Y Alfreid Krupp
Transcript of Y Alfreid Krupp
MILITARY TRIBUNAL NO.
Case No.10
The United States of America
against
Alfreid Krupp et al, Defendants
BASIC INFORMATION SUMMARY
Submitted by the
CH IEF' OF COUNSEL FOR WAR CRIMES
Nurnberg; Germany
INDEX
16
25
Preface . .
I. GLOSSARY
Part I.. Abbreviations
Part II. Terms with Translations .
II. Organization of German EconomicControls- With Particular Reference
to the Iron and Steel and the CoalIndustries
A. Private and Semi-Public Bodies.
1. Pre-Hitler Germany.
a. Industrial Associations
b. Market Regulating Associations , 26
Changes under the Third Reich
a. Industrial Associations 0 0 28
b. Market Regulating Associations • •
B. Government Economic Agencies
1. Military Economic Agencies othe Wehrmacht . . 4 •
2. The Ministry of EconomicsEconomic RWM 37
3. The Office o f the Four Year Plan(Vierjahresplan) . . 39
4. Central Planning Board (ZentralePlanung)
5. The Speer Ministry . 4O
6. Reich Ministry of Labor (Reichsarbeits-ministerium. - RAM) .
The Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation(Generalbevollmaechtigtor fuer denArbeitseinsatz)
43
III. Forms of German Business Enterprises
A. Comparisons with American Forms andAmerican Law
B. German Enterprises which are JuristicPersons1. Aktiengesellschaft (A.G.)2. Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung (C.m.b.H.) 49
3. Bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft .. 50
C. German Enterprises which are notJuristic Persons
1. The Einzelhamdelsfirma (Private Firm)2. Offene Handelsgesellschaft (c.H.G.)3. Kommanditgesellschaft (K.G.)
D. Combinations of German BusinessEnterprises
1. "Konzern" (Concern) . . , 4 . .
2. "Interessen Gemeinschaft"9 e
c f
*
i
4,
.
.
*
+
. ^
y. ♦
4
e
4
52
53
53
53
45.
l5
59
■
"Kartell" (Cartel) .
"Syndikat" (Syndicate). .
Special Statutory Cartels . .
Corporate Affiliations under GormanTax Law- (the "Schachtel -PrivilLege")
History, Structure and Organization ofFried, Krupp
A. Historical Outline of ' the Krupp 'Family and Enterprise to 1914 .
Corporate and Plant Structure
1. Changes. in Form . . . .
-ii--
. k G
2. Relationship of the Governing Bodies
Structure of the Complex
Plant Section of Fried Krupp
0, Daughter Companies . . . . . .
C. Smaller Subsidiaries . . . . . .
d. Mines . . . . . . .
e. Plants in Occupied Territories
a
63
636404
f. Foreign Agencies and Subsidiaries 611C. Management Organization
1. General Organization . . . . . 662. Vorstand 67
3 Deputies and Dezernents , 68
L Minor Departments * 69
5. Gruppenvorstand . . • • • \ • • • • 696. Parallel Organization . o * • • • I 69
Abwehrbeauftragter (Counter-IntelligenceAgent) . . . .. . ... . . 0 a 0 0 ... 70 70
Fuehrer des Betriebes and Batriebs-fuehrer . . . . . . . . . . 70 70
9. Plants outside Essen .. . • • • . . . 72
10. Plants in Occupied Territory . . . . . 72
V, Map, Charts and 'Tables
A. Reich Plants. .75
B. Principal Companies . • • . . . . • • .. , • 76C. Management, 1934-36 .. . . . . . • 77 77i
D, Management, 1936-37 . . . . . . . . 78
E. Management, 1937-38 • • • . . . . . . 79
79
Menbership A,G. Essen
Membership-,Essen
Aufsichtsrat, Fried, Krupp
Fried; Krupp A,G.,Vorstand,
91
F. Management, 1938-41
G. Management, 1941-42
H. Management, Apr. 1945- Dec. 1943
J. Management, 1943-45
K. Memberships in Some Governing Bodies
Membership, Vorstand Fried., KruppGrus onwerkc A.G.., Magdeburg
4. Membership, Aufsichtsrat, ;'uerUnternehmungen der Eisen und Stall-industrie, Berlin
5. Membershj.p, Aufoiohtsrat, Fried. Krupp,Germaniawerft A.G., Kiel . . • •
6, Membership Vorstand, Fried.. Krupp,Germaniawer3ft., G.., Kiel . . •
7., Membership, Aufsichtsrat, Fried,Grusonwerke, A.G., Magdeburg
8. Membership, Vorstand, A.G. fuer Unter-nehmungen der Eisen und Stahlindustrie
This Basic Information. Summary is submitted as a ready
reference manual of background and organizational materiale
Some of the items, i.e. the charts, will be offered in evidence
at the proper tine, as will, also, documents and testimony sup-
porting all matters relevant to the issues to be tried. It is not
intended that the Basic information Summary itself be considered
as evidence.
There were constant changes in the economic structure
of Nazi Germany. New bodies and agencies were created to meet new
problems, and functions were shifted from one to another, often
without clear lines of demarcation or authority. The part
Organization of German Economic Controls contains b rief
descriptions of the more important private and semi-public bodies
and government agencies concerned with the control of military
and war economy in Germany before and during the period of the
Third Reich. A number of bodies and agencies have been omittied,
since they are not directly involved in the present proceedings.
