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Creativity & InnovationCreativity & Innovation

• “Pure” Creativity– Work of art, literature

• “Applied” Creativity– Leveraging an

opportunity– Seeing or creating a

pattern• A scientific

breakthrough– Also known as

innovation

• Innovation is the process of creating resources out of “non”-resources– Every plant is a weed– Every mineral is a

piece of rock– Every antibiotic is a

bacteria

• Question– How do you create

purchasing power ?

Resources are limited, creativity is unlimitedResources are limited, creativity is unlimited

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Lateral & Divergent ThinkingLateral & Divergent Thinking

• Certain problems do not have a single straight solution

• Thinking in different directions– Sometimes searching– Sometimes seeking

variety– Trial and Error

• Problem : Without raising the pencil from the surface, how many straight lines would you need to join all the dots ?

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Looking out of the box …Looking out of the box …

• The obvious solution • The economical solution

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More optionsMore options

• Two Lines > Did you know that parallel lines meet at infinity ?

• One line > Did we specify the thickness of the pencil anywhere ?

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Out of the box : practical Out of the box : practical exampleexample• Software development

project for global bank– Needs Triple DES

encryption in data transfer

– Developed the software using this facility BUT …

– Did not have GUI facilities for creating and splitting encryption keys

– Discovered during UAT … and was a total showstopper

– Feature was impossible to develop given the delivery time frame

• Decision to go out of the box– Identify PGP … a widely

used freeware product– Redefine the system

boundary• Developed software +

PGP– Redefine the problem

boundary• Not development but

convincing client IS to accept PGP

• System went live three days before scheduled date

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What is the lesson learnt ?What is the lesson learnt ?

• Look for a pattern that is not obvious in the original problem

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Patterns in BusinessPatterns in BusinessInnovation and CreativityInnovation and Creativity

• Convergent Technology– What do you leave your house

with ?• Wallet, watch & cellphone

– Do the wallet and cellphone have something in common ?

• Yes both can be used to pay your bills

– Can the watch and cellphone be merged into one device

• Yes ….if the size can become small enough

• There is a hidden pattern between payments, communication and time keeping – Can this be exploited ?

• Convergent Services : Hotmail– Mail : a genuine and

universal need– Inexpensive : to offer– Advertising medium : can

draw funding– Tied together with what is

very simple technology

• However this combination was spotted by Sabeer Bhatia first– Now has become the

default option

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More Patterns : Right and More Patterns : Right and WrongWrong• Successful : Financing

Capital good purchase– Demand = desire x

purchasing power– Farmers had desire for

tractors but no purchasing power

• Reasonably sure that crops will be able to pay for tractors

– Lend money to create purchasing power

– Create Demand, Make sale• Win-win situation

• Someone saw the emergent pattern between … these inter-related ideas.

• DotCom Portals : what went wrong ?– Technology was correct

and inexpensive– Eyeball target, traffic was

present– Users found the contents

useful• But not useful enough

to pay for– Advertising revenue was

not able to connect the dots

• Pattern was there, but the pattern was not complete !

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Right and Left : Parts of the Right and Left : Parts of the brainbrain• The left side of the brain

– Addresses problems in a structured manner– Used more frequently by scientists, engineers– Better suited for rational and logical analysis

• The right side of the brain– Generally takes a holistic view of things– Used by artists and other “creative” types– Generates an intuitive or emotional response to

external stimulus• Used to spot patterns that are difficult to identify

in a purely logical manner

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The Genome : a quick recapThe Genome : a quick recap

• The Genome is a book• The book consists of 23

chapters - chromosomes• Each chapter has thousands

of stories – genes• Each story consists of

meaningful paragraphs – exons – interrupted by junk “advertisements” – introns

• Each paragraph is made of words – codons [ there are only 20 words in the language]

• Each word is made of an alphabet of letters – bases [ there are only 4 letters in the alphabet]

• A living body consists of proteins– Proteins correspond to

genes• Proteins consist of chains of

amino acids– Amino acids correspond to [

codons each consisting of ] triplets of bases

• 20 permutations [of size 3 each] correspond to real 20 amino acids .. Others irrelevent

• Bases consist of 4 specific molecules– Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine,

Thyiamine

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More on the genome …More on the genome …

• The human genome consists of nearly one billion codons (words) each consisting of three bases (letters)– 3000 Megabits of digital

information – This is not binary 1/0 but

quarternary [ A / C / T / G ]• Every individual has a

distinct “digital” identity– Slight variations ( < .001

% variation ) causes differences among people

– Chimpanzees are about 3% different from humans

• “same” genes occur in– Two individuals of the

same species but slight variation in the sequence of bases causes differences

• “similar” genes occur across different species– Useful to study the impact

of specific sequence of bases on

• Generation of proteins

• ALL species share the same– 20 amino acids– proteins

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Just a little more ….Just a little more ….

