. 1Ans. 3. They wanted to reduce their dependence on labourers. 1Ans. 4. Lamoures of England were the Swing rioters. 1Ans. 5. China. 1Ans. 6. The mechanisation of a agriculture affected the agricultural labours and formers is the

following ways :— (i) For poor farmers and agriculture labourers machines brought misery. Since

mechanisations reduced the need for labourers. Many lost their jobs. (ii) Many farmers bought machines hoping that wheat prices would remain high and

profit would flow. By late 19th century when the boom ended they faced troubles. (iii) Those who borrowed money from the bank, could not pay back the loan, got

bankrupt deserted their farms and looked for employment elsewhere. 3Ans. 7. Reasons :— (i) In early eighteenth century, farmers began cultivating turnips and clover

regularly. These crops became part of the cropping system. (ii) Later findings showed that these crops had the capacity to increase the nitrogen

content of the soil. Nitrogen was important for crop growth. (iii) Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted the nitrogen in the soil and

reduced its fertility. By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover made the soil fertile once again. 3

Ans. 8. The conditions of the English countryside at the time of open fields :—






(i) The countryside was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords.

(ii) Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. These strips were allotted in a public meeting varied in quality and size and were scattered at different places.

Life of the farmers : (i) Besides the strips for cultivation, all the farmers had access to the commons. (ii) Here, they pastured their cows, grazed their sheep, collected the fuel wood for fire

and berries and fruit for food. (iii) They fished in the rivers, ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests. 2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–20Ans. 1. Cotton. 1Ans. 2. Before 16th century. 1Ans. 3. Piece of land enclosed from all sides. 1Ans. 4. They were deprived of common lands. 1Ans. 5. Dead bodies of birds and animals were strewn all over the landscape. 1Ans. 6. (i) Sensitivity towards environment. (ii) Concern for sustainable use of resources. (iii) Concern for fellow countrymen. 3Ans. 7. The causes for dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA are as follows :— (i) The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was

becoming bigger. (ii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from wheat growing

regions to the eastern coast for export. (iii) During the First World War the world market boomed. The dramatic expansion

was made possible by the coming of new technology. 3Ans. 8 Features of the ‘Open Field’ : (i) The countryside in England was open and peasants cultivated on strips of land

around the village they lived in. (ii) Beyond the strips of land was the common land. All the villagers had access to it. (iii) Common land supplement low incomes, sustained their cattle and helped them to

overcome bad harvests. (iv) Strips of land of varying quality were allotted to each villager. (v) They fished in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbit in common forest. 5Ans. 9. The expansion of wheat agriculture in the great plains created many problems : (i) In the 1930s, terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains. Black

Blizzards rolled in very often 7,000 to 8,000 feet high, rising like monstrous waves of muddy water. They came day after day and year after year through out the 1930s.

(ii) Cattle were suffocated to death, their lungs caked with dust and mud sand, buried fences, covered fields, and coated the surface of rivers till the fish died.

(iii) Dead bodies of birds and animals were strewn all over the landscape. (iv) Tractors and machines that had ploughed the earth and harvested the wheat in

the 1920s were now clogged with dust and got damaged beyond repair. 4 × 1¼ = 5




P-17

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–21Ans. 1. Wilson. 1Ans. 2. U.S.A. 1Ans. 3. Turnip. 1Ans. 4. Indigo and Opium. 1Ans. 5. For sheep farming. 1 Ans. 6. Reasons :— (i) On the night of 28 August, 1830 a threshing machine of a farmer was destroyed by

labourers in East Kent in England. (ii) In the subsequent two years, riots spread over southern England and about 387

threshing machines were broken. During this period, farmers received threatening letters urging them to stop using machines that deprived workmen of their livelihood.

(iii) Most of these letters were signed in the name of Captain Swing. 3Ans. 7. Advantages of enclosures : (i) Enclosures had become necessary to move long term investments on land and plan

crop rotation to improve the soil. (ii) Enclosures also allowed the rich farmers to expand the land under their control. (iii) They could produce more for the market to earn more profit. 3Ans. 8 Effects of Enclosure Movement : (i) When fences came up, the enclosed land became the exclusive property of one land

owner. (ii) The poor could no longer collect firewood from the forests or graze their cattle on

the commons. (iii) The poor could no longer collect apples and berries and hunt small animals for

meat. (iv) They could not gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crops were cut. (v) In places where enclosures happened on an extensive scale, particularly the

midlands and countries around the poor were displaced from the land. 5Ans. 9. Reasons :— (i) The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British

trade with China. (ii) They searched for a commodity they could sell in China, something they could

persuade the Chinese to buy. Opium was such a commodity. (iii) They made a determined effort to produce opium in the lands of Bengal. (iv) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium flowed out

of Bengal ports. (v) Supply had to be increased to feed this booming export trade. But this was not

easy. Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advance. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–22Ans. 1. 7000 to 8000 feet. 1Ans. 2. These deprived the workers of their livelihood. 1Ans. 3. The poor peasants were deprived of the common land. 1Ans. 4. September and October. 1Ans. 5. (i) Expansion of wheat agriculture turning large tracts of land into grounds of

cultivation. (ii) Uprooting of vegetation and tractors had turned soil over and broken the sod into

dust. 1½ + 1½ = 3






Ans. 6. Capitain Swing was a mythic name used in the threatening letters issued after attack on threshing machines in England and the symbol of danger for landlords. Captain Swing represented the deprived workmen who were struggling for their livelihood due to the use of machines in agriculture. 3

Ans. 7. The demand of foodgrains increased due to the following reasons :— English population increased rapidly between 1750 to 1900. It mounted over four

times from 7 million to 30 million. This led an increased demand for foodgrains to feed population.

The production of foodgrains increased rapidly in the following ways :— (i) At this time Britain was industrializing. More people began to live and work in

urban area. (ii) By the end of eighteenth century, France was at war with England. This disrupted

trade and the import of foodgrains from Europe. (iii) Foodgrain production increased by agricultural technology. (iv) By bringing new lands under cultivation landlords sliced up pasture lands curved

up open fields, cut up forest, commons took over marshes, and turned larger areas into agricultural fields.

(v) By simple innovations in agriculture. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5Ans. 8. Reasons of the use of threshing machines :— (i) During the Napoleonic wars price of foodgrains increased and the farmers

expanded their production. (ii) Due to the fear of shortage of labour, threshing machines were introduced. Impact of using threshing machines : (i) After Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to the villages.

They want alternative jobs to survive. (ii) After war, price of foodgrains declined and due to uncertain job labourers lived in

fear of a loss of their livelihood. (iii) The Captain Swing riots spread. 2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–23MAP WORKAns. 1. 1 × 4 = 4




P-19

Ans. 2. 1 × 4 = 4

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–24Activity 1 is to be done by the child on his own on individual basis or in the form of a group activity.Activity 2 deals with the movement of commodities like opium. The British Traders took opium from India to China to England. Between India and England trade flowed both ways. By the early 19th century exports of handloom declined from India while the exports of raw materials and food grains increased. From England, manufactured good flowed into India leading to a decline of India artisanal production.






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–25Ans. 1. The Parsis. 1Ans. 2. England and Australia. 1Ans. 3. 1774. 1Ans. 4. Technological advances changed cricket in the following ways :— (i) Kerry Pecker, an Australian TV tycoon, introduced world series cricket. He signed

up 51 of worlds leading cricketers against the wish of national cricket board and for about 2 years staged one day international and test matches.

(ii) The innovation he used to make cricket more attractive to television audiences endure and changed the nature of the game.

(iii) He introduced coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions and cricket under light.

(iv) He made cricket a commercial marketable sport which could earn huge revenues through live television coverage and product endorsements by celebrity cricketers. (Any three) 3

Ans. 5. Test cricket is a unique game because of the following reasons :— (i) Its uniqueness can be attributed to the social economic history of England in the

18th century. (ii) A Test cricket match can continue for five days and still end in a draw. No other

game can take so much time to complete. (iii) Cricket was the earliest modern team sport to be codified. Difference between Cricket and Hockey or Football : Cricket : Length of the pitch is specified to be 22 yards, but the shape and size of the

ground is not specified. Hockey / Football : The dimensions of playing area is fixed. 3 Ans. 6. The television audience endured and changed the nature of the game :— (i) Coloured dresses, protective helmets, field restrictions and cricket under lights

became standard post Packer game. (ii) Cricket became marketable game to generate huge revenues. (iii) Cricket boards became rich and started selling television rights to television

companies. (iv) Television channels made money and started selling television sports to companies. (v) Cricketers became celebrities and commercials. 5Ans. 7. (i) The establishment of the Parsi Gymkhana led to the establishment of other

Indian clubs based on religious communities, e.g., Hindu Gymkhana and Muslim Gymkhana.

(ii) The team that played was colonial India’s greatest and most famous first class cricket tournaments, represented religious communities.

(iii) The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular as it was played by four teams, the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It later became Pentangular when a fifthteam added to it namely, “The Rest”. It comprised of all the remaining communities.

(iv) Journalists, cricketers and leaders criticized the racial and communal foundations of the pentangular tournament.

(v) A rival first class cricket tournament on regional lines, the National Cricket Championship (Ranji Trophy) was established and replaced pentangular later. 5

4 SPORTS AND POLITICS




P-21

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–26Ans. 1. 22 Yards. 1Ans. 2. 1932. 1Ans. 3. Race and religion. 1Ans. 4. “The battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton”. Supporting

arguments are :— (i) Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to school boys in its

public school. (ii) The English boarding school trained English boys for careers in the military, civil

service and the Church. (iii) Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School and founder of the Modern

Public School saw team sport like cricket and rugby teaching discipline the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities. 3

Ans. 5. The tournament was initially called Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams :

The Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. Later on it was given the name pentangular when a fifth team was added to it, namely,

the Rest which comprised all the communities left over. 1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 6. Amateurs : (i) The amateurs were the rich who played cricket not for money but for enjoying

leisure. (ii) They played it for pleasure. (iii) Amateurs were called Gentlemen. (iv) Amateurs tended to be batsmen. (v) They enjoyed social superiority. Professionals : (i) The professionals were the poor who played this game for money. The wages of the

professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gatemoney. (ii) They played it for living. (iii) Professionals were called players. (iv) Professionals were given hard work of fast bowling. (v) They were considered inferior. 5Ans. 7. Major sub-continental cricket teams : India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan pioneered the advances in bowling. Innovations : (i) The ‘doosra’ was invented in response to aggressive batsmen with heavy modern

bats. (ii) The reverse swing was to move the ball in on dusty and unresponsive wickets

under clear skies. Both these innovations were greeted suspiciously by Britain and Australia.

2 + 1 + 2 = 5






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–27Ans. 1. The Oriental Cricket Club. 1Ans. 2. The community of Zoroastrians. 1Ans. 3. A person who popularized cricket through television. 1Ans. 4. South Africa followed the policy of racial segregation. 1Ans. 5. India became independent in 1947 but the colonial impact continued to be

reflected in cricket till after 1960 :— (i) It reflected in the organization of the world cricket. (ii) The regulation of international cricket remained the business of the Imperial

Cricket Conference ICC, which was dominated by its founder members from Australia and England.

(iii) During 1950’s and 1960’s England and other white common wealth countries, Australia and New Zealand continued to play cricket with South Africa while others boycotted South Africa for its policy of racial discrimination. 3 × 1 = 3

Ans. 6. In the matter of the protective equipments cricket has been influenced by technological change as :—

(i) The invention of vulcanized rubber led to introduction of pads in 1848. (ii) Protective gloves were introduced. (iii) Helmets made of metal and light weight materials began to be used. 3Ans.7. One hundred and fifty years ago, the first Indian cricketer the Parsis had to struggle

to find open space to play cricket. But now, i.e., today, they are the best paid cricketers of the world. This transformation is due to :

(i) The replacement of the gentlemen amateur by the paid professionals. (ii) The triumph of the one day games as it has over shadowed the test cricket in

terms of popularity. (iii) Changes in the global commerce and technology. 2 + 3 = 5Ans.8. (i) The expert refers to the steady growth of the game of cricket in India and how the

game transformed India into the global market place of cricket and produced best paid and competent cricket players.