However, by no means all of those which are so involved orso de-
cribed herein and the secti on on Government
is confined almost entirel y to the period of the Third Reich.
Forms of German Business Enterprise is based upon several
sources, including the teachings and and practice of G erman law, and
on standa rd works, particularly:
Erich Fechner , DIE TREUBINDUNGEN DES AKTIONAERS(Weimar: Verlag Hermann Boehlaus Nachfolger, 1942).
Robert Liefmann, KARTELLE, KONZERNE- UND TRUSTS, (Stuttgart: Ernst Heinrich Moritz, 1930),
Robert Teichmann und Walter Koehler-. AKTIENGESETZ,Konmentar (Berlin: Verlag Franz Vahlem, 1939)0
The information on which the Historical Outline is
based was obtained chiefly from the following works:
KRUPP, A CENTURY'S HISTORY OF THE KRUPP WORKS,1812-1912 (English language edition of theCommemorative. Volume edited by the Krupp Works,1912)*
Wilhelm Berdrow, THE KRUPPS (Berlin. Verlag fuerSozialpolitik, Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1937).The German language editions, 1937 and 1943,are entitled ALFRED KRUPP The author was headof the historical department of Fried, Krupp,Essen.
Bernhard Manne, BLOOD AND STEEL (Now York: LeeFurman, Inc " 1938); British ) English languageedition, 1937, entitled KRUPP, THE LORDS OFESSEN,
The sections on Corporate and Plant Structure and ,
Map, Charts and Tables outline the structure and how the
individual defendants fitted into it. The outline does
not attempt to define the nature of the organization of
KRUPP in relation to many of the subsidiary enterprises
which were owned, controlled or influenced by it; nor does
it attempt to describe all of the internal organizational
arrangements within the parent enterprise,
VI
PART. I.
ABBREVIATIONS with Explanations and Translations
English)
Abteilungsvorsteher
Arbeitsgemeinschaftdeutscher Betriebsin-genieure
Einkauf
All Einkauf AllgemeineAbteilung
Abt.V
ADB
AEF Ausschuss fuer Ein-heiten u. Formalgroessen
AEL Arbeitserziehungslager
Artillerie Konstruktion
AKS Artillerie KonstruktionAkten
AlMb Allgemeiner Maschinenbau
Alna Allgemeiner Lokomotive--Normenausschuss
Anltg. Anleitung
APP I Apparatebau IAPPA Apparatebau
AR Abteilung f. Rechnungs-wesen und Statistik imEinkauf
ATL Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tech-nik in der Landwirtschaft
Ausf. Ausfertigung
AWF .Ausschuss fuer wirt-schaftliche Fertigung
Abnahmezentrale
Purchasing Department
General Purchasing Department
Department Chief
Working Community ofGerman Plant engineers
Committee for standards andformulas
Disciplinary 'Labor Camp
Artillery Designing
Artillery Designingfiles
General mechanicalengineering
General Locomotive. StandardsCommittee
Instructions
Instrument workshop I.
Instrument Construction
Accountancy and StatisticsSection of the PurchasingDepartment
Working Community for Techno-logy in Agriculture
Copy
Committee for economicalmanufactiure
Inspection department
BA
BagkoBB1
BID hBBR
Bem.
Werksbuecherei
BankabteilungBaggerbaur-Konstruction
Baubuero
Betriebsbuchhalterei
Bergbau und Bergbaurohastoffe
Bemerkung
Works library
Banking Department
Dredger-Designing Department
Civil Engineering Office
Plant Bookkeeping Office
Mining and raw materialsfor mining
Designing of Sheet MetalProducts
Note
Beko Blechbearbeitungskon-struktion
BERG Fachnormen des Bergbaues
Bet ab Betriebsabrechnungsbuero
Blechbearbeitungs-Werkstatt
BfA Buero fuer-Arbeiter-angelegenheiten
BfAv Buero fuer Angesteliten-versicherung
Bft Brief telegramm
BH Buecherhalle
BHO Berg undHHuettengesellschaft Ost
B1 Blechpresserei
BLN Berlin
Blw
Blwst
b .R.
Blechwalzwerk
Blechwerkstaette
bitte Ruecksprache
Buch Buchhaltung derBetriebsbuchhalterei
BW Besuchswesen
Technical Standards for theMining Industry
Plant accounting office
Sheet Metal ProcessingWorkshop
Workers relations' office
Employees° insurance office
Letter telegram
Library
Berg- und Huettengesell-schaff Ost
Sheet metal pressing shop
Abbr. for Krupp ' s Berlinoffice
Sheet Metal Bolling Mill
Sheet Metal Workshop
Consultation requested
Bookkeeping Office forPlant Accounts
Visitors Department
Bewe
- 3 -
Datsch Deutscher Ausschussfuer technisches Schul—wesen
German Committee fortechnical Education
Deutsche Revisions und.Treuhand A.G.
Printed matter Administration
Standards of the GermanAssociation for testingof technical materials
Wire—rolling mill
Deutsche Waffen- undMunitions A.G.
D.R.u. Deutsche Revisions- undT.AG. Treuhand A. G.
Druekschriftenverwaltung
DVM Fachnormen des DeutschenVerbandes fuer die
Ma-terialpruefungen derTechnik
Drahtwalzwerk
DWM — AG Deutsche Waffen— und- Munitions A.G.
D'dorf Duesseldorf Abbr. for "Duesseldorf"
DENOG
DIN DNA
Dr A
D. R. G. M.
D.R.P.