• A cell replicates by splitting in two and creating a near perfect copy of its genome.– The slight variation in the

sequence of bases in a gene is referred to as a mutation

– Mutations [ sometimes caused by things like nicotine ] can cause cancer

• Each human being receives two copies of the chromosome [ along with their genes ] from each parent– The “same” gene received

from the two different parents could be slightly different

• Our focus is to identify– Genes that result in the

formation of proteins– Variations in the sequence of

bases on the gene to understand the consequences

• This is like– Reading binary computer

code• Reverse engineering the

source code• Determining the

functional requirement of the program

– Trying to explain the behaviour of the application by correlating it to patterns in the binary code.

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Now let us talk specifics ….Now let us talk specifics ….

• Look at chromosome 4– Look at the sequences from

base number 3M and 4 M • Look at a sequence of bases

that represent the Huntington Gene– This gene has a single word

CAG that is repeated a number of times

• If it is repeated 35 times or less you are “normal” and safe

• If it is repeated 39 times or more … you are in trouble

• At midlife, you will begin to lose first your intellectual and then your motor capabilities

• There is no cure• There is no prevention

– No pills, no vitamins, no exercise, no no-smoking

• You will lose your mind– At the age of 66 if you

have 39 repeats– At the age of 59 if you

have 40 repeats– At 54 … if 41repeats– At 37 ….if 42 repeats– At …. – At 27 …if 50+ repeats

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Can we explain why ?Can we explain why ?

• This gene creates a protein called huntingtin that has a long stretch of glutamines in the middle.– The CAG sequence

creates a chain of glutamines

– The CAG sequence is associated with many other neurological diseases

• There are at least 6 CAG diseases

– If we forcibly insert CAG into another mice gene they get a similar disease

• Other genes are far more complex– The link to the particular

protein, its structure and its behaviour is more tenuous

• For example susceptibility to allergy is thought to be result of multiple genes located on various chromosomes.

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Patterns : the search Patterns : the search continuescontinues• The human genome consists

of around 3000 million “bits” of information

• Scattered among these are 30K – 80K sequences of A T C G called “genes”– Some of these sequences

result in sequences of amino acids that in turn create recognisable proteins

– Slight differences in sequences result in slightly different proteins that show up as

• Detectable diseases• Detectable

characteristics

• Biotechnology has become a huge pattern search and matching exercise

• What pattern of sequences of A T C G– Occurs at the same

position in the genome

– If modified, will results detectable differences in individuals

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Meanings in patternsMeanings in patterns

• meanings in patterns• manage tennis prints• manage nisten prints• ageman nisten prints• ageman nisten ntspri• ag em an ni st en nt sp ri• ga me na ni ts ne tn ps ir• a simple pattern is embedded

here• asimplepatternisembeddedhere

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on

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Visual Patterns : Colour Visual Patterns : Colour BlindnessBlindness

• Most of us would have no difficulty in reading the numbers that are hidden inside these patterns

• Those who suffer from colour-blindness would not be able to read the numbers– This is a standard clinical test

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Can you see a pattern here ?Can you see a pattern here ?

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Hidden PatternsHidden Patternssingle image random dot stereogramssingle image random dot stereograms

• How do they work?– When viewing a SIRDS

correctly, each side of the brain sees a slightly different pattern. The small shifts in the pattern that makes up a SIRDS image are interpreted by the brain as different heights. The mechanism in the brain that allows us to see SIRDSs also allows us to judge the distance of objects close to us accurately.

