Y10GeU3A5 Migration Case Studies May20PP

8/7/2019 Y10GeU3A5 Migration Case Studies May20PP

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Case study ofCase study ofinternationalinternationalmigration:migration:

Mexico to USA


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Who?


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Background informationBackground information Theres been a wave of international migration from Mexico to the

USA since the 1990s (economic boom) the USA now receives about1 million Mexican migrants per year! At least 10% (over 10 million people) of Mexicos population is now

living in the USA, at least half of which are illegally living there. 15% (1 in every 7) of Mexicos economically active (aged 18 -60) is

working in the USA.

The border between Mexico and the USA is over 3,000km long! Mexican immigrants represent 1 in every 25 of the US workforce. Estimate: only 1 in every 7 illegal migrants are caught. The easy routes into the US (eg San Diego, El Paso) are now tightly

patrolled by border patrol. More dangerous routes are now taken(across deserts and mountains), with several migrants losing their

life (due to dehydration or hypothermia) Many migrants pay human smugglers (aka coyotes) to get themacross the border (expensive!)


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We are going to look at We are going to look at

Some ideas that we have already lookedat: Push factors (from Mexico)

Pull factors (towards USA) Intervening obstacles

And a couple of new thoughts

Theeffects of migration on Mexico good andbad

Theeffects of migration on USA good andbad


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Images of Tijuana, Mexico...Images of Tijuana, Mexico...

This town is

in on the

border why

might they

want to

leave?


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There are many pushesThere are many pushes which do you thinkwhich do you thinkare the 4 most important?are the 4 most important?

1.Lots of poverty (40% of populationn live below thepovertyline).

2.High unemployment & underemployment rate (of 28%).3.Only a small range of jobs available.

4.Lowwages (especially in rural areas).5.Poor healthcare & medical facilities (only 1 doctor per1800people; infant mortality rate is 20 deathsperthousand live births).

6.Poor education system (literacy rate is 92%, which means

that 8% of thepopulation - just over 8 million people -cannot read and write).7.Scarce & polluted water resources in many areas.8.Poor response to natural disasters (such asearthquakes

& hurricanes).


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San Diego, California USASan Diego, California USAWhy might Mexicans want to

go to the USA?


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There are manypullsThere are manypulls which do you thinkwhich do you thinkare the 4 most important?are the 4 most important?

1. Strong economy (GNP is over $40,000per capita)2. Lesspoverty (12%live below thepovertyline)3. Low unemployment/underemployment rate (5%)4. Manylowquality jobs available (eg gardener, maid,

dishwasher)which require no training or education.5. Higher wages a rural migrant can earn up to 10 x moredoing thesame job in the US.

6. Excellent healthcare & medical facilities (1 doctor per400people; infant mortality rate is only 6 deathsper

thousand live births;lifeexpectancy is 78years) althoughhealthcare costs arehigh!7. Good education system (literacy rate is 99%.)8. Clean, regular water supplypiped to eachhouse.9. Quick and effective response to natural disasters.


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What doWhat do

you thinkyou thinkmight bemight be

interveninginterveningobstacles?obstacles?


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There are many intervening obstaclesThere are many intervening obstacles which do you think are the 4 most likely towhich do you think are the 4 most likely to

put people off?put people off?1. Difficulty gaining an entry visa & work permit (Green

Card).2. If entering illegally, difficulty getting across the border

(border walls and fences; border patrol guards;harshlandscapes to crosseg deserts, mountains, rivers).

3. Long distance to travel.4. Lack of transport (no car).5. Cost of transport (expensive airfare or bus fare).

6. Language difficulties (MexicansspeakSpanish, notEnglish).

7. Homesickness would miss family and friends back homein Mexico.

8. Sick or elderly family members back home in Mexiconeed looking after..


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What do you think are theWhat do you think are thegains and loses for Mexicogains and loses for Mexicoas a result of the largeas a result of the large

numbers leaving to work innumbers leaving to work in

USA?USA?


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Effects of migration on MexicoEffects of migration on Mexico (the(the

donor country)donor country) Benefits (Positive): Immigrantssend home $20 billion a year back to Mexico; many

migrantssend home at least $100each month.) This money can then support a better standard of living for those in

Mexico (better qualityhousing,healthcare & education).

Less competition for jobs (less unemployment) & housing in Mexico. Costs (Negative/ Problems): Largescale depopulation of towns and villages (eg the town of

Tendeparacua:popn in 1985was 6,000; now only 600). Many men emigrate,leaving a majority of women who have trouble

finding marriagepartners.

Migration can break up families (wife on own with children, or theman & wife in USA and children left in Mexico with relatives). Young people tend to migrate,leaving the old and veryyoung. Rural areas in Mexico have a shortage of economically activepeople

(lack of keyworkerseg doctors, teachersetc).


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What do you think are theWhat do you think are thegains and loses for USA asgains and loses for USA as

a result of the largea result of the largenumbers arriving to work innumbers arriving to work in

USA?USA?