Fachnormen des DuetschenGesellschaft fuer ehe—misches Apparatewesen
Deutsche Industrie—Norm
Deutscher Normen Aus—schuss
Druckluftanlagen
Deutsches Reichsge-brauchsmuster
(angemeldet)Deutsches Reichspatent(angemeldet)
Technical Standards of theGerman Society for Chemi-cal Apparatus
German industrial standards
German Standards Committee
Compressed Air Plants
German registered design
German Reich patent(applied for)
E Eisenbahnverwaltung
Erzbuero
Ebau Eisenbahnbau
Ebe Eisenbahnbetrieb
Railroad Administration
Ore department
Railroad Construction
Railroad Service
4--
Edlag Edelstahllager
Eila Eisenlager
Ela Electrische Anlagen
Refined steel Warehouse
Iron Warehouse
Department for electricinstallations
Engerer Lokomotiv-Normen.Ausschuss
ELW Elektrostahlwerk
Eteb EisenbahntechnischesBuero
E.V.O. Eisen Eisenvereinigung
Ewe
Eisenbahnbetriebswerhstaetten
Feuerwehr
F.,Nr. Fabriknummer
Faberg Fachnormenausschussfuer den Bergbau
FAH Friedrich Alfred-HuetteRheinhausen
Fahrzeugbau
F Blw Feinblechwalzwerk.
FEN Fachnormen dés Reichsvereins DeutscherFeuerwehr--Ingenieure
Fe- und. Eisen- und MangangehaltMn ,Gehalt
Fabrikationsbuero GruppeBlechbearbeitung
Finanzabteilung
Friedr. Krupp
Central Locomotive StandardsCommittee
Electron Steel Plant
Railroad technicalOffice
Eisenvereinigung Ost
Railroad Service work-shops
Fire Brigade
Plant registrationnumber
Technical standardscommittee for miningindustry
Friedrich Alfred-Huette.Rheinhausen
Vehicle Construction
Thin Sheet MetalRolling Mill
Technical Standards ofthe German ReichAssociation of FireBrigade Engineers
Ferrous and manganesecontent
Technical Bureau of SheetMetal Processing Group
Finance Department
Friedr. Krupp
Elna
FGB
Fina
FW
GA
GeraGéwo
Gl. &Pf l .
Grapha
Growe
Gru
Glaser & Pflaum Co.
Graphische Anstalt
GrobblechwerkstattGruppen-Kanzlei
Gru Lowa Gruppen-Kanzlei Loko-motiv und Wagenbau
Flei
F St
FT
Flugzeug-Eisenbahnverkehr
Firmastempel
Funktelegraphie
Feuerversicherung
Federwerkstatt
Fuhrwesen
Air-Rail-traffic
firm stamp
radio, telegraphy
Fire-insurance
Spring shop
Trucking
GemeinschaftsbueroGüterabfertigung
Geraeteabteilung
Abteilung fuer gemischt-wirtschaftliches Wohnungs-wesen
Gfbk (or)Gfk Gusstahlfabrik
G.f.T. Gesellschaft fuer Teer-verwertung
GHH Gutehoffnungshuette
Gies Giesserei
Gina Giesséreinormen-Aasschuss
Gl Gluehhaus
GLB Gemeinschaft des Legie-rungserzbergwerkes
Trade community office
Freight Handling Department
Gun Equipment Department
Department for housingsettlement based oncompound economy
• Cast--steel-Works(Krupps Main work in Essen)
Gesellschaft fuer Teer-verwertung
Gutehoffnungshuette
Foundry
Foundry StandardsCommittee
Annealing Plant
Association for alloyore mining
Glaser & Pflaum Co.
Printing Plant
Plate Workshop
Group Secrétariat
Group Secretariat forLocomotive andcar-Construction
Gr. V. Gruppenvorstand
Giessereizentrale
Gsk Gesenknummer
GW Gas und Wasserwerk
GwK Grusonwerk
Gwt. Germaniawerft
Guetezahl
Group Chief
Central Office for Foundries
Drop-Forging serial number
Ohs and Water works
Grusonwerk
Germaniawerft
Degree of Quality
Hbh Huptbuchhalterei
HGW-Stahl "Hermann Goering"GmbH Werke Stahlgemeinschaft
mbH
HIV Hauptlager-Verwaltung
ENA Handelsschiff Normen-ausschuss
Holab Holleritabteilung
HVB Hauptverwaltungsbuero
HVG Hauptverwaltungs -gebaeude
HVK Hauptverwaltung desKohlenbergbaues
HWA Heereswaffenamt
Hwke Hammerwerke
Hwke F Formschmiede
Hwke G Gelenkschmiede
Hwke H Hammerschmiede
IFB Abteilung Industrie undFeldbahnen
IFko Industrie und Feld-bahnkonstruction
Main Bookkeeping Department
"Hermann Goering"Werke StahlgemeinschaftmbH
Main Ware housing Admini-stration
Standards Committeefor Merchant Vessels
"Hollerith" Department
Main Administration Office
Main Administration Building
Coal Mining Main Administrer-tion
Army Ordnance Office
Hammerworks
Moulding Forge
Drop Forge
Hammer Forge
Industrial and Narrow GaugeRailroad. Department
Industrial and Narrow GaugeRailroad Designing
Ifwe Industrial and Narrow GaugeRailroad Shop
Im Generalstab
Italianische Militaer-
internierte
in Vertretung
on the General Staff
Italian Military Internees
1. Deputy2. on behalf of (in case ofHandlungsbevollmaechtigter
signing on behalf of firm)
Kb Kleinbau
KB Kohlenbuero
KeA Kesselanlagen
KEH Krupp Eisenhandel GmbHDuesseldorf
K.g. Kenntnis genommen
KHAICHS . Kontore des Verkaufs IKHW
KM Kriegsmaterial
KMK Kriegsmaterial Kanzlei
KNSt Kontor fuer neue Stableim Verkauf I
Fachnormen des Kraftfahr-baues
Screw Plant
Coal Office
Boiler Plants
Krupp Eisenhandel GmbHDuesseldorf
noted.