(ii) The history that brought about this transformation was made up of many smaller challenges. The replacement of gentleman amateur by the paid professional and the triumph of the one day game as it has overshadowed test crickets popularity and the global commerce and technology.

(iii) Well-known cricketer of early period who was fortunate to play test cricket was C. K. Nayudu, an outstanding batsman, who caught the imagination of his fans. He was the captain of Indian team which played first test match against England in 1932. With this game India made its entry into the world of Test Cricket.

(iv) Even after Independence of India the colonial domination continued. Indian cricket made a steady progress and emerged as a strong team after winning world cup in 1983.

(v) Because of the large population and their support cricket has become the most important and lucrative sport in India.

(vi) India also excelled in world series cricket. With cricket being a television sport, revenue collected in these games made India a global market for the game. (Any fi ve) 5 × 1 = 5




P-23

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–28Ans. 1. Kerry Packer. 1Ans. 2. 1744. 1Ans. 3. England . 1Ans. 4. Cricket. 1Ans. 5. Cricket was first played by Indians in Bombay. The first community to play cricket was of Parsis (Zoroastrians). Diffi culties faced were : (i) Cricket elite gave no help. (ii) Conflict over public park. (iii) Colonial authorities prejudiced. (Any two) ½ + ½ + 2 = 3Ans. 6. The provisions are as follows : (i) The principals were to choose two umpires from among the gentlemen present,

who would absolutely decide all disputes. (ii) The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. (iii) The ball must be between 5 and 6 ounce and the two sets of stumps apart. 3Ans. 7. Pentangular tournament was built on the concept of racial and communal foundation.

It is the divisive conception of British. It continued till 1947. Gandhiji condemned it as a communally divisive competition. Nationalists at this

time, were trying to unite India. MCC or Ranji Trophy replaced it. 1+ 1 + 2 + 1 = 5Ans. 8. Meaning of De-colonisation :—De-colonisation means independence of colonized

countries of Asia and Africa. Impacts of Decolonisation on cricket are as follows : (i) Decolonisation led to the decline of British influence in trade, commerce, military

affairs and also the sporting matters. (ii) After the disappearance of the British empire ICC renamed as International

Cricket Conference. (iii) By 1989, the privileged position of England and Australia scrapped in favour of

equal membership. (iv) The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia forced the English cricket

authorities to cancel a tour by South Africa in 1940 because South Africa practised apartheid. 1 + 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–29Ans. 1. Technological change. 1Ans. 2. Batsman. 1Ans. 3. The player who was rich but played only for pleasure. 1Ans. 4. Pakistan. 1Ans. 5. (i) Parsi’s were the first Indian community to play the game. It slowly became

westernised. (ii) Parsi clubs were sponsored by Parsi businessmen. (iii) Hindu and Muslims collected funds and set up Hindu and Muslim Gymkhana. 3Ans. 6. The changes introduced in the game of cricket in the 19th century were :— (i) The rule about wide balls was applied. (ii) The exact cricumference of the ball was specified.






(iii) Protective equipments like pads and gloves became available. (iv) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run. (v) Over-arm bowling became legal. (Any three) 3Ans. 7. (i) In the beginning cricket was played by all British players and Indians were not

considered fit and without the talent to play. (ii) The Britishers promoted the game on racial grounds only. (iii) Cricket in the colonial India. The history of Gymkhana cricket led to first class

cricket being organised on communal and racial lines. (iv) The first class cricket tournament represented religious communities. The

tournament was originally called quadrangular because it was played by four teams the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims.

(v) Later it became pentangular team when a fifth team was added, namely, ‘The rest’ which comprised all the communities left over such as Indian Christians. 5

Ans.8. (i) It has been rightly said that cricket during the fifties had the colonial flavour. (ii) Even after Indian independence in 1947, the regulation of international cricket

remained the business of the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC). (iii) It was being controlled by the founder members of England and Australia. They

also had the right to vote. The colonial flavour of the world cricket can also be seen from the fact that England and other white Common Wealth Countries, Australia and Newzealand continued to play test cricket with South Africa, a Racist State. When the political pressure to isolate South Africa was applied by the newly decolonised nations of Asia and Africa combined with liberal feelings in England, the English cricket authorities was forced to cancel a tour by South Africa in 1970. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–30All these activities are to be done by the student on his own. Activities like forming class cricket team will help the child to gain self confidence and awareness for the social concern.




P-25

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–31Ans. 1. Durban. 1Ans. 2. They were considered a subordinate caste. 1Ans. 3. A closely fitted and stiff inner bodies. 1Ans. 4. Shanar women. 1Ans. 5. The Tagore family experimented with designs for a national dress for both men and

women in India. Tagore suggested that instead of combining Indian and European dress, India’s national dress should combine elements of both the Hindus and the Muslims dresses. The Chapkan was a long-buttoned coat considered to be the most suitable dress for men. Jnanadanandini Devi, wife of Satyendra Nath Tagore adopted the Parsi style of wearing the sari. 3

Ans. 6. Mahatma Gandhi felt Khadi would be a means of reducing difference between religions and classes. But it was difficult to achieve such a unity. Nationalist such as Moti Lal Nehru gave up his expensive western style suits and adopted Indian dhoti and kurta, but it was not made of coarse cloth. Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru wore coloured sarees instead of coarse cloth.

Reasons : (i) Expensive than mill made cloth. (ii) Difficult to obtain in remote places. 3Ans. 7. Changes in European women clothing :— (i) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. (ii) Clothes got shorter during the First World War out of practical necessity. (iii) Several women got employed in ammunition factories, which made them wear

working uniform. (iv) Bright colours faded from sight and only sober colours were worne as the war went

on. (v) Thus clothes became simpler and shorter. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–32Ans. 1. Tilted cap. 1Ans. 2. Short dhoti without a shirt. 1Ans. 3. Government of Travancore. 1Ans. 4. Chintzes. 1Ans. 5. ‘Sumptuary laws’ in France :— (i) From 1294 to 1789, people of France were expected to follow Sumptuary laws. The

law tried to control the behaviour of those considered socially inferiors. (ii) Preventing them from wearing clothes, consuming certain beverages and hunting

game in certain areas. (iii) Material to be used for clothing was also legally prescribed. 3Ans. 6. Objective : The law tried to control the behaviour of those considered social inferiors. Restrictions : (i) Preventing them from wearing certain clothes. (ii) They were not allowed to consume certain food and beverages. 3


5 CLOTHES AND CULTURES





Ans. 7. Mahatma Gandhi used Swadeshi clothes as a powerful weapon against British Rule :—

(i) He made spinning on the charkha and used Khadi as very powerful symbol of self-reliance and also of resistance to the use of British mill made cloth.

(ii) He adopted the short dhoti in 1921 and wore it until his death because according to him it was the dress of a poor Indian.

(iii) Khadi, white and coarse were a sign of purity, simplicity and poverty to him. Wearing it became also a symbol of nationalism and a rejection of western mill-made clothes.

(iv) In 1973 at Durban, he wore lungi and Kurta with his head shaved as a sign of morning to protest against the shooting of Indians coal miners.

(v) Rough homespun was glorified in songs and poems. 5Ans. 8. Many Indians reacted differently to the introduction of western style clothing:— (i) The wealthy Parsis of western India were among the first to adopt the western

style clothing. (ii) Baggy trousers and the phenta were added to long collarless coats with boots

and a walking stick to look like a gentleman. Some western clothes were sign of modernity and progress.

(iii) There were others who were convinced that western culture would lead to a loss of traditional cultural identity.

(iv) The use of western style clothes was taken as sign of the world turning upside down.

(v) Some men resolved this dilemma by wearing western clothes without giving up their Indian ones. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–33Ans. 1. The Parsis. 1Ans. 2. In 19th century. 1Ans. 3. National Women Suffrage Association. 1Ans. 4. Satyendra Nath Tagore. 1Ans. 5. Reasons :— (i) The women reformers got fed up with persistent attacks. They could not change

social values. (ii) The conservatives ridiculed them and became hostile. (iii) They lamented that women who gave up traditional norms of dressing, no longer

looked beautiful and lost their feminity and grace. 3Ans. 6. European dress codes : (i) In Europe, dress codes were enacted social economic unfairness. (ii) The lower classes in Europe were barred from wearing specific materials. (iii) Europeans used to wear hats which had to be removed before their superiors. Indian dress code : (i) In India, norms were followed due to caste system. (ii) The lower caste women were not allowed to cover thier upper bodies like high

caste women. (iii) For Indians turbans protect them from the heat. It couldn’t be removed at will. 3Ans. 7. The Major Changes :— (i) Before the 17th century, most ordinary women in Britain possessed very few

clothes made of flax, linen or wool which were difficult to clean. (ii) After 1600, trade with India brought cheap, beautiful and easy to maintain Indian

chintzes within the reach of many Europeans.




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(iii) During the Industrial Revolution, in the 19th century Britain began the mass manufacture of cotton textiles which became more accessible to a wider section of the people. By early 20th century artificial fibers made clothes further cheaper and easy to wash.

(iv) In the late 1870s, heavy restrictive underclothes were gradually discarded. Clothes got lighter and simpler.

(v) Changes in women clothing also took place as a result of two World Wars. 5Ans. 8. (a) The turban was a head gear in India not just for protection from the heat, but was

a sign of respectability which could not be remove at will. (b) In the late 1870s Jananadanandini Devi wife of Satyendranath Tagore the first

Indian member of the ICS returned from Bombay to Calcutta. She adopted the Parsi style of wearing. The saree pinned to the left shoulder with a brooch and worn with a blouse and shoes. This was quickly adopted by the Brahmo Samaj women and came to be known as the Brahmika saree. 2½ + 2½ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–34Ans. 1. In twentieth century. 1Ans. 2. Coloured saree with design. 1Ans. 3. Upper Caste Nairs. 1Ans. 4. Christian missionaries. 1Ans. 5. (i) The turban in India was not just for protection from the heat but was a sign of

respectability and could not be removed at will. (ii) In the western tradition the hat had to be removed before Social superiors as a

sign of respect. (iii) Europeans were forbidden from wearing Indian clothes at official functions, so

the cultural identity of the white masters was not under mined. At the same time Indians were expected to wear Indian clothes to office and follow Indian dress codes. 3

Ans. 6. (i) The French Revolution put an end to the ‘sumptuary laws’ to distinguish themselves from the aristocracy who were ‘knee breeches’ members of the Jacobin clubs called themselves the Sans Culottes.

(ii) Sans Culottes literally meant those ‘without knee breeches’. From now on, both men and women began wearing loose and comfortable clothing.

(iii) The colours of France-blue, white and red became popular as they were regarded as signs of a patriotic citizen.

(iv) Other political symbols too became a part of dress—the red cap of liberty, long trousers and the revolutionary cockade pinned on to a hat.

(v) The simplicity of clothing was meant to express the idea of equality. (any three) 3 × 1 = 3

Ans. 7. Shoe respect :—At the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was customary of British officials to follow Indian etiquette and remove their footwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs.

(i) From 1824 to 1828, Governor General Amherst insisted that Indians should take their shoes off as a sign of respect when they appeared before him, but this was not followed strictly.

(ii) When Lord Dalhousie became Governor General, ‘shoe respect’ was made stricter and Indians were made to take off their shoes when entering any government institution. Those who wore European clothes were exempted from this rule. Many Indian government servants were increasingly uncomfortable with these rules.






(iii) In 1862, Manockjee Cowasjee Entee, an assessor in the Surat Fouzdaree Adawlat, refused to take off his shoes in the court of the Sessions’ Judge. He was debarded from entry into the court room and he protested against his exclusion by sending letters to the Governor of Bombay.

(iv) The British insisted that since Indian took off their shoes when they entered a sacred place or home. They should do so when they entered the courtroom.