• Who can see the hidden pattern ?– With some effort most

of us are able to spot the pattern

– However it is said that roughly 10% of the population cannot see the hidden pattern

• Related to malfunction in the eye-brain connection

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Multidimensional / Multidimensional / MultimediaMultimedia• Audio patterns

– Some sounds that are absolutely unrecognisable

• Pure noise– Some sounds are

recognised by those who are adept

• A classical musician would recognise ragas

– Some sounds are recognised by all

• The national anthem

• Taste Patterns– Wine and Tea tasters

can recognise the presence of certain vintages and blends

• Fragrance Patterns– Some of recognise

certain smells– Specialists perfume

makers are more adept

• Touch Patterns– Braille

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A quick review … A quick review …

• There are many kinds of patterns– Business Patterns

• that link technology and business opportunity into a service offering

• Share & commodity price movements• Demand and supply patterns

– Art & Music patterns : that “strike a chord” with the audience

– Symptoms : Medicine / auto mechanic / program debuggers look for patterns

– The list can go on …..

• And success lies in locating patterns that are relevant to our enterprise– Some of us more effective in locating these patterns

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Different Approaches …Different Approaches …

• SIX sensory organs– Images– Sounds– Taste– Touch– Smell– IntellectIntellect

• SIX rational ways to address a problem

• The Intuitive Approach– “vibes”– “experience”– “feeling”– “realisation”– “hunch”– Intangible,

inexpressible but very often correct.

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Two perspectives Two perspectives

• The Left Brain of the Hubble Telescope sees this today

• The Right Brain of Vincent Van Gogh saw this

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Self Similar FractalSelf Similar Fractal

• Fractals usually possess what is called self similarity across scales. That is, as one zooms in or out the geometry/image has a similar (sometimes exact) appearance

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Mandelbrot Set : Level 5 & 6Mandelbrot Set : Level 5 & 6

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Flawed[?] Self SimilarityFlawed[?] Self Similarity

• The Bohr model of the atom with electrons circling the nucleus was suspiciously similar to the Copernican model of the solar system.

• With the advent of Quantum Mechanics this simple model was soon found to be inadequate

• Religion has sought to model GOD on the anthropomorphic principle– Gods look like human

beings in most relegions

– Some images may be fantastic, eg multiple hands etc but the basic structure is similar

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Extrapolating from partial Extrapolating from partial patternspatterns

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To get the “real” pictureTo get the “real” picture

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World Line of a particleWorld Line of a particle

• In order to visualize and describe quantum electrodynamical interactions, physicist Richard P. Feynman introduced an ingenious schematic form of drawing now called a Feynman diagram.

• In such a diagram – drawn as a graph with space and time co-ordinates, all particles are represented by lines with each instant in the life of a particle being represented as a POINT in the diagram– The diagram illustrated above represents the interaction of two electrons.

Each electron is represented by a straight line, which exchange a (virtual) photon and then repel one other.

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World Line of a PersonWorld Line of a Person

• A one dimensional “stick” will sweep out a surface and a two dimensional body will sweep out a volume.

• George Gamow’s humorous interpretation of the Feynman Diagram as applied to a “two dimensional” human being [ who is of course a collection of fundamental particles ]

• An EVENT in the life of a person is a point on this diagram

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Horoscopes as patternsHoroscopes as patterns

• Events in the lifetime of an individual as well as the varying positions of the planets can be viewed as a gigantic and incredibly complicated pattern.

• The positions of the planets at birth or at an instant of time show a small part of the overall pattern

• Hypothesis : can we get an overall idea of the nature of the big pattern by seeing a small part of the pattern ?– If this hypothesis is correct we

have a non-causal explanation of astrological [ and similar ] predictions

Had it been a causal relationship, then the time of conception would have been important.

But because we are using extensibility, we work with the time of birth.

Had it been a causal relationship, then the time of conception would have been important.

But because we are using extensibility, we work with the time of birth.

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Causality or Correlation ?Causality or Correlation ?

• Long Range Weather Forecasting– The Indian

Meteorological Department has “predicted” a normal monsoon in 2004 based on certain observations

• El Nino effect etc– Extremely difficult to

establish a causal connection between the two

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The Ultimate Pattern ?The Ultimate Pattern ?

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iCUEiCUE

• intuition, insight• CUE

– catchword, clue, high sign, hintclue, high sign, hint,, hot lead, idea, indication, inkling, innuendo, intimation, key, lead, mnemonic, nod, notion, prod, prompt, prompting, reminder, sign, suggestion, sign, suggestion, telltale, tip-off,telltale, tip-off, twit, warning, wind - Roget's Interactive Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.0.0)

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ThanCUEThanCUE