KHA, KRS, KHWOffices of Sales DepartmentNo.. I
War Material
Secretariat for War Material
Office for new steels inSales Deparment No. I
Technical Standards ofTruck ManufacturingAssociation
Krawa
KrawaInst
KrG
Krumo
Kraftwagenbau
KraftwagenbauInstandsetzung
Kraftwagen Garagen
Schriftleitung Krupp-sche Monatshefte
Motor Vehicle Construction
Motor Vehicle Repair Shop
Garages
Editorial Office of KruppWorks' monthly Review
Kuha Kurbelwellen, Hamburg
K.u.R Kessel und RahmenbauBau
Kuwe Kurbelwellen Werkstatt,
Kt Kanzlei
Grankshaft plant, Hamburg
Boiler and Frame Construction
Grankshaft Shop
Secretariat
Lab Chem. Laboratorium
Lafa Landmaschinenfabrik
Landm. LandwirtschaftlicheMaschinen
L Bau Lokomotivebau
Lehrw. Lehrwerkstatt
L.F.H. Leichte Feld-Haubitze
Lg S Lagerplatz Segeroth
LHW Lagerhaus Westendstrasse
Konstruktionsabteilungfuer Lokomotiven
LON Fachnormen des Loko-motivbaues
Iowa Lokomotiv und Wagenbau
Iowa A Iowa Abnahme
Lowa K Iowa Kostenermittlung
Iowa LH Iowa Lagerhaus
Iowa V Lowe, Verkauf
L St Listenstempel
lichte Weite
Chemical Laboratory
Agricultural machine plant
Agricultural machines
Locomotive Construction
Instruction Shop
Light field howitzer
Scrap Dump Segeroth
Warehouse Westendstrasse
Locomotive DesigningDepartment
Technical standards forlocomotive construction
Locomotive and Carconstruction
Locomotive and OarInspection Department
Locomotive and CarCost-Calculating Depart-ment
Locomotive and CarStorehouse
Locomotive and CarSales Department
List. stamp
Inside diameter1.W.
Maschinenbau
MaschinenbauKostenermittlung
MaschinenbauKostennachrechnung
Mikrotast-Werkstatt
Maschinen-Konstrukti on
Monatslohn
Modellnummer
Schiessplatz Meppen
Modellschreinerei
Museum
Martinwerk
mechanische Werkstatt
Machine Construction
Machine Construction Cost-Calculating Department
Machine Construction CostChecking
Mikrotast gauge shop
Mechanical engineering
monthly wages
Model serial number
Firing Bange Meppen
Model Building Shop
Museum
Open Hearth Plant
mechanical Workshop
MbK
MbN
Mi
Mk
ModMp.
MSMu
MVmW
N Normenabteilung
Normnummer
NPos Normalposition (nur f.elekt . Abteil.)
NV
Normenvordruck
Standards Department
Standard numbers
Normal position (forelectrical departmentonly)
Standard form
Obko Oberbaukonstruktion
Oblagf. Oberlagerfuehrung
Permanent way designing
Main Administration forworkers " camps
Obwe Oberbauwerkstatt Permament way Work shop
ON Ofenmaurere i Furnace constructionDepartment
"0smag" Oberschlesische Maschi-nen und Waggonfabrik AG
Oberschlesische Maschi-nen und Waggonfabrik AG
-10-
OT Organisation Todt
PA Probieranstalt
Pak (Panzer Abwehrkanone
P-arme– Phosphorarme ErzeErze
P AUSl. Patentausleihe
PB Patentbuero
Pb Panzerbau
PbA Preisbildung Ausland
Organisation Todt
Testing Department
anti–tank gun
Ores with low phosphoruscontent
Patent License Department
Patent Office
Armor construction
Price Determination Departmentfor foreign contracts
PbI Preisbildung Inland Price Determination Departmentfor home contracts
Roheisenbuereau Pig Iron Office•
RAL Reichsausschuss fuerLieferbedingungen
RATN Reichsamt TechnischeNothilfe
RB
RDA Reichsverband der Auto-mobilindustrie
Refa
Regifa
Repels
RH
BBB
RRW
RSW
Ru I
Reich Committee fordelivery Conditions
Reich Office of TechnicalEmergency Corps
Rheinmetall Borsig
Reich Association of theAutomobile Industry
Reich Committee forDetermining working hours
Cash Register Plant
Repair Shops–SteelStructure Assembly
Shipping Agency
Auditing Department
Tire Rolling Mill
Wheel Set Shop
Armament Inspection
Rheinmetall Borsig
Reichsausschuss fuerArbeitszeitermittlung
Registrierkassenfabrik
Reparaturbetriebe--Eisenbaumontge
RhedereiRechnungsrevisionsbuero
Radreifenwalzwerk
Radsatzwerkstatt
Ruestungsinspektion
Staff of the RegionalArmament Office
Ruck Ruestungskommando(or)Rkde
Rueckstb.Raestungskommando Stab
Regional Armament Office
RV Ruestungsverkauf
RW Reparaturwerkstt
HW HG AG Reichewerke "HermannGoering" AG
RWKS Rheinisch-WestfaelischesKohlensyndikat
RWW Fachnormen der Rheinisch-Westf. Werkgruppe
Armament sales
Repair Shop
Reichswerke "HermannGoerine" AG
Rhine-Westphalian CoalSyndicate