(v) Though apparently the shoe respect was for showing respect to superior. It had a dupermotive that is to discriminate between an Indian and an European. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–35Ans. 1. Because they were neither cheap nor easy to clean. 1Ans. 2. Kathiawadi. 1Ans. 3. Lord Dalhousie. 1Ans. 4. Hat. 1Ans. 5. The qualities or ideals of womanhood in Victorian England was grained in the mind of

the girls through the education and literature they read, at home and in school. These were :—

(i) The women should have a small waist. (ii) The essential qualities of women were to endure suffering and pain. (iii) To be seen attractive, women had to wear corset. The pain it inflicts was considered

normal. 3Ans. 6. (i) Brahmika style of saree was introduced by Jananadanandini Tagore in 1870s. (ii) In this style, the saree is pinned on the left shoulder with a brooch and has to be

worn with a blouse and shoes. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 7. Differences between qualities/nature of men and women :— (i) Women in Victorian England were groomed from childhood to be docile, dutiful

and obedient. (ii) The ideal woman was one who could bear pain and suffering. (iii) While men were expected to be serious, strong, independent and aggressive on the

other hand women were seen as delicate passive. 3Ans. 8. Women continued wearing of traditional dress because :— (i) India was a patriarchal society where women were subservient to men. (ii) It also shows respect for the opinion of the elders in the family. (iii) They wanted to remain within the boundaries of the expected norms. (iv) Wearing western clothes was regarded as a sign of shamelessness. (v) It was a reaction to uphold ones own cultural identity. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–36Ans. 1. Hindu and Muslim dress. 1Ans. 2. Baba Saheb Ambedkar. 1Ans. 3. 1921. 1Ans. 4. Lord Amherst. 1Ans. 5. Cotton cloth printed with designs and flowers derived from the Hindi word chint. 1Ans. 6. Values :— (i) Self-reliance. (ii) Self government. (iii) Patriotism. 3




P-29

Ans. 7. Values : (i) Dignity of labour. (ii) Respect for fellow country men. (iii) Simplicity. (iv) Love for Nation. (any three) 3Ans. 8. Initially, it was difficult to come out of the ingrained ideas of womanhood in

Victorian England :— (i) By 1830s, women in England began agitating for democratic rights. As the suffrage

movement developed, many women began campaigning for dress reforms. (ii) Women magazines described how tight dresses and corsets caused deformities

and illness among young girls. (iii) Such clothings restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation. (iv) In America similar movement developed among the white settlers on the east

coast. They argued that long skirts swept grounds, were unhealthy and hampered the movement.

(v) In 1970s, National Women’s suffrage Association headed by Mrs. Stanton and Women’s Suffrage Association dominated by Luey Stone continued the movement. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–37All these activities have to be done by the student on their own. It will help them to develop creative expression and skills of developing drawing and sketching.






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–38Ans. 1. Mussoorie. 1Ans. 2. Delhi. 1Ans. 3. It is located on the leeward side of Western Ghats. 1Ans. 4. October to November. 1Ans. 5. The factors which help us to understand the mechanism of monsoon are :— (i) The differential heating and cooling of land and water. (ii) The shift in the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone [ITCZ]. (iii) The presence of the high pressure – East of Madagascar. (iv) The Tibetan Plateau gets intensely heated during summer. (v) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and

easterly jet stream of the Indian Peninsula. (Any three) 3Ans. 6. Climatic conditions during Retreating Monsoons :— (i) This is the transition period during the months of October and November. (ii) Low pressure all over north becomes weaker. Temperature reduces and replaced

by high pressure when monsoon retreats, clear skies and temperature rises. (iii) Low pressure conditions get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. (iv) Cyclonic depressions in Andaman sea cause heavy rainfall and are destructive

tropical cyclones. (Any three) 3Ans. 7. (i) Mawsynram is located in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills at a height of 1500

m above sea level. It receives the highest rainfall of the world. Annual rainfall is about 1140 cms.

(ii) This place receives the highest amount of rainfall because it is enclosed by hills on three sides. The relief features give this place tunnel shaped location. The Bay of Bengal monsoon is trapped in these hills. Winds try to get out of it, but forced to pour down there. 1½ + 1½ = 3

Ans. 8. Cold Weather Season : (i) It begins from mid November in north India and stays till February. (ii) The temperature decreases from South to North. (iii) Days are warm and nights are cold. Hot Weather Season : (i) It begins from March and stay till May. (ii) Experiences rising temperature and falling air pressure in North India. (iii) Hot and dry wind called ‘loo’ blow during the day. 2½ + 2½ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–39Ans. 1. Drass. 1Ans. 2. It decreases. 1Ans. 3. Tropic of Cancer. 1Ans. 4. Due to the Himalayas. 1Ans. 5. (a) Loo : Strong, dusty, hot and dry winds blowing during the day over the North and

North Western India. (b) Kaal Baisakhi : Localised thunder storms, associated with violent winds and

torrential down pours. In West Bengal these storms are known as Kaal Baisakhi. (c) Mango showers : Pre-monsoon showers which help in the early ripening of

mangoes are called mango showers. 3

6 CLIMATE




P-31

Ans. 6. Hilly and forest areas get heavy rainfall because of high altitude and abundance of trees. On the other hand, those areas which have no mountains to check the rain bearing winds get scanty rainfall.

Example : Aravalli hills standing parallel to the monsoon. Area which comes in the rain shadow, like eastern side of the Western Ghats or Ladakh, does not get much rainfall. Rain-bearing winds get more rainfall as compared to areas which come last of all. (Any three) 3

Ans. 7. Characteristics of Jet streams :— (i) Jet streams are located approximately over 27º-30º north latitude. (ii) Jet streams blow towards south of Himalayas all throughout the year except in

summer. (iii) The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north western

parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow. 3Ans. 8. Temperature : (i) In May, 45° Celsius temperature is common in north-western parts of India. (ii) In December and January, the temperature decreases from south to north, e.g.,

Chennai 25°C and in Northern plains 10°C. Precipitation : (i) In June and July, windward side of Western Ghats receive very heavy rainfall. (iii) Mawsynram receives the highest average rainfall in the world. (iii) Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall. (Any two) 2½ + 2½ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–40Ans. 1. Mawsynram. 1Ans. 2. Trade winds. 1Ans. 3. Western disturbances. 1Ans. 4. Early June. 1Ans. 5. It is the rain shadow area and lies on the side which is away from the direction of the

wind, e.g., Deccan Plateau is on the leeward side of the Western ghats. 1Ans. 6. Delhi. 1Ans. 7. Monsoons act as a unifying bond for India in the following ways :— (i) The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agriculture calendar and

the life of the people including their festivals revolve around this phenomenon. (ii) Year after year people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly

await the arrival of the monsoon. (iii) These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the

agriculture activities in motion. 3Ans. 8. Reasons :— (i) Mumbai receives rainfall in summer from Arabian sea branch from June to

September. (ii) Located on the Western Coast. (iii) Located on the windward side of Western Ghats. Chennai receives rainfall in winter as it is : (i) Located on the Eastern Coast. (ii) Arabian Sea branch becomes off shore. (iii) Bay of Bengal branch moves parallel to the Eastern Coast. (iv) Chennai receives rain fall from north-east monsoons and by cyclone from October

to December. (any three) 3Ans. 9. Burst of Monsoons : When monsoons arrives in India, the normal rainfall increases

suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is called burst of monsoons. (i) Cold weather season – November to February.

UNIT - II : INDIA– LAND PEOPLEAND





(ii) The temperature decreases from South to North. (iii) Days are warm and nights are cold. (iv) North-east trade winds prevail over the country. (v) The weather is marked by clear sky, low temperature, low humidity and feeble

variable winds. (vi) Low pressure system of Mediterranean sea move into India and cause rainfall

over the plains and snowfall in the mountains. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–41Ans. 1. Climate. 1Ans. 2. It is the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures. 1Ans. 3. Dumping of garbage. 1Ans. 4. Drass. 1Ans. 5. Reasons :— (i) Both eastern and western parts of northern India receive rainfall from the Bay of

Bengal branch of the monsoons. (ii) As this branch reaches the eastern parts first, the eastern parts receive more

rainfall as compared to the west. (iii) The western parts are away from the sea, so the monsoon gets drier. 3Ans. 6. Inter–Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) :— (i) It is a broad through of low pressure. (ii) This zone lies more or less parallel to the equator. (iii) Moves north or south with apparent movement of the Sun. (Any three) 3Ans. 7. The ifl uence of Himalayas on India’s climate :— (i) Himalayas the lofty mountains, have provided India with a compact physical

setting. (ii) Himalayas protect the sub-continent from the northern winds. (iii) These cold and chilly winds originate near the Arctic circle and blow across central

and eastern Asia. 3Ans. 8. Features of Hot Weather Season :— (i) Due to the apparent northward movement of the sun, the global heat belt shifts

northward. As such from March to May, it is hot weather season in India. (ii) In March highest temperature is about 38°C on the Deccan Plateau in April,

Gujarat and M.P. receives around 42°C, in May 45°C temperature is common in the north-west part of country.

(iii) In May an elongated low pressure area develops in the regions extending from the ‘Thar desert’ in the north-west to Patna and Chhota Nagpur plateau.

(iv) A striking feature of the hot weather season is the Loo. These are strong hot dusty winds blowing during the day-over the north and north-western India. 1¼ × 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–42Ans. 1. Shillong. 1Ans. 2. Leh. 1Ans. 3. June to September. 1Ans. 4. Jet Stream. 1Ans. 5. Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude westerly winds in the troposphere. Their

speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. Relation of Jet Streams with Western cyclonic disturbances :—

(i) Little amount of winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains are an impact of western cyclonic disturbances from the Mediterranean sea.




P-33

(ii) They have immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops in North India. 1 + 2 = 3

Ans. 6. (i) The rainiest month of the year is July. The rainfall in this month is 19.3 cm. (ii) The annual range of temperature here is 33.3°C – 14.4°C = 18.9°C. (iii) The hottest month of the year is June and the temperature is 33.3°C. 1 × 3 = 3Ans.7. Western disturbances are the temperate cyclones which originate over Mediterranean

Sea and Western Asia, and move into India, along with the westerly glow of jet streams. Their effects are :— (i) They disturb the calm and quite weather of north and north western India by

causing cyclonic rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains. (ii) Winter rainfall caused by them locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is of immense

importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 8. The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by the following

atmospheric conditions :— (i) Pressure and Surface Winds : Pressure and surface wind conditions in India

are unique. During winters, there is high pressure area in north of the Himalayas. In summers, a low pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over north-western India.

(ii) Upper Air Circulation : The upper air circulation in the oceans are dominated by westerly flow. An important component of this flow is Jet Streams.

(iii) Western Cyclonic Disturbances : The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by the westaly flow. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–43MAP WORKAns. 1 1 × 2 = 2






Ans. 2. 1 × 11 = 11

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–44All these activities has to be done by the students on their own.




P-35

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–45Ans. 1. Trees are scattered and roots are long. 1Ans. 2. Montane forests. 1Ans. 3. Kachnar. 1Ans. 4. Tropical evergreen. 1Ans. 5. Features of Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs : (i) These forests occur in areas which have less than 70 cm of rainfall annually. (ii) They are found in the north-western parts of the country including semi-arid

areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. (iii) The commonly found trees in these forests are short, stunted and scattered. (iv) Besides Acacia (Babul) dateplams, cupharbies and cactus trees, different shrubs

and grasses commonly grow in between these trees. 3Ans. 6. (i) Human beings are an integral part of ecosystem. (ii) They utilize vegetation and wild life. (iii) They create ecological imbalance like cutting of trees. 3Ans. 7. Vegetation : (i) Dense mangrove forests are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta/Sunderbans. (ii) The roots of these plants are submerged under water. (iii) The sundari trees are found and they have durable hard timber. (iv) Palm, coconut, keora, agar also grow here. Wild life : This region is the natural habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger. Turtles, crocodiles and

gharials. Snakes are also found here. 2 + 1 = 3Ans. 8. Features of Temperate Forests and Grasslands : (i) In the foothills of the Himalayas, tropical deciduous forests are found and trees

like teak, shisam, sal and rosewood etc. predominate. They flourish upto height of about 1000 metres.