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Effects of Migration on the USAEffects of Migration on the USA (the(thehost country)host country)

Benefits (Positive): Mexican migrants benefit the USeconomy byworking for lowwages

(theyearn around half as much as an American would earn doing thesame job),which results in cheaper prices for theAmericancustomer and moreprofit for American businesses.

The migrants arewilling to do thelowquality jobs manyAmericansdont want to do. Mexican culture (eg food,language, music)hasenriched many US

towns. Costs (Negative/ Problems): Unskilled American workers find it harder to get jobs.

Wages are kept low,which affectshow much theAmerican workersearn. Increased cultural and racial tension,especially in the towns. Illegal migration isseen as a drain on theAmerican economy (costs

of border patrols; the illegal immigrants dont pay taxes but use theservices).


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Internal migrationInternal migration

NEBrazil to Sao Paulo


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Sao Paulo

North

East

Human

Development index


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IntroIntro

What is rural-urban migration? Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city.

This causes two things to happen: 1. Urban growth - towns and cities areexpanding,covering a greater area of land.

2. Urbanisation - an increasing proportion of peopleliving in towns and cities. Mega cities -

thosewith over 10 million people.


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ReasonsReasons

We are going to look at whypeoplehaveleft the North-East and why they chose togo to Sao Paulo.

We are also going to look at thepositivesand negatives toeach community as

a result of thesemigrations


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PushesPushes

NE Brazil (e.g.S

tate of Bahia)80% of Brazilsfarmland is owned by 10% of farmers. The other90%struggle to make any money at allwithsmallplots of poor land.

Historically thelarge farmshad slaves to do thelabour. Onceslaverywas abolished thepeoplehad no education or skills to do anything elsesocontinued aspoorlypaid farm labourers.

However as Brazilhas developed, machineshavebeen bought to do most of thework on the bigfarms. This means there areless jobs in thecountryside.


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PushesPushes Aswell as the mechanisation

of farming, there are manyother PUSH factors fromNE Brazil,such as:

Lack of servicese.g. schools,hospitals.

Drought can make farming theland hard,especially asovergrazing with cattlehasled to soilerosion in manyareas.

Malaria is a killer disease,especiallywithpoor

healthcare. Lack of job opportunities (agriculture is the only optionfor most people)

Pressure on theland land issubdivided in large familiesleaving smaller and smaller plots of land.


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PullsPulls Attraction to the

urban areas People are attracted tourban areas because theythink that theywillhavegreater opportunities there.For many,life is better butsomeend up in poverty.

It has over two thirds of thenationswealth Most of Brazils industries arelocated hereso there are a

greater range of employment opportunities Higher wages than in the Northeast More and better qualityservices (school,hospitals, roads)

Attraction of the bright lights of the city (e.g. Carnival in Rio) Perception of a better quality of life, better housing etc.(though this might not necessarily be the realitywhen theyarrive in the favelas)


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Intervening obstaclesIntervening obstacles

There are no casestudyspecificintervening obstacles. But could you come upwith a reasonablelist of things that might get in theway ofpeople migrating?

Theeffect of the migration on aTheeffect of the migration on a

rural arearural area What might be the advantages? The disadvantages?


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The ruralenvironmentThe ruralenvironment

Rural depopulation is usuallywhen numbers ofworking agepeople migrate from thecountryside to earn more money in the city.

On the positive side:

Rural depopulation does reducepressure ontheland, improving the agriculturalopportunities of thoseleft behind.

Migrants often send money back to theirhomevillages from the citywhich mayimprovequality of life and investment back inrural areas.


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The ruralenvironmentThe ruralenvironment Disadvantages But rural depopulation can mean that the old and the

veryyoung areleft behind to try to copewith farmingby themselves. This often leads to a downward spiralwhere things get worse and worse.

Commercial agriculture (cash crops) may forcepeopleaway from their land Loss of communityspirit Villageshave an ageing population as it is mainlyyoung

people that move awaylooking for new opportunities and

start families in the city Mainly men who leave first leaving a gender imbalance Theelderly and women left behind mayhave to work

harder with no young men to do thework and supportthem


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For Urban areasFor Urban areas

What could be theadvantages of immigration?And the disadvantages?


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TheUrban environmentTheUrban environment

Advantages Provides a constant supply of cheaplabour

for Brazils growing industries

Once families get established in the citytherequality of life often improves andmany favelashave been madepermanent andimproved.


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TheUrban environmentTheUrban environment

Disadvantages Services cannot copewith rapid population

increase overcrowded schools and hospitals

Not enoughhousing available people forced tolive in squatter settlements called favelaswhich (at first) do not have running water,sanitation,electricity, roads or refuse

collections. There may not be jobs available for allmigrantswhichhasled many to turn to crime inthe city


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HomeworkHomework

Using theHOMEWORK templateprovidedin the HW folder/wiki, type up the notesyou made in lesson time please do not use

the another copy of the classwork one!! Remember 3 or 4 pointswell understoodand remembered are much better than a

long list that you cannot explain properly. So do not just wholesalelift from thePowerPoint you need to be discriminating!

Y10GeU3A5 Migration Case Studies May20PP

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