Technical Standards ofRhine-.Westphalian Works Group
Sawag Sauerstoff-WasserstoffGewinnungsanlagen
S Steinwerk Ringofen-ziegelei
SA Selbstkostenabteilung fuer.Schmiedestuecke
Sattl Sattlerei
Sch.-Ess. Schiessplatz Essen
Schiffbst Schiffbaustahl
Schm Schmieden
SMSt. Siemens-Martingtahl
SNV Schmelzbau und Tiegelkammer
Schienen-Oberkante
Sp. Ausland und Wasserversand
SPw Schmiedepresswerk
Oxygen and Hydrogen Pro-duction Plants
Fire brick works, RotaryKiln Brick Works
Cost calculatingDepartment for Forgings
Saddlers Shop
Firing Range Essen
Shipbuilding Steel
Forging Shops
Open hearth steel
Smelting Shop andcrucible chamber
Top of rail
Dispatch by waterway and to foreigncountries
Hot Forging and. PressingPlant
St Stahl geschmiedet Steel, forged, rolled accordinggewalzt nach Dinermen to German industrial standards
- 12 -
Association of GermanIron Foundry Men
FDE Verein Deutscher Eisen-huetteleute
WA Werkausstellung.
Wa
Konstruktionsabteilungfuer Wagen
Works Exhibition
Car Designing Department
VD. I Westfaelische Drahtindu-strie A.G. Hamm
Werba Werbeabteilung
V.D.E.V. Verein Deutscher Eisenbahnverwaltungen
VDH Fachnormen des VereinesDeutscher Holzbearbeitungs-Maschinenfabriken
VDI Verein Deutscher Inge-nieure
VDMA Verein Deutscher Maschinen-bauanstaIten
Vestag Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG
VG Verwaltungsgebaeude
V. g.
V.K.Wien VertriebsgesellschaftGmbH der Friedrich kruppAG. Wien
V-Schlak-Vanadium-Schlacke
V St Vorbehaltsstempel
Association of GermanRailroad Administrations
Technical Standards of.the Association of`the German
wood working machinemanufactures
Association of GermanEngineers
Association of GermanMachine Manufactures
Vereinigt Stahlwerke AG
Administration Building
solid casting (on drawingsfor foundries only)
Vertriebsgesellschaft GmbHdux Friedrich Krupp AGWien
Vanadium slag
"Subject to confirmationstamp
vollgiessen (nur auf Werk-zeichnungen f. Giesserei)
WA J Rue Waffenamts InspektionMun fuer Ruestung und Munition
WAN Fachnormen des allgemeinenWagennormen-Aasschusses
WB Wehrwirtschaftsbuereau
W Bau Wagenbau
Ordnance inspectoratefor Armament and Munitions
Technical Standards ofthe Gar Standards Committee
Military Economy LiaisonOffice
Car Construction
Westfaelische DrahtindustrieA.G. Hamm
Advertising-Department
-14-
Tool–making shop
Wirtschaftliche For-schungsgesellschaft
Werkzeugmacherei
Werkschutz Works Security Police
Wifo
WM
WS (or)Ws
WTB
WWWw,
WWRWZB
z.Auss.
z.Erl.
z.H
z.K.
Wolffs Telegraphenbuero Wolff's News Agency
Houdwing Department
Rolling Mill
Heat Research Department
Wohnungsverwaltung
Walzwerk
Abteilung fuerWaerme-wirtschaft
Wehrwirtschaftsrat
Werkzeugbeschaffung
zur Aeusserung
zu den Akten
zum dauernden Gebrauch
zur Erledigung
zu Haenden (bei Anschrif-ten)
zur Kenntnisnahme
ZPw Zieh- und Presswerk
Z.St. Zeichnungsstempel
ZW Zuenderwerkstatt
Military Economy Council
Tool Supply Department
opinion requested
Pile
for permanent use
to be dealt with
Attention of:
fer information
Drawing and Pressing Plant
Stamp for drawings
Fuse Wo rkshop
StB
Stahl L
St d.L.
Stf
Stg
SVt
SW
TB
TWL
U
U.u.R.
Statistisches Buero
Lieferfristenbuero fuer.Schmiedestuecke
Stundenlohn
Stahlformerei
Stahlguss
Schmiede-Verteilurgsstelle
Scheibenradwalzwerk
Technisches Buero
Technisch-Wissenschaft-liche Lehrmittelzentrale
Urschriftlich
Urschriftlich unter Rueck-erbittung. -
Statistics Office
Delivery terms officefor forgings
Hourly wages
Steel moulding shop
Steel casting
Distribution Officefor forged materials
Rolling Mill disk wheel
Technical Office
Central Office fortechnical and scientificinstructional material
In the original
Translation Office
Please return
Please return the original
Uebers. Uebersetzungsbuero.B.
u.R. Unter Rueckerbittung
Physikalische Versuchs-anstalt
VII Verkauf II
VII Ble )VII PeiVII Guss).VII Ham )VII Ob ) Abteilungen des V IIVII Pres)VII Rad.)VII Stg )
VA
Versuchsanstalt
VB
Vertreterbuero
v.B.-Br. Buerovon Buelow
Physical ExperimentalInstitute
Sales Department II
Sub Department Ble (Plates)etc. of Sales Department II
Experimental Institute
Agencies Office
Von Buelow's Office
-13-
PART II.