(ii) Above the tropical decidous forests, between 1000 to 2000 metres wet temperate type of forests flourish. Here, evergreen broad-leave trees like oaks and chestnuts predominate.

(iii) Above that, upto a height of 3000 metres, temperate forests fluorish. Here coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar are commonly found.

(iv) At still higher elevation, temperate forests grasslands are quite common. (v) The common animals found in these forests are wild sheep and goats, antelopes,

yaks, snow leopards, rabbits, squirrels etc. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–46Ans. 1. Virgin Vegetation. 1Ans. 2. Southern. 1Ans. 3. About 47,000. 1Ans. 4. Tropical rain forests. 1Ans. 5. Flora : (i) The flora of a country consists of plant kingdom of that country.


7 NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE





(ii) It covers trees in the forests, other flowering and Non-flowering trees grown by man, grassland, scrubs, ferns, etc.

(iii) India possesses about 47,000 different species of plants and 5,000 of them are exclusively found in India.

Fauna : (i) The fauna of a country consists of birds, fish and animals of that country. (ii) It includes amphibians, reptiles, mammals, small insects and worms. (iii) The fauna of India is quite rich and varied. There are about 89,000 species in

India. 3Ans. 6. Tropical Vegetation : Tiger and Elephant. Montane Vegetation : Kashmir Stag and Yak. 1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 7. Wildlife in India :—India is rich in its wildlife. It has more than 89,000 of animal

species, more than 1200 species of birds and about 2500 species of fish. Elephants are found in the wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala. One-horned rhinoceros live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and North-west Bengal. Rann of Kutch and ‘Thar desert’ are habitat of wild asses and camels. Lions are found in Gir hills of Gujarat and Tigers in the Sunderbans of West Bengal. The Himalayas harbour have wide variety of animals, e.g., yaks, snow-leopards, bear, tibetan antelope [bhral (blue sheep) and musk-deer, kiang (Tibetan wild ass)]. Siberian cranes migrate in large number during winter in marshy areas of Rann of Kutch and Bharatpur (Rajasthan). India is also famous for variety of deer species, e.g., Chinkara, Barasingha, Sambhar, Chowsingha, Black buck, etc. 3

Ans. 8. Features of Montane or Alpine and Tundra Vegetation : (i) Here temperate forests and grasslands are replaced by Alpine type of vegetation

of forests. (ii) In these Alpine type of forests, trees like silver fir, junipers, birches and pines etc.

are found. (iii) As these trees approach the snow line, they get progressively stunted. (iv) They ultimately, through scrubs and shrubs merge into the Alpine grasslands.

These grasslands provide superb grazing fields to the nomadic tribes like the Bakarwals and Gujjars to feed their sheep and goats etc.

(v) The common animals are leopards, yaks, sheeps and goats etc. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–47Ans. 1. Neem. 1Ans. 2. One-horned Rhino. 1Ans. 3. Rosewood. 1Ans. 4. Periyar (elephant). 1Ans. 5. Endangered species of wildlife : (i) Tiger (ii) Lion (iii) Elephant (iv) Rhino (v) Indian Bustard (Any two) Project Tiger has been a great success. Periodic census are undertaken to find out the

latest position. Tiger reserves are at Jim Corbett Park and Simlipal, etc. In Assam, the two Rhino reserves are Kaziranga and Manas. 3

Ans. 6. Three biosphere reserves in India are :— (i) Sunderbans in West Bengal. (ii) Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. (iii) Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu. 1 × 3 = 3Ans. 7. Mechanism of monsoons : (i) Differential heating and cooling of land and water.




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(ii) The shift of ITCZ in summers to Ganga Plain. (iii) High pressure is developed in the east of Madagascar. 3Ans. 8. Features of Tidal Forests : (i) The tidal forests are the most important vegetation in areas near the coasts and

rivers where tides are common. (ii) Such forests are covered by mangrove trees with their roots submerged under

water. (iii) The deltas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna are covered by such

forests. (iv) Sunderi is the well-known mangrove tree, after the name of which the forest parts

of Ganga-Brhamaputra delta are known as Sunderbans. (v) Besides the Bengal Tiger, other animals found are crocodiles, gharials, turtles and

snakes etc. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–48Ans. 1. 1972. 1Ans. 2. Tropical evergreen. 1Ans. 3. Less than 75 cm annual rainfall. 1Ans. 4. Sarpagandha. 1Ans. 5. Tropical Deciduous : (i) Rainfall between 70-200 cm. (ii) Trees shed their leaves during summer season. (iii) Examples : Sal, Teak. Tropical Evergreen : (i) Heavy rainfall. (ii) No fixed time to shed their leaves. (iii) Examples : Ebony, Mahogany. 3Ans. 6. Characteristics of the Mangrove Forests :— (i) The mangrove forests are mostly found in Delta regions. (ii) Mangrove forests support trees which can survive in salt water as well as in fresh

water. (iii) The mangrove forests have Sundari tree. The animal commonly found in these

forests is the Royal Bengal Tiger. 3Ans. 7. Importance of Forests : (i) They enhance the quality of environment. (ii) They modify local climate. (iii) They control soil erosion. (iv) They regulate stream flow. (v) They support a variety of industries. (Any three) 3Ans. 8. Reasons :— (i) Land affects bio-diversity. Different type of vegetation occurs in mountains,

plateau and plain areas or in dry wet regions. Each type of terrain and vegetation gives habitat to different types of animals.

(ii) Different types of soils provide basis for different types of vegetation. For example, sandy soils support cactus and thorny bushes while wet marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves.

(iii) Temperature, humidity and precipitation also affect the type of vegetation and wildlife. In hot wet regions of Assam and Kerala, elephants and tropical evergreen






trees are found. In high mountains, coniferous forests are seen. In Alpine, tundra region mosses and lichen grow and snow-leopards are found.

(iv) Varying amount of rainfall from 20 cm to 300 cm. Duration of rainfall period also varies and gives variety of vegetation. The variation in duration of sunlight at different places due to difference in latitude and altitude, season and duration of the day also affect vegetation. Due to long duration of sunlight, trees grow faster. 1¼ × 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–49Ans. 1. Tropical evergreen forests. 1Ans. 2. Rajasthan. 1Ans. 3. 14. 1Ans. 4. Ladakh. 1Ans. 5. Factors responsible for diversification of Flora :— (i) Land – Nature of land influences the type of vegetation. Fertile land for agriculture

and undulating land for forests. (ii) Soil – Different type of soils provide basis for different vegetation. (iii) Temperature – Vegetation differs from low temperature to high temperature. 3Ans. 6. The evergreen forests – Are found in Western Ghats, Lakshadweep Islands,

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coasts. (Any two)

Characteristics of these forests : (i) The trees reach great heights upto 60 meters or even above. (ii) As the region is warm and wet through out the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation

of all kinds– trees, shrubs and creepers giving it a multilayered structure. 1 + 2 = 3

Ans.7. Two sub-types of Tropical Deciduous Forests are : (i) Moist deciduous, (ii) Dry deciduous. (i) Moist deciduous : Rainfall 100-200 cms. Located in the eastern parts of the

country, Species : Teak, Bamboo, Sal and Shisham. (Any two) (ii) Dry deciduous : Rainfall 100-70 cms. Found in rainier parts of peninsular

plateau, Bihar and U.P. plains ; open stretches with Sal, Teak, Peepal, Neem ; major part cleared for grazing. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3

Ans. 8. Major reasons for deforestation : (i) With the increase in population, there is an increase in demand for forest products. (ii) Several forests have been cleared for agriculture. (iii) Due to practice of shifting agriculture, especially in North-Eastern parts of our

country, intensive damage has been done to forests.(iv) Overgrazing and cutting trees for fuel. 1¼ × 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–50Ans. 1. Ranganathitto. 1Ans. 2. Sundarbans. 1Ans. 3. Dachigam. 1Ans. 4. Gujarat. 1Ans. 5. Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests :— (i) They are wet evergreen forests. (ii) They are found in areas having hot and humid climate.




P-39

(iii) Trees of these forests are tall, thick and have vigorous growth. (iv) Trees have hardwood and have large number of species. (v) Trees of particular species are highly scattered. (Any three) 3 × 1 = 3Ans. 6. India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world :— (i) India has about 47000 species of plants. (ii) India occupies tenth place in world and fourth place in Asia. (iii) It has 15000 flowering plants. (iv) It is a home of 89000 species of animals. (Any three) 3Ans.7. Mangrove forest : The forest found in the coast influenced by the tides. (i) Succession of forest in the same order as we see from tropical to tundra region. (ii) Wet temperate forests from 1000 to 2000 meters. (iii) Temperate forests containing trees like Pine, Deodar at 1500 to 3000 meters. (iv) Temperate grasslands in between 3000 to 3600 meters. (v) Alpine Vegetation above 3600 meters. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 8. Measures to conserve forests : (i) Planting fast growing trees and preventing the felling of young trees. (ii) Preventing forest fires. (iii) Create public awarness about the importance of forests. (iv) We must celebrate ``Van Mahotsava’’ and plant trees in those areas which are not

suitable for agriculture. (v) All National Day celebration programs should follow a programme of tree

plantation. 1 × 5 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–51Ans. 1. Assam and Karnataka. 1Ans. 2. One of twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world. 1Ans. 3. Fauna. 1Ans. 4. Odisha. 1Ans. 5. Rann of Kutch. 1Ans. 6. They are relatively large area where one or several ecosystem exist and where plant

and animal species, geo morphological sites and habitats are of special educative and recreative interests, e.g., Jim Corbett Park. 1

Ans.7. Features of Thorn Forests :— (i) Areas with an annual rainfall of less than 70 cm have thorny bushes. (ii) Babul, Khair, Plums, Cactus and Dates are important species of trees. (iii) These forests have long roots and sharp thorns. 3Ans. 8. Examples of human’s interference, destroying natural ecosystem are :— (i) Deforestation leading to soil erosion, floods and droughts and rise in desertification. (ii) Excessive hunting of animals has led to extinction of species. (iii) Rapid rise in population leading to over-exploitation of resources. Steps to protect the ecosystem are :— (i) Proper planning to conserve the forest resources and undertaking afforestation. (ii) Steps should be taken to control environmental pollution. (iii) Setting up of national parks, zoological gardens and bio-reserves to protect the

wildlife. 1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 9. Measures undertaken by the Government :— (i) Various biosphere reserves have been set up in various parts of India where wild

animals and birds are kept in their natural habitat. Nilgiri at the junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand are such biosphere reserves.






(ii) Government has made 89 national parks, 490 wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens to protect wildlife.

(iii) Periodic census are being taken to find out the latest position of some rare species so that they can be preserved for our future generations.

(iv) Tigers and Rhinoceros are some endangered species of wildlife in India, so for them special projects have been prepared. Tiger Project has proved to be very successful. About 16 tiger reserves have been set up in different parts of India. Likewise Rhino Project is also being implemented in the Kaziranga bird-reserve of Assam.

(v) The killing of wildlife has been banned by the Government. Special Forest Officers have been appointed to catch unlawful animal hunters. 1 × 5 = 5

Ans.10. The following are the Medicinal Plants found in India and their uses are as follows :— (i) Sarpagandha, it is used to treat blood pressure. It is found in India. (ii) Jamun, the juice from ripe fruit is used to prepare vinegar and has digestive

properties. The powder of the seeds is used in controlling diabetes. (iii) Babool, the leaves are used to cure eye sores. Its gum is used as tonic. (iv) Neem, it has high antibiotic and antibacterial properties. (v) Tulsi, it is used to cure cough and cold. 1 × 5 = 5





P-41UNIT - II : INDIA– LAND PEOPLEAND

Ans. 2. 3 + 2 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–53All these activities has to be done by the students on their own. They will help them to understand the correlation between climate and vegetation.. It also help them to understand the change in the climate environment is affecting natural existence of wild life.





SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–54Ans. 1. The size of its adolescent population. 1Ans. 2. Transport, communication and commerce. 1Ans. 3. 324 person / km2. 1Ans. 4. Population density is calculatal as the number of persons per unit area. The Population

density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per square Km. 1Ans. 5. Process of Population change : (i) Birth rate : The number of live births per thousands persons in a year. (ii) Death rate : It is the number of deaths per thousands in a year. (iii) Migration : Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.

It can be internal and International. 1 × 3 = 3Ans. 6. The population of a nation can be categorized as : (i) Children (generally below 15 years) They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing,

education and medical care. (ii) Working age (15 to 59 years) They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise

the working population. (iii) Aged (above 59 years) They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment

through recruitment. 1 × 3 = 3Ans. 7. Occupational Structure : The distribution of the population according to different

types of occupations is referred to as occupational structure. Relation with development : (i) The preportion of people working in different activities. Primary, Secondary and

Tertiary varies in developed and developing countries. (a) Primary : agriculture and animal husbandry. (b) Secondary : manufacturing. (c) Tertiary : service sector like banking and transport. (ii) Developed : high proportion of people in secondary and tertiary activities. (iii) Developing : higher proportion engaged in primary activities. (iv) Occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary sectors due to

industrialization and urbanization. 1 + 4 = 5Ans.8. (i) In India, most migrations have taken place from rural to urban areas because of

the push factor in rural areas. The urban population has increased from 17.29% of the total population in 1951 to 51.80% in 2011. There has been a signifi cant increase in the number of million plus cities from 35 to 53 in just one decade, i.e. 2001 to 2011.

(ii) There are adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas. (iii) The pull of the city in terms of increased employment opportunities and better

living conditions also led to migrations. (iv) Migration is an important determinant of population change. (v) It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of the

urban and rural population in terms of age and sex composition. 1 × 5 = 5

8 POPULATION





SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–55Ans. 1. Rugged terrain and unfavourable climate. 1 Ans. 2. 10 Years. 1Ans. 3. Sex ratio. 1Ans. 4. Delhi. 1Ans. 5. The role of National Population Policy 2000 in life of adolescents :— (i) NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population

that need greater attention. (ii) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other

important needs of adolescents like protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.

(iii) It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriages and child-bearing.

(iv) It aimed at providing food supplements and nutritional services. (v) It also aimed at strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.

1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 6. Absolute numbers : The magnitude of increase in population in each year or decade-

subtract the earlier population from the later population. Annual Growth Rate : Increase of persons for every 100 persons in the base

population in a given year. 1½ + 1½ = 3Ans. 7. Working Population (i) Population engaged in economic production. (ii) Age group 15-60 years. (iii) Population takes care of the dependent population. Dependent Population (i) Population not engaged in economic production. (ii) Age group 0-15 and 60+ (iii) Depends on the working population.Ans.8. Distributions of population in India is uneven because of following reasons:— (i) Physical factors : Rugged and mountaneous terrain – J & K and Arunachal

Pradesh etc. lack means of transport. Thus, population is less. (ii) Harsh climate conditions : Snow covered – J & K and very hot regions –

Rajasthan – hence, sparse population. (iii) Plain terrain : rich in fertile soil, good rainfall and moderate climate- Kerala and

U.P., hence high population. (iv) Business, industries, transport trade and communication. (v) Political factors : Security, peace and stability. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–56Ans. 1. Uttar Pradesh. 1Ans. 2. 2000. 1Ans. 3. Activities that provide support to primary activities and offer aid in the production

process through various services and help in the development of the primary sector are called tertiary activities. For example, banking and insurance. 1

Ans. 4. Number of births in a year per thousand person. 1Ans. 5. The three main questions on which census is primarily concerned with are:— (i) Population size and distribution. (India’s population as on march 2011 stood at

1,210 million which accounts which accounts for 17.5% of the world population. These 1.02 billion people are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28 million square km, which accounts for 2.4% of the world’s area. Now, as per





the 2011 consensus, India’s share of population is 17.5 wheras rest of the world population share is 82.5).

(ii) Population growth and processes of population change (India’s population has been steadity increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1210 million in 2011).

(iii) Characteristics or qualities of the population. 1 × 3 = 3Ans. 6. The three population density zones of India are :— (i) High density zone – Northern plains, above 500 people per sq. km. (ii) Low density zone – Mountain region, 250-500 people per sq. km. (iii) Medium density zone – Plateau region, below 250 people per sq. km. 1 × 3 = 3Ans.7. Growth of population : Refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a

country /territory during a specific period of time, say during the last ten years. If we compare the population growth rate from 1901 to 2011, we will discover that the datas have changed drastically. The progressive growth rate was 5.75 in 1911 and now it has increased up to 407.64 in 2011.

India’s population has been steadily increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1210 million in 2011. Population change can be expressed in the following ways :

(i) In terms of absolute numbers and (ii) In terms of percentage change per year. (iii) The absolute numbers added each year or decade is the magnitude of increases. It

is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population from the later population it is referred to as the absolute increase.

(iv) The rate or the pace of population increase is the other important aspect. It is studied in percent per annum this is referred to as the annual growth rate.

3 + 2 = 5Ans. 8. Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal or international. In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas because of the push

factor in rural areas. These are adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas and

the ‘pull’ of the city in terms of increased employment opportunities and better living conditions. 1 + 2 + 2 = 5





SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–57Ans. 1. Kerala. 1Ans. 2. 1921. 1Ans. 3. The number of persons added each year. 1Ans. 4. Internal migration. 1Ans. 5. Arunachal Pradesh (Density raises from 1102 person per squar Km in Bihar and only

17 person in Arunachal Pradesh. 1Ans. 6. Sex Ratio : The number of women per thousand men is called sex ratio.

Census Year Sex Ratio (female per 1000 males)

1901 972 1911 964 1921 955 1931 950 1941 945 1951 946 1961 941 1971 930 1981 934 1991 927 2001 933 2011 940

It is clear from the given data that the population of females per thousand males is decreasing year by year when compared. Kerala has a sex ratio of 1084 females per 1000 males, while Delhi has 866 females per thousand males and Haryana has just 877 females per thousand males.

Reasons : (i) Lesser care of female children. (ii) Greater risk to their lives especially at the time of child birth. (iii) Women are also killed or forced to die by the dowry seekers. (iv) Due to illiteracy. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 7. National population policy was implemented in the year 2000. It is a culmination

of year of planned efforts. It provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education upto 14 years of age.

Other aims or significant features of NPP 2000 are as follows :— (i) NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population

that need greater attention. (ii) Its main objective is to cater to their nutritional requirements. (iii) To impart free and compulsory school education upto 14 years of age. 3Ans. 8. (A) The literacy rate of the male population has gone up from 29% in 1951 to 74%

in 2004 approx. The literacy rate in the country as per the consensus of 2011 is 74.04%, 82.14% for males and 65.46% for females. 1

(B) (i) Girls are historically and culturally expected to stay at home and look after domestic chores.

(ii) Girls are not educated as compared to the boys. (iii) Drop out rates of girls are higher than boys. (Any two) 2 (C) (i) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. (ii) Mid day meal scheme. (iii) Back to school campus. 2






Ans. 2. 1 × 3 = 3

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–59All these activities has to be done by the child on his own.




P-47

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–60Ans. 1. Conducts all elections. 1Ans. 2. President of India. 1Ans. 3. Chowdhary Devi Lal. 1Ans. 4. The voters can choose the candidate who belongs to their own community or religion.1Ans. 5. All the political parties in our country have agreed to a model code of conduct for

election campaigns. All of them have to abide by certain rules and regulations which are supposed to follow after the announcement of Elections.

Pestrictions :— (i) No candidate should bribe or threaten voters. (ii) Appeal to them in the name of religion. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 6. (i) The country is divided into different areas for purpose of elections. These areas

are called electoral constituencies. (ii) For Lok Sabha elections, the country is divided into 543 constituencies at present. (iii) The basis of the division of the constituencies is population. 3Ans.7. Challenges faced by election system : (i) Candidates and parties with money have unfair advantage over smaller parties. (ii) Candidates with criminal connection push others out of electoral race. (iii) Some families tend to dominate political parties and distributes tickets to

relatives. 3Ans. 8. Essential conditions for a democratic election : (i) Everyone should have one vote and every vote should be of equal value. (ii) Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections. (iii) Elections must be held regularly. (iv) The candidates preferred by the people should be elected. (v) Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–61Ans. 1. Refers to a process by which a candidate tries to persuade the voter to vote for him

rather than for others. 1Ans. 2. Indian National Congress. 1Ans. 3. Election Commission. 1Ans. 4. The list of those who are eligible to vote. 1Ans. 5. Nyaya Yudh. 1Ans. 6. Setting up of polling booths. 1Ans. 7. All adults have the right to vote and the value of votes are same, this is known as

Universal Adult Franchise. Reasons :— (i) Political equality. (ii) It establishes a fair and true democratic government. (iii) It makes a responsible government. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 8. Reserved Constituencies : Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled castes (SC)

and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In these constituencies, only one who belongs to these categories can stand for election.

9 ELECTORAL POLITICS IN DEMOCRACY





Arguments for justifi cation of the concept : (i) Certain weak sections may not have a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha

and the State Legislative Assemblies. (ii) The influential and resourceful people may prevent SC/ST condidates from

winning elections and Legislative Assembly would be deprived of the voice of a significant section of our population.

(iii) Weaker section may not have sufficient resources like education, contacts to contest and win elections against others.

(iv) This would make our democracy less representatives and less democratic. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3

Ans. 9. (i) The name of this movement was ‘Nyaya Yudh’. (ii) The popular promise was, if his party won the elections, his government would

waive the loans of farmers and small businessmen. (iii) The name of the political party was Lok Dal . 3Ans.10. Reasons :— (i) Political executive is elected by the people. (ii) Political executives are answerable to the people. (iii) The non-political executives are the experts in their field but political executive

have to see the welfare of all. (iv) All the decisions are taken by the political executives. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–62Ans. 1. He is appointed by the president but he is not answerable to anyone. 1Ans. 2. Elections are held in all constituencies at the same time. 1Ans. 3. Election Commission of India. 1Ans. 4. Independent Election Commission. 1Ans. 5. Parliamentary Constituency : (i) Each member of the Central Legislature represents one area. Thus, the whole

country is divided into 543 areas. Each of these areas is called a ‘parliamentary constituency’.

(ii) Each constituency has roughly the same population in order to ensure that each vote has the same value.

Assembly Constituency : (i) In the same way, the states are divided into areas that elect one member each.

These are called Assembly constituencies. (ii) Depending on the population of the state, theAssemblies vary in size. The largest

Vidhan Sabha is for U.P. which has 403 members while a small state like Goa has only 40 members.

Ans. 6. Declaration is made because : (i) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidates. (ii) Details of the assets and liabilities of candidate and his or her family. (iii) Educational qualifications of the candidates. 3Ans.7. Difference between Political and Permanent Executive : (i) In a democratic country, one that is elected by the people for a specific period is

called the Political Executive. Political leaders who take the big decisions fall in this category.

(ii) In the second category people are appointed for a long term basis and are called Permanent Executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are called Civil Servants who remain in office even when the ruling party changes. These officers work under political executives and assist them in carrying out the day-to-day administration. 2½ + 2½ = 5




P-49

Ans. 8. Need of elections : Election is a mechanism by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so. Therefore, elections are considered essential for representative democracy.