TERMS with Translations (German-English)•
AbfeuergeraetAbnahme
Abnahme--Beater
Abteilung Fertigung Department for Standardisationof design
Firing mechanism
Inspection
Inspection Official
Abteilungsdirekter
Abtellungsvellmacht
Abtellungsverstand.
AbwehrbeauftragterAlitierte GegenstaendeAlterungsbestaendig
Arbeiterangelegenheiten
Departmental Director
Departmental Power of attorney
Department Chi ef
Counter intelligence agent
Aluminium plated articles.
Seasoning Resistant
Workers' relations
Departmental
Arbeitseinsatz Liaison-office for Laboraussenbetrieblicher Arbeits- Procurement (Krupp)einsatz)
Arbeitseinsatz IInnenketrieblicherArbeits-einsatz)
Office for Interplant LaborAllocation
Armatur Armature
Artillerie Konstruktion Artillery Disigning
Aufgabe Abteilung Archives department for designs
Aussendienst external relations office
Auswertung - evaluation
Autoklave • autoclave
Beggerbaur-Konstruktion Dredger-Designing Department
Bauleiter Construction Chief
Bergbau-Hauptverwaltung - Kohle Coal Mining . Main Admini-stration
-- 16- --
Visitors Department
Assistant workshop leader
Plant director-.
Plant leader (Krupp)
Workshop engineer
Workers' Council
(Department for) economic plantmanagement
Compressed Air Plants
Dezernent
Direktor
Drahtwalzwerk
Dreherei
Drehteil''
Druckluftanlagen
17
Head of "Dezernat"
Director
Wire-rolling mill
'Turning shop
Besuchswesen
Betriebsassistent
Betriebsdirektor
Betriebsfuehrér andFuehrer des Betriebes
Betriebsingenieur
Betriebsrat
Betriebswirtschaft
Bettungsschiessgeruesst
Blechbearbeitungs-Konstruktion
Blechbearbeitungs--Werkstatt
Blechpresserei
Blechwalzwerk
Dauerstandfester Stahl
Demontage
Dezernat
Universal gun carriageplatform
Designing of Sheet Metalproducts
Sheet Metal Processing Work-shop
Sheet metal pressing shop
Sheet Metal Rolling Mill
creep resisting steel
Dismantling (Section)
use German word followed by"executive secretariat" inparenthesis -e.g. "Stahl Dezer-nat" - Steel DezernatExecutive Secretariat forSteel) ortranslate as "Spere of acti-vity" e.g. "Dezernat Mueller" -Mueller's sphere of activity
Plenipotentiary General'(Only when referring to highesthonorary title of member ofKrupp Vorstand or to Governmentofficial.)
gun equipment workshops
Drop—forging serial number
Generalbevollmachtigter
Geraetewerkstaetten
Edelstahl
Einzelunternehmen
Eisenbahnbetrieb
Eisenbahnbetriebswerk-staetten
Elektrostahlwerk
Energiebetrieb
Erzlegierungen
Fachnormen'
FederwerkstattFeinblech
Feldbahn
Feldhaubitze
Flugzeugautomaten
Flusseisen.
Formschmiede
Fuehrer des Betriebes(and Be triebsfuehrer"see under "B")PFuehrer der Betriebe
Fuhrwesen
Gemeinschaftswesen
GemischtwirtschaftlichesWohnungswesen
Refined steel
individual enterprise
Railroad Service
Railroad Service workshops
Electra Steel Plant
Power station
Ore alloys
Technical Standards
Spring shop
Thin Sheet Metal
Narrow guage railroad.
Field howitzer
Automatic aircraft weapons
Ingot Steel
Moulding Forge
Head of the Enterprise (GermanTerm in Brackets)
Leader of the Plants
(cold german term)
Trucking
Trade—community matters
Housing settlement based oncompound economy
(or Concern)
Gesenkschmiede
Giesserei
Gluehhaus
Grauguss
Grobblech
Grosszahlforschung
Grup.envorstand.
Gusstahl
Gusstahlfabrik
Gueterabfertigung
Guetezahl
Halbzeug
Hammerschmiede
Hammerwerke
Handlungsvollmacht
Haube
Hauptverwaltung des Erz-bergbaus
HauptverwaItung des Hohlen-bergbaues
-Hebezeug
Heerestechniesche Fahrzeuge
Heereswaffenent
Hilfsbetriebe
Hochdruckhohlkoeroer
Hochofenwerk
Huelsenpuffer
Drop Forge
foundry
Annealing plant
gray iron casting
Plate
statistical research
Group Chief
Cast steel
Cast—Steel Works(Krupp's Main work in Essen)
Freight Handling Department
Degree of Quality
Semi—finished. products
Hemmer Forge
Hammerworks
limited, power of attorney
1. Hood (engine)2. Cowling3. Spinner (of an airscrew
Ore Mining Main Administration
Coal Mining Main Administration
crane, hoist
Army vehicles for technicalpurposes
Army ordnance Office
Auxiliary plants
High Pressure HollowCylinders
Blast Furnace Works
sleeve buffer
Huettenwerk F oundry
Immobilien
Infanteriebegleitgeschuetze
Inneneinrichtungen (for gune)
Kampfw agenfahrgestell
Kanzlei
Kapitalverkehrssteuer
Kleinbau
Kleinwaffen
Knuayppelzurichterei
Kokerei
Konsortialbuereau
Konstrukteur
Konstruktionsbuero
Konsumanstalt
Kontingentierabteilung
Korrespondent
Kuempelteile
Kurbelwelle
Kuestendrehscheibenlafette
Lafette
Lagerwerkstatt
Lehrhaerterei
lichte Weite
Literaturstelle
Real Estateimmovable property
close-support guns
interna equipment
combat vehicle chassis
Secretariat
Capital transaction tax
Screw Plant
small arms
Billet finishing shop
coking plant
Syndicate Office
Designer
Disigning Office
Go-operative stores
Quota-fixing department
correspondence clerk
Flanged Parts
crank shaft
turntable mount for coastaldefense guns
1. Guncarriage (for mobile guns)
2. Gun mount (for fixed gunse.g. naval)
Rpair shop with spare-part
store
Gauge hardening shop
inside diameter
20 -
Lokomotivbarrenrahmen Locomotive bar frames
Luftvorholer air OR pneumatic recuperator
Martinstahl Open Hearth steel
Maschinen-Konstruktion Mechanical engineering
Memorialbuchhaltunr Journal Account.
Messwesen 1. Measuring instrumentdepartment (of Krupp)
2. Surveying (General and
Artillery)
Mikrotast-Werkstatt Mikrotast gauge shop
Nachrichtenblatt Bulletin
Nebenbetrieb Supplementary plant
Nitrierstahl nitriding steel
Norm Standard
Oberbau Permanent way
Oberlagerfuehrung Main Administration for theworkers (camps)
Panzerbau armor construction
Panzerbeschuesse armor-piercing shells.
Panzergehaeuse armored casing
Panzerkraftwagen tank, armored combat vehicle
Panzerkisten hull of tank
Panzerkastenoberteil superstructure of tank
Panzerkraftwagen armored car
Pflichtenheft Technical and. MaintenanceManual
Prokura erteilen to appoint as Prokurist
Prokurist Prokurist
Protze limber, ammunition trailer
Radsatz wheel set
Radreifenwalzwerk Tire Bolling Mill
- 21 -
Rechnungswesen accountancy
Reckschmiede Draw forge
Registrierkassenfabrik Cash Register Plant
Rennanlage Renn Process plant
Richtmittel gun sights
Ringofenziegelei Rotary Kiln Brick Works
Roheisen Pig iron
Rohrbremse recoil buffer
Rohrkarren barrel—cart
Ruestungskommanao Regional Armament Office
Scheibenrad disc wheel
Schienen—Oberkante Top of rail
Schiessboecke Firing stands
Schiessplatz Firing Range
Schleifscheiben abrasive wheels
Schmelzbetrieb smelting plant
Schmieden to forge
Schmiedeisen forging steel
Schmiedepresswerk Hot Forging and PressingPlant
Schmieclestueck Forging
Schrott Scrap metal
Schweissdraht at welding Wire
Schweisstel welding rod
Siemens—Martinstahl Open-hearth steel
Siliziumeisenguss Silicon—iron casting
Stabstah Bar Steel
Stahlformerei Steel moulding shop
—22—
Stahlformguss Steel die casting
Stahlguss steel casting
Steinwerk Fire brick Works
Streuung (Art.) Dispersal
atroemungsgetriebe Fluid DrIve Fluid Drive
Tecknische Angebotsabteilung Technical estimatingdept. for contracts
Technische Auslandsbetreuung Assistance for foreigntechnical experts
Technisches Auslandsoffertwesen Technical Estimates forforeign contracts
TempergussTerminwesen-Abteilg. malleable cast iron
Department for fixingdelivery terms.
Tiegelstahl Crucible steel
Thomas Stahl basic Bessemer steel
Unterschriftsvollmacht Departmental power of(Abteilungsvollmacht) attorney
Vergueten (Stahl) to temper
Verschluss breech
Vertreterbuero Agencies Office
Versahnung tooth system (of a gear)
Walzwerk Rolling Mill
warmfester Stahl High temperature steel
Waermewirtschaft Heat Research Department
Werkreisbeauftragter Military DistrictCommissioner
Wehrwirtshaft (Krupp) Military Economy liaisonoffice
Wehrwirtschaftsrat Military Economy Council
Werkschutz Works Security Police
-23-
Werkstoff
Werkzeugmaschine
Widia ("Wie Diamant")
Wiege (Geschuetz)
Wohnungsverwaltung
Zahnradgetriebe
Zentrale Planung
Zentrifuge
Zieh— und PresswerkZieleinrichtugen
ZuenderwerkstattZuenderstellmaschine
Zurichter
industrial or substitutemateriall
Machine-tool
"Widia" Steel
cradle
Housing Department
Gear Sets, Transmission
central Planning Board
Separator
Drawing and Pressing Plant
aiming equipment,aiming mechanism
Fuse Workshop
Fuse—setting instrument
Finisherr
II. ORGANIZATION OF GERMAN ECONOMIC CONTROLSWITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE IRON AND
STEEL AND COAL INDUSTRIES
A. Private and Semi-Public Bodies
1. Pre-Hitler Germany
a. Industrial Associations
Before the Hitler accession to power in 1933
German industries and businesses were grouped together in a
tremendous variety of trade associations, federations and
coordinating groups. Two general types may be distinguished:
territorial organizations of Chambers of Industry and Commerce
and functional industrial associations.