Three demerits of Electoral Competition : (i) Creates sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality. (ii) Political parties and leaders level allegation at each other. (iii) Political parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections. 2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–63Ans. 1. Election Commission. 1Ans. 2. 543. 1Ans. 3. Janta Party. 1Ans. 4. No party or candidate is bound by the model code of conduct. 1Ans. 5. For independent and fair election following restrictions are imposed : (i) For fair election, code of conduct has been issued by the government according to

which any place of worship will not be used for propaganda. (ii) Government vehicles, aircrafts and officials will not be used for election. (iii) Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any

projects, take any big policy decision or make any promise of providing any facilities to public facilities. 3

Ans. 6. (i) More than 1/3rd voters participate in campaign related activities. (ii) More than half of the people identify themselves as being close to one or the other

political party. (iii) One out of every seven voters is a member of a political party. 3 × 1 = 3Ans.7. It is necessary to regulate campaign to ensure that every political party and candidate

gets a fair and equal chance to compete. According to our election law, no party or candidate can :—

(i) Bribe or threaten voters. (ii) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion. (iii) Use government resources for election campaigns. (iv) Spend more than Rs. 25 lakhs in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or Rs. 10

lakhs in a constituency in a Assembly election. 1 + 4 = 5Ans.8. Elections : It is a process by which representatives get elected, who will further make

policies and rule our country. Nomination Process : (i) Party tickets are given. (ii) Nomination form is filled. (iii) Security amount is deposited. (iv) Nomination papers are scrutinised. 1 + 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–64Ans. 1. Uttar Pradesh. 1Ans. 2. Electronic Voting Machine. 1Ans. 3. Voting. 1Ans. 4. Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate. 1Ans. 5. BP Election. 1Ans. 6. 5 Years. 1

UNIT - III : POLITICS - IDEMOCRATIC





Ans. 7. Reasons :— (i) In an election the voters make many choices. They can choose the one who will

make laws for them. (ii) They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions. (iii) They can choose the one the party whose policies will guide the government and

law making. 3Ans.8. (A) A list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared by a door to door survey. It is

officially called the Electoral Roll but commonly known as the ‘Voters List’. The list is revised after every five years. This is done to ensure that the list remains up-to-date.

(B) A photo-identity card contains all the relevant information regarding the voter. The voters are required to keep this card, when they go to vote. It prevent a person from voting for someone else. 1½ + 1½ = 3

Ans. 9. (i) Institutions make rules and regulations. (ii) It provides an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decisions. (iii) It implements decisions, if disputes arise there should be some one to determine

what is right and what is wrong. 3Ans.10. (i) Educational qualifications are not relevant to all kind of jobs. (ii) Relevant qualification for being an M.L.A. or an M.P. is the ability to understand

people’s concerns, problems and the way to solve them. (iii) Putting an educational qualification would go against the spirit of democracy. (iv) If educational qualification was made compulsory it would mean depriving a

majority of the country’s citizen to contest elections. 4 × 1¼ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–65Ans. 1. Electoral roll. 1Ans. 2. Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government. 1Ans. 3. 79. 1Ans. 4. Code of conduct. 1Ans. 5. 5 Years. 1Ans. 6. Techniques of election compaign :— (i) Postering : A few days before the actual Election Day, the election campaign

begins with postering. These posters bear the photograph of the candidate along with that of the national leaders of the party and appear on the walls of the bazaars and streets.

(ii) Meetings : Candidates hold party meetings and corner meetings to get support of various groups of people.

(iii) Processions : Processions are often taken out and large number of trucks, tongas, cycles and scooters are used to carry the precisionists who shout slogans in favour of their candidates. 3

Ans.7. The relationship between seat, constituency and representatives :— (i) ‘Seat’ refers to the number of positions in any legislature. For example, there are

543 seats in the Lok Sabha. Each seat is occupied by an elected representative who is either a MP (Member of Parliament) or MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly).

(ii) Each representative represents an area which is called a constituency. (iii) When we speak about the strength of the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Shabha we speak

in terms of seats. This is because one seat is allotted to every member elected from a constituency. So there are 543 Lok Sabha constituencies or seats that elect 543 members of the Lok Sabha. 3




P-51

Ans.8. Reasons :— (i) In a secret ballot, the voters can express their choice freely and without any fear. (ii) The voter is free from pulls and pressures under the secret ballot system. (iii) It brings the desired changes but without any ill-feeling and wrong attitude. 3Ans.9. Differences between Political and Permanent executive : (i) In a democratic country, one that is elected by the people for a specific period is

called the Political Executive. Political leaders who take the big decisions fall in this category.

(ii) In the second category people are appointed for a long term basis and are called Permanent Executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are called Civil Servants who remain in office even when the ruling party changes. These officers work under political executives and assist them in carrying out the day-to-day administration.

Political Executive is more powerful because : (i) The ministers are elected by the people therefore is more empowered. (ii) Finally, it is the ministers who is answerable to people therefore, he takes major

decisions. (iii) In any organisation, those who understand the overall picture, take the most

important decision and not the experts. In democracy the political executive performs this role. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–66Ans. 1. Independent and powerful Election Commission. 1Ans. 2. Electoral Roll. 1Ans. 3. 250. 1Ans. 4. A document published by every political party before elections containing the policies

and programmes of that party. 1Ans. 5. Election Process : (i) Announcement of election dates. (ii) Selection of candidates. (iii) Filing in the nomination papers their scrutiny, withdrawal of nomination papers

and publication of final list. (iv) Allotment of symbols. (v) Issuing of Election Manifesto. (vi) Campaigning. (vii) Voting, counting of votes and declaration of results. (viii)Election petition. 3Ans. 6. (i) ‘Garibi Hatao’ by Congress in 1971. Removal of poverty by reorienting government

policies. (ii) ‘Save Democracy’ by Janta Party in 1977. (Undo the excesses committed during Emergency and restore civil liberties.) (iii) ‘Land to the Tiller’ by Left Front in W. Bengal to safeguard the rights of

peasants. 3Ans.7. Powers of Election Commission : (i) Independent and powerful body. (ii) Election commission takes independent decision on all aspects of election. (iii) Election commission has power to implement code of conduct and punish any

party who violates it. 3






Ans.8. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India. Powers of Election Commission : (i) Independent and powerful body. (ii) Election commission takes independent decision on all aspects of election. (iii) Election commission has power to implement code of conduct and punish any

party who violates it. (iv) Govt. officials on election duty, work under its control. (v) Election commission can order government to follow some guidelines to prevent

undue misuse of governmental powers during elections. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–67All these activities will be done by the students on their own on individual basis or in the form of group activity.




P-53

10 INSTITUTIONS OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–68Ans. 1. 5 Years. 1Ans. 2. The Prime Minister. 1Ans. 3. The members of the Lok Sabha. 1Ans. 4. Bills dealing with money matters like taxes, income, expenditure and grants. 1Ans. 5. Cabinet. 1Ans. 6. The Union Council of Ministers comprises of the three categories of ministers. These

are : (i) Cabinet Ministers : constitute the inner ring of the Council of Ministers.

These are the top level leaders of the ruling party/parties who are incharge of the important ministries. They usually meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.

(ii) Ministers of State with Independent Charge : are usually incharge of smaller ministries. They participate in the cabinet meetings only when they are invited.

(iii) Ministers of state : are attached to and are required to assist the cabinet ministers. It is headed by the Prime Minister. 3

Ans. 7. (i) Parliament is the final authority for making laws. (ii) It exercises control over the working of government. (iii) It controls all the money that government have. 3Ans.8. Importance of political institutions :— (i) Political Institutions make rules & regulations. (ii) They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any

decisions. (iii) They implement decisions, if disputes arise there should be some one to determine

what is right and what is wrong. 3Ans.9. Prime Minister : Prime Minister is the most important political institution of

the country. He/She is the head of the government and all the important decisions regarding the country are taken by him. He/she enjoys the real executive powers of the Prime Minister as head of the state.

Powers and Function of Prime Minister : (i) Allocation of departments and formation of council of minister’s distribution of

portfolios. (ii) Being the chairman of the cabinet, Prime Minister presides the meetings of the

cabinet. (iii) Link between the President and Cabinet. (iv) Leader of the Nation. (v) Ex-officio chairman of Planning Commission. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–69

Ans. 1. The President. 1Ans. 2. The Lok Sabha. 1Ans. 3. The members of the Lok Sabha. 1Ans. 4. Political executive enjoys more powers than Permanent executive in following three

ways : (i) Permanent executive works under the direction of the political executive.






(ii) Political executive is empowered to exercise the will of the people. (iii) The final decision rests with the ministers (iv) All policy decisions are decided by the political executive. (Any three) 3Ans. 5. Independence of the judiciary : (i) Judiciary is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. (ii) The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes

of the party in power. (iii) Constitution provides the security of service of the judges. Once appointed by the

President, their service cannot be terminated by will by any authority whatever. (iv) There is a security of pay and allowances of the judges. Their salaries cannot be

reduced. (v) The Supreme Court and the High Courts are free to decide their own procedure of

work and establishment. (vi) Judge is not allowed to practice after retirement so that they cannot influence

judgements of the court. (Any three) 3Ans. 6. The procedure for the removal of judges of the Supreme Court :— Once a person is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court, it is

very difficult to remove him or her from that position. A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of both Houses of the Parliament. 3

Ans.7. Election Procedure of the two Houses of Parliament : (i) Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people and enjoy real power on behalf of the

people. (ii) Rajya Sabha is elected indirectly and mainly looks after the interest of the states. Lok Sabha enjoys supreme powers : (i) If there is a joint session of the two Houses than the will of the Lok Sabha prevails

due to its numerical supremacy. (ii) In money matters Lok Sabha is supreme as Rajya Sabha can only delay a money

bill for 14 days or give suggestions. (iii) Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers through No-Confidence Motion.

2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–70

Ans. 1. Minister of State for Home Affairs. 1Ans. 2. Speaker of the Lok Sabha. 1Ans. 3. The Union Parliament. 1Ans. 4. Coalition government is formed by an alliance of two or more political parties usually

when no single party enjoys majority support of the members in the legislature. Limitations : (i) The Prime Minister has to accommodate different groups and sections in his party

as well as among his alliance partners. (ii) He also has to heed to the views and positions of coalition partners and other

parties, on whose support the survival of the government depends. 1 + 2 = 3Ans. 5. The differences between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha : (i) The Rajya Sabha is known as the Council of States and comprises of 250 members.

The Lok Sabha is composed of the representatives of the people comprising of 543 members plus 2 Anglo Indians nominated by the President of India called the ‘House of People.’




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(ii) Members of Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years, but 1/3rd of the members of the Rajya Sabha retire after every second year.

(iii) The Vice President of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha while the ‘Speaker’ heads the Lok Sabha and is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. 3

Ans. 6. Showing due respect to all religions is known as secularism. India is a secular state because :— (i) It does not establish any one religion as official religion and is natural and

impartial in dealing with all religions. (ii) It does not confer any privilege on any particular religion or discriminate against

people. (iii) Government cannot compel any person to pay any taxes for the promotion of any

particular religion. (iv) No religious instructions in government educational institutions. (v) Private school cannot compel any person to participate in religious instructions. 3Ans.7. Election of the President of India : The President is not elected directly by the people. The elected MPs and MLAs elect

her/him. A candidate has to get a majority of votes to win the elections. Yes, Indian President has power to do on her own. (i) Appoints Prime Minister only when he/she is assured of the majority. (ii) He/She can delay his/her assent to the bills for some time. (iii) When no party gets clear majority, the President can appoint a leader who in her

opinion can muster majority. 2 + 3 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–71All these activities will be done by the students on their own. They will help them to understand the powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. They will also give a first-hand experience to see and know how the local institutions perform their day to day activities.






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–72Ans. 1. Defame others. 1 Ans. 2. Freedom to participate in armed revolution. 1Ans. 3. Right to Equality. 1Ans. 4. The people have no role in changing their ruler. 1Ans. 5. Every claim is a right. 1Ans. 6. Provisions :— (i) Judiciary is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. (ii) The Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the

President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consolation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

(iii) Once appointed as Judge it is very difficult to remove him/her. 3Ans. 7. Rights are essential in a democracy because :— (i) Every citizen has the right to vote and the right to be elected to the government. (ii) For any democratic election to take place, it is necessary that the citizens should

have the right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.