The territorial associations were Chambers of
Industry and Commerce and Chambers of Handicraft, which were
organized locally. They were public law organizations in which
membership was compulsory for all businessmen in the area.
Dues were collected like taxes, and they were regulated by the
relevant state ministry. They were affiliated with regional
associations .(which were private, in character) and at the
national level there existed a Diet of German Industry and
Commerce. These organizations exerted little influence.
politically but were important locally much in the same manner
as Chambers of Commerce in America.
The functional associations were much more power-
ful. Industry, handicraft, trade, banking and insurance were
each organized into national associations which drew their
members from the functional associations, in that particular
field. The national or top association Spitzenverband) for
industry was the Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie or
"R.D.I." (Reich Association of German Industry). It was
founded in 1919 by the merge of two similar associations,
one of which has been in existence since 1876, It was com-
posed of a great number of member groups organized by type
of industry, The member groups in turn were composed of
smaller affiliates either regional or functional in nature.
Within the R.D.I., the most important association
of the functional group for the iron and steel industry was
the Verein Deutscher Eisen und Stahl Industrieller (Asso-
ciation of German Iron and Steel Industrialists, which was
founded in 1875., There was a similar functional group for
the coal industry. The most important coal association,
however, was the private association , the Verein fuer die
bergbaulichen Interessen zu Essen (Association of Mining
Interests of Essen) - usually referred to as the Bergbau
Verein. This group was founded in 1858, and every important
mining company in the Rhein and Ruhr areas belonged to it.
A similar pattern of organization was found in other bran-
ches of industry.
Those associations were voluntary organizations,.
elected their own officials, and were completely self-
govern-ing. They exerted a tremendous influence on government
economic policies and furnished their members with a variety
of services dealing with questions of economic policy,
imports, exports, finance and reparations questions, etc.
They also served as advisory and coordinating agencies for
the cartels.
b. Market Regulating Associations
The industrial associations described above were
primarily pressure groups. German industry was also organized
- 2.6 -
into associations designed to regulate marketing activities.
The most common device for achieving this purpose was the cartel,
a contractual agreement between legally separate enterprises
in the same branch of industry to regulate or eliminate com-
petition among themselves. There were many types of cartels,
including agreements to fix and regulate prices; impose pro-
duction quotas; geographically divide markets; specify product-
ion and methods of production for each member; assign customers;
control bidding for orders; distribute scarce materials; fix
sales terms; and pool net profits. Some cartel agreements also
provided for the establishment of separate sales companies to
handle the sales and marketing activities of all members. Pur
chasers could obtain the desired products only from the common
sales organization; profits were pooled and distributed to the
contracting parties according to previous arrangement. This
latter form of organization was generally known as a syndicate.
The principal cartel of the iron and steel industry
was the Stahlwerksverband, organized in 1904; and in the coal
industry, the regional association, the Rhenish-Westphalian
Coal Syndicate (RWKS), founded in 1893.
The organization of industry into cartels encour-
aged a continually increasing monopolization by the larger
enterprises in the cartel. This resulted particularly from
the practice of quotas of production for each enterprise; and
when an enterprise failed or otherwise did not use its quota,
this quota was purchased by other members of the cartel and
kept unused, or purchased by one member to increase its pro-
portionate production.
-27 -
There was no substantial governmental opposition
to the cartel system; and the Rhenish-Westphalian coal cartel
was even by law made permanent and membership compulsory in
1919. The common law doctrines of restraint of trade and the
principles underlying the anti-trust legislation of the United
States had no counterpart in Germany.
A feature of some German pre-war cartels was the
frequent practice of entering into an international cartel,
accepting a marketing quota, then exceeding the quota and
paying a fine to the international cartel - but thereby seizing
for German industry an increasing share of world markets.
2. Changes under the Third Reich
a. Industrial Associations
The basic law concerning the new organic structure
of German business was promulgated 27 February 1931. The Reich
Minister of Economics was established as the supreme leader of
German economy. The first article of the decree provided:
"The Reich Minister of Economics is empowered forthe preparation of the organic structure of theGerman Economy:
"1. To recognize economic associations (Wirtschaftverbande) as the sole representatives of the eco-nomic branch;
"2. To establish, to dissolve, or to merge economicassociations;
"3. To amend to supplement by-laws and contracts(Gesellschaftsvertraege) of economic associations;particularly to institute the leadership principle(Fuehrergrundsatz)."
The changes affected pursuant to this decree con-
verted the pre-existing highly organized associations into
compulsory organizations under the general direction of the
Minister of Economics.
The territorial organizations of the Chambers of
Industry and Commerce, and Chambers of Handicraft were con-
tinued. However, they were consolidated in the middle level
to regional economic chambers (Wirtschaftskammern) and at
the national level into a federation of Chambers of Industry
and Commerce. A new agency, the Reich Economic Chamber
(Reichswirtschaftskammer), was established in the Ministry
of Economics to coordinate at the top level the functional
and territorial associations.
The new functional organizations consisted of:
(a) Reich groups (Reichsgruppen)
(b) Economic groups (Wirtschaftsgruppen)
(c) Sub -groups
(1) Regional Groups (Bezirksgruppen)
established on a geographical basis
(2) Trade or Product Groups (Fachgruppen