(iii) Rights protect the minority from the oppression of the majority. The right ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes. 3

Ans. 8. The rights guaranteed by the Indian constitution are called fundamental rights because of the following reasons :—

(i) These rights are essential for the overall development of the citizens. (ii) These are enforceable in the courts of law. (iii) These have been given to all the citizens by the Constitution and the government

cannot abolish them. List of Fundamental Rights : (i) Right to Equality. (ii) Right to Freedom. (iii) Right Against Exploitation. (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion. (v) Cultural and Educational Rights. (vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies.Ans.9. Second backward class commission of 1979 headed by BP Mandal was know as Mandal Commission. It was set up to determine the criteria to identify the socially and

educationally backward classes. Recommendation to the government : (i) To reserve 27% of govt. jobs for SEBC because it would give a fair chance to rise

and progress for socially backward classes. (ii) Socially backward classes should not be devied from equality of oppurtunity

because it increases the feeling of caste division amongst them. 5

11 CITIZENS’ RIGHTS IN DEMOCRACY




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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–73Ans. 1. In 1993. 1 Ans. 2. Dalits were not allowed to use common hand pump or the hand pump was washed to

purify it . 1Ans. 3. Right to have access to an environment that is not harmful to health. 1Ans. 4. The Supreme Court of India. 1Ans. 5. Taken into custody by the police on grounds of fear of breach of the peace. 1Ans. 6. Five types of writs called quo warranto, habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition and

certiorari. 1Ans.7. The Right to Constitutional Remedy is the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution in

the following ways :— (i) When any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts. If it is

a Fundamental Right we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of a State.

(ii) If any act of the Legislature or the Executive takes away or limits any of the Fundamental Rights it will be invalid. We can challenge such laws of the central and the state government in the court of law.

(iii) The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. 3

Ans.8. Rights of a detained Person :— (i) To be informed of the reason of arrest and detention. (ii) To be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. (iii) Right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence. 3Ans.9. Suggestions : (i) To reserve 27% of govt. jobs for SEBC because it would give a fair chance to rise

and progress for socially backward classes. (ii) Socially backward classes should not be devied from equality of opportunity

because it increases the feeling of caste division amongst them. 1½ + 1½ = 3Ans.10. (i) Saudi Arabia is ruled by hereditary king and the people in that country have no

role in electing and changing their rules. (ii) The king selects the legislature as well as the executive. (iii) He appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions. (iv) It is one man rule. Citizens cannot form political parties. (v) Media cannot report anything. There is no freedom of religion. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–74Ans. 1. Right to Freedom. 1 Ans. 2. Right to religious freedom. 1Ans. 3. The rights to instigate the violence against others. 1Ans. 4. Society and law. 1Ans. 5. When fundamental rights are violated. 1Ans. 6. PIL–Anyone can approach the court if public interest is hurt by the actions of the

government. Importance of PIL :— (a) The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the govt. powers to make decisions. (b) They check malpractices on part of public officials. 1 + 2 = 3






Ans.7. The Right to Constitutional Remedy is the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution in the following ways :—

(i) When any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts. If it is a Fundamental Right we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of a State.

(ii) If any act of the Legislature or the Executive takes away or limits any of the Fundamental Rights it will be invalid. We can challenge such laws of the Central and the state government in the court of law.

(iii) The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. 3

Ans.8. Freedom means absence of constraints. In practical life it means–absence of interference by other individuals or by the government in our internal affairs.

Under the Indian constitution, all citizens have the following freedoms : (i) Freedom of speech and expression. (ii) Assembly in a peaceful manner. (iii) Form associations and unions. (iv) Move freely throughout the country. (v) Reside in any part of the country. (vi) Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. Besides the above mentioned ones, the constitution says that : (vii) No person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to

procedure established by law. Even when they do so, they have to follow some procedure : (viii)A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the

reasons for such arrest and detention. (ix) A person who is arrested and detained shall be produced before the nearest

magistrate within a period of 24 hrs. of his arrest. Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence. (Any fi ve) 5 × 1 = 5

Ans.9. The Right to culture and Education :— (i) The constitution specifies the cultural and educational rights of the minorities. (ii) Any section of citizens with a distinct language or culture has a right to conserve

it. (iii) Admission to any educational institution maintained by government or receiving

government aid cannot be denied to any citizen on the ground of religion or language.

(iv) All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Here, minority does not mean only religious minority at the national level.

(v) In some places people speaking a particular language are in majority, people speaking a different language are in a minority. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–75Ans. 1. 6. 1Ans. 2. Right against exploitation. 1Ans. 3. An international human rights organization. 1Ans. 4. Right against Exploitation. 1Ans. 5. The High Court and Supreme Court. 1Ans. 6. Challenges : The biggest challenge was to trust each other so that the interests of

both the black majority and the white minority were safeguarded. Blacks were keen




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that the democratic principle of majority rule was not compromised. They wanted substantial social and economic rights. The white minority was keen to protect its privileges and property.

Compromise : Whites agreed to the principle of one man one vote. To accept some rights for the poor and workers. Blacks agreed the majority rule will not be absolute. Majority would not take away the property of the white minority. 2 + 1 = 3

Ans.7. The Right to Constitutional Remedies is heart and soul of our Constitution. It is so called because under this right, courts are empowered to issue writs to ensure

proper enjoyment of rights by the people. Some writs which can be issued are as follows:—

Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. 2 + 1 = 3Ans.8. The Right to Equality :—The constitution says that the government shall not deny

to any person in India equality before the law or equal protection of the laws. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion,

caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth. Every citizen shall have access to public places like shops, restaurants, hotels and cinema halls. Or in the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, play grounds and places of public resorts maintained by the government or dedicated to the use of general public.

All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any position in the governments But seats are reserved for SC, STs and OBC.

Besides, various governments have different schemes for giving preference to women, poor or physically handicapped in some kinds of jobs.

The practice of untouchability has been forbidden in any form, and it is a punishable offence. 5

Ans.9. (a) Once Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for SEBC in government jobs, widespread protests were staged. Writ petitions were filed in High Courts and the Supreme Court questioning this measure. The Supreme Court examines the issue and permitted the Union government to reserve 27% of jobs for the OBCs subject to the exclusion fo ‘creamy layer’ among OBCs.

(b) While resolving the issues, following values were kept in mind : (i) Social justice to backward community. (ii) To ensure equal representation and opportunities of all citizens of India

irrespective of caste or creed. (iii) Socio-economic welfare. 2½ + 2½ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–76Ans. 1. Begar. 1 Ans. 2. Right to Vote. 1Ans. 3. Summon. 1Ans. 4. Right to constitutional remedy. 1Ans. 5. (i) By criticizing the activities of government in conversation with friends, relatives

and parents. (ii) By publicizing your views through pamphlets, magazines and newspapers, songs,

painting or poetry. Restrictions : (i) You cannot incite people to rebel against the government. (ii) You cannot instigate violence against others. (iii) You cannot use this freedom to defame others by saying false and mean things

that cause damage to a person’s reputation. (Any one) 2 + 1 = 3






Ans. 6. (i) The Right to Equality. (ii) Even after more than 60 years of independence, when such words are still used,

it looks to me a slier on the name of the country. Every citizen of India is equal in the eyes of law which means they should be equal politically, economically and socially.

(iii) If equal opportunities are provided and availed of, it will raise and uplift the status of the people which in turn restore them the dignity and freedom. So, all our efforts should be made to bring social and economic equality. 1 × 3 = 3

Ans.7. Rights :—Rights are claims of a person over other fellow beings, over the society and over the government. All of us want to live happily without fear and without being subjected to degraded treatment. For this we expect similar treatment from others. You cannot have rights that harm others. The claims we make should be reasonable. They should be such that can be made available to others in an equal measure.

Rights acquire meaning only in a society : (i) Just because we claim some thing, it does not become a right. It has to be recognized

by the society we live in. (ii) Every society makes certain rules to regulate our conduct. They tell us what is

right and what is wrong. What is recognised by society as rightful becomes the basis of rights. 3 + 1 + 1 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–77All these activities will be done by the students on their own. They will help them to develop understanding and analytical skill among the students about Right to Equality.1. a. Right to equality. b. Right to freedom. c. Right to equality. d. Right to freedom and religion.2. a. “Begaar” is a practice where the worker is forced to render services to the ‘master’

free of charge. b. Freedom is not unlimited license to do what one wants to do. c. Citizens of India have the freedom to travel to any part of the country.3. a. Traffic. b. reasonable, society, law. c. 24.4. a. Fundamental rights are the basic rights without which no individual can

develop himself to the fullest extent possible. These rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and are enforced by the court of law. However, these rights are not absolute in nature. There are reasonable restrictions imposed on them in the larger interest of the society.

b. Some of the important Features of the South African Constitution are as follows : Discriminatory laws were repealed Ban on political parties and restrictions on the

media were lifted. This constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in

any country aimed to a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights aimed the foundations for a democratic and open society in which government is based on the will of the people and every citizen is equally protected by law.




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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–78Ans. 1. Illiteracy. 1Ans. 2. National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act (2005). 1Ans. 3. Kerala. 1Ans. 4. Odisha. 1Ans. 5. Poverty as seen by social scientists : (i) Illiteracy level. (ii) Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition. (iii) Lack of access to healthcare. (iv) Lack of job opportunities. (v) Lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. (Any three) 3Ans. 6. Poverty Trends : (i) There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55 percent in

1973 to 30 percent in 2009-10. (ii) The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 percent

in 2000. If the trend continues people below poverty line may come down to about 26 percent in 2000.

(iii) Although the percentage of people living under poverty declined in the earlier decades (1973-1993) the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a long period.

(iv) The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 27 percent by 2004-05 (Any three) 3

Ans.7. The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty defi ned by the World Bank as living on less than 1.25 dollars per day has fallen from 43 per cent in 1990 to 22 percent in 2008.

(i) Poverty declined subtantially in China and South-east Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

(ii) In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan), the decline has not been as rapid. Despite decline the percentage of poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 61% in 1981 to 36% in 2008.

(iii) In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact declined from 51 percent in 1981 to 47 percent in 2008.

(iv) In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same. It has declined from 11% in 1981 to 6.4% in 2008.

(v) Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where offi cially it was nonexistent earlier.

(vi) The millennium development goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportions of people living in less than 1 dollar a day to half the 1990 level by 2015. 5

Ans.8. The government has introduced several measures for the removal of poverty. They are :

(i) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP). (ii) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). (iii) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). (iv) Swarna jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) (v) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) (vi) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY). (Any fi ve) 5

12 POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE FACING INDIA

UNIT - IV : ECONOMICUNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT - I





SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–79Ans. 1. Income or consumption levels. 1Ans. 2. 2400. 1Ans. 3. World Bank. 1Ans. 4. Amartya Sen. 1Ans. 5. Poor. 1Ans. 6. Reasons :— (i) There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir,

Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. (ii) States like Punjab and Haryana have traditionally succeeded in reducing poverty

with the help of high agricultural growth rates. (iii) Kerala has focused more on human resources development. (iv) In West Bengal, land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty. (v) In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu public distribution of food grains could have

been responsible for the improvement. (Any three) 3Ans.7. Poverty line : Poverty line is an imaginary line drawn by the economists by which

those who are all to fulfil their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter are above the poverty line and those who are not able to fulfil it are below poverty line.

Methods of determining poverty line : (i) Income Method : A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a

given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. (ii) Consumption Method : A minimum multritional food requirement for survival

is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. The accepted average of calory requirement in India.

(iii) Expenditure Method : While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, lothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement etc. are determined for subsistence. (Any two) 1 + 3 + 1 = 5

Ans.8. Disparities of poverty in India :—In India proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Recent estimates show that in 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average. While on the other hand, poverty is still a serious problem in some of the states like Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh etc. Alongwith rural poverty, urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Bihar, UP etc. 3

Ans.9. The current anti-poverty strategy of the Indian govt. is based on two planks: (i) Promotion of economic growth and (ii) Targeted anti-poverty programmes. Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in

human development. Since the eighties, India’s economic growth has been one of the fastest in the world.

Targeted anti-poverty programmes in India are formulated to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Some of them are National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, National Food for work programmse, Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana etc. 2½ + 2½ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–80Ans. 1. National Sample Survey Organisation. 1Ans. 2. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana. 1Ans. 3. 100. 1Ans. 4. Landless labourer. 1Ans. 5. Income method. 1




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Ans. 6. The millennium development goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportion of people living on less then $ 1 a day to half the 1990 level by 2015.

(i) Poverty declined substantially in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development. Number of Poor in China has come down from 85% in 1981 to 14% in 2008. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

(ii) In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan), the decline has not been as rapid. Despite decline in the percentage of the poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 61% in 1981 to 36% in 2008.



(v) Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where offi cially it was nonexistent earlier. 3

Ans.7. India’s most compelling challenge is ‘poverty reduction’. The measures that can be adopted by the Government of India are :

(i) Higher economic growth : As economic growth widens the opportunity and provides the resources needed to invest in human development.

(ii) Increasing stress on universal free elementary education : Human resources are the biggest resources for any country. By educating the humans, we can remove poverty to a great extent. 1 + 2 = 3

Ans.8. (a) The government has introduced several measures for the removal of poverty. They are:

(i) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) (ii) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) (iii) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) (iv) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) (v) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) (vi) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY). (Any five) (b) Value that can be added to improve the result of these anti-poverty programmes : (i) Population Control. (ii) Create new employment opportunities. (iii) Education. (iv) Proper implementation and right targeting. 2½ + 2½ = 5Ans.9. The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty

defi ned by the World Bank as living on less than 1.25 dollars per day has fallen from 43 per cent in 1990 to 22 percent in 2008.

(i) Poverty declined substantially in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development. Number of Poor in China has come down from 85% in 1981 to 14% in 2008. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

(ii) In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan), the decline has not been as rapid. Despite decline in the percentage of the poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 61% in 1981 to 36% in 2008.








(v) Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where offi cially it was nonexistent earlier.

(vi) The millennium development goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportions of people living in less than 1 dollar a day to half the 1990 level by 2015. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–81Ans. 1. 2015. 1Ans. 2. APS. 1Ans. 3. Unequal distribution of land. 1Ans. 4. People are engaged in physical labour. 1Ans. 5. Income level. 1Ans. 6. (i) On the positive side, the incidence of poverty has declined in India. There has been

significant fall in poverty ratio during the decades of 1980s and 2000s (2008). (ii) On the negative side, poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge.

About one fourth of India’s total population, that is about 260 million people lives below the line of poverty.

(iii) The major weakness of these programmes is the lack of proper implementation, lack of right targets, overlapping schemes. 3

Ans.7. (i) Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development.

(ii) It encourages people to send their children to schools in the hope of getting better return.

(iii) It widens job opportunities and thus solves unemployment. 3Ans.8. Causes of poverty : (i) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration. (ii) High growth rate of population. (iii) Huge income inequalities. (iv) Lack of land resources. (v) Land reforms have not been implemented properly. (vi) Socio-cultural and economic factors also responsible for poverty. (Any three) 3Ans.9. The two planks on which the current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based

are : (i) Promotion of economic growth. (ii) Targeted anti-poverty programmes. The poverty alleviation programmes were not successful in most parts of India

because : (i) Lack of proper implementation and right targeting. (ii) Lot of overlapping of schemes. (iii) Benefits of the schemes did not reach the deserving poors. 2 + 3 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–82Ans. 1. Haryana. 1Ans. 2. Lack of proper implementation. 1Ans. 3. 2005. 1Ans. 4. Scheduled caste. 1Ans. 5. West Bengal. 1Ans. 6. He introduced the concept of entitlement. 1




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Ans.7. Punjab : Increases in farm yields helped Punjab to remove poverty. Kerala : Human resources development helped Kerala to eradicate poverty. West Bengal : Land Reform measures helped West Bengal to remove poverty Andhra Pradesh : Well-organised public distribution system helped Andhra Pradesh

to remove poverty. 1¼ × 4 = 5Ans.8. The results have been mixed up because of : (i) Lack of proper implementation. (ii) Lot of over lapping of schemes. (iii) Over population. (iv) Corruption. (Any three) 3Ans. 9. Social Exclusion : According to this concept poverty must be seen in terms of the poor

having to live only in poor surroundings with other poor people, excluded form enjoying social equality with better-off people in better surroundings. It is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy. Example : Caste system. 2 + 1 = 3

Ans.10. (A) Punjab : Increases in farm yields helped Punjab to remove poverty. (B) Kerala : Human resources development helped Kerala to eradicate poverty. (C) West Bengal : Land Reform measures helped West Bengal to remove poverty. (D) Andhra Pradesh : Well-organised public distribution system helped Andhra

Pradesh to remove poverty. 1¼ × 4 = 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–83All these activities will be done by the students on their own. The activities will be done either on individual basis or in in the form of group activity.






SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–84Ans. 1. Milk. 1 Ans. 2. Minimum Support Price. 1Ans. 3. Indira Gandhi. 1Ans. 4. Grain banks in different regions. 1Ans. 5. Traditional artisans. 1Ans. 6. The Food security is ensured in a country only if : (i) Enough food is available for all the persons, i.e., no person should die because of

hunger. Everyone should get enough food for their livelihood. (ii) All persons have the capacity to buy food. Food should be available to all, i.e., it

should be not so expensive that it becomes difficult for a person to buy it. (iii) There is no barrier on access to food, i.e., food should be accessible to all ignoring

all the barriors of rich and poor or classes etc. 3Ans.7. Food security is affected during a calamity as : (i) Total production of food grains decreases. (ii) It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. (iii) Due to shortage of food, price goes up. (iv) At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food. (Any three) 3Ans.8. The role of co-operatives in food security in India :— (i) The co-operatives are playing an important role in food security in India especially

in the southern and western parts of the country. (ii) The co-operative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. (iii) Out of all fair shops running in Tamil Nadu around 94 percent are being run by

the cooperatives. (iv) In Delhi, Mother Dairy is making strides in provision of milk and vegetables. (v) In Gujarat, Amul is success story of co-operatives in milk and milk products. It

has resulted, White Revolution in the country. (vi) In Maharastra, Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network

of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions. (Any fi ve) 5Ans.9. Public Distribution System is ineffective because of the following reasons : (i) The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration

shops among the poorer section of the society. (ii) PDS dealers are found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to open

market to get better margin. (iii) Selling poor quality grains at ration shops. (iv) Irregular opening of the shops. (v) It is common to find the ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality

grains left. 1 + 4 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–85Ans. 1. Mother Dairy. 1Ans. 2. Indians in 1940s. 1Ans. 3. Cycles of food growing and harvesting. 1Ans. 4. 2000. 1

13 FOOD SECURITY : SOURCE OF FOODGRAIN




P-67

Ans. 5. Buffer Stock :—Buffer stock is the stock of food grains wheat and rice procured by the government through FCI.

Reasons :— (i) The MSP declared by the Govt. before sowing season to provide incentives – hence

increasing production of their crops. (ii) Purchased food grains stored in granaries and later distributed in deficit areas

lower than market price – issue price. (iii) Helps in shortage of food during periods of calamity. 1 + 2 = 3 Ans. 6. The different dimensions of food security :— (i) Availability of food means food production within the country, food imports and

the previous year stock stored in government granaries. (ii) Accessibility means food is within reach of every person. (iii) Affordability implies that an individual has enough money to buy sufficient, safe

and nutritious food to meet one’s dietary needs. 3Ans. 7. Public Distribution System (PDS) : (i) Public Distribution system ensures food security. (ii) To start, Public Distribution System was for all without any discrimination. (iii) Now it has been made more efficient and targeted. (iv) Targeted Public Distribution System was introduced to adopt the principle of

targeting the poor in all areas. (v) Introduction of a different price policy was adopted for poor and non-poor. 5Ans. 8. Positive Point of the P.D.S. :— (i) P.D.S. has helped in stabilizing pieces and making food available to consumers at

an affordable price. (ii) Helped in averting wide spread hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus

region to the deficit one. (iii) Prices have been under revision in favour of the poor household. (iv) It has contributed to an increase in food grain production and provided income

security to farmers in certain regions. (v) It is an important step taken by the govt. to ensure food security. 5 × 1 = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–86Ans. 1. Wheat, Rice. 1Ans. 2. Delhi. 1Ans. 3. Food Corporation of India. 1Ans. 4. Availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all at all the times. 1Ans. 5. TTPDS. 1Ans. 6. Meaning of famine : Widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused

by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of resistance due to weakening from starvation.

The most affected group : Agricultural labourers, fishermen, transport workers and casual labourers. 2 + 1 = 3

Ans.7. (i) Hunger is not just an expression of poverty, it brings about poverty. The attainment of food security therefore involves eliminating current hunger and reducing the risk of future hunger.

(ii) Hunger has chronic and seasonal dimensions. (iii) Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of

quantity or quality due to low income. Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. 3






Ans.8. Public Distribution System :—It is a system focusing on the subsidized distribution of basic commodities to poor households through fair price shops nation wide.

Problems related to PDS : (i) The food procured by the Food Corporation of India is distributed through

government regulated ration shops among the poorer sections of the society at a price lower than the market price.

(ii) PDS has proved to be most effective instrument of government policy to ensure food security.

(iii) Any family with ration card can buy a stipulated amount of grains, kerosene, sugar, etc. every month from the nearby ration shop.

(iv) The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society.

(v) PDS dealers are found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to open market to get better margin.

(vi) Selling poor quality grains at ration shops. (vii) Irregular opening of the shops. (viii)It is common to find the ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality

grains left. (xi) When ration shops are unable to sell, a massive stock grains piles up with the

FCI. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5Ans.9. Different schemes launched by government to provide food security to the poor are :— (i) Public Distribution System (PDS) is the most important step taken by the

Government of India (GOI) towards ensuring food security. (ii) In 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was introduced in 1700

blocks in the country. The target was to provide the benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas.

(iii) In 2000, two special Schemes were launched, viz., Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and the Annapurna Scheme (APS) with special target groups of poorest of the poor and Indigent Senior Citizen respectively.

(iv) The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced for the first time differential price policy was adopted for the poor and non-poor. 4 × 1¼ = 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–87Ans. 1. In Dec., 2000. 1Ans. 2. Gujarat. 1Ans. 3. Minimum Support Price. 1Ans. 4. Issue price. 1Ans. 5. July, 1968. 1Ans. 6. Public Distribution System : It is a system focusing on the subsidized distribution

of basic commodities to poor households through fair price shops nation wide. Roles of PDS : (i) The food procured by the Food Corporation of India is distributed through

government regulated ration shops among the poorer sections of the society at a price lower than the market price.

(ii) PDS has proved to be most effective instrument of government policy to ensure food security.

(iii) Any family with ration card can buy a stipulated amount of grains, kerosene, sugar, etc. every month from the nearby ration shop. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3




P-69

Ans.7. (i) In the rural areas food insecured people comprise of landless people, traditional artisans, self employed workers and beggars.

In urban areas they include people employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour, and workers engaged in seasonal activities.

(ii) Largest number of food insecured people are found in the state of UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharastra states. 3

Ans.8. The main Provisions of P.D.S. : (i) Government regulates ration shops. (ii) Keep stock of grains to be sold at lower price. (iii) Distribution of food grains. (iv) PAPs (Poverty Alleviation Programmes). (v) Stabilised prices. 5Ans.9. Role of cooperatives is food security :— (i) The co-operatives are playing an important role in food security in India especially

in the southern and western parts of the country. (ii) The co-operative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. (iii) Out of all fair shops running in Tamil Nadu around 94 percent are being run by

the cooperatives. (iv) In Delhi, Mother Dairy is making strides in provision of milk and vegetables. (v) In Gujarat, Amul is success story of co-operatives in milk and milk products. It

has resulted, White Revolution in the country. (vi) In Maharastra, Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network

of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions. (Any fi ve) 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–88All the activities will be done by the students on their own on individual basis or in the form of group activity.





y1404803790lWorksheet S St 9th Solution Term 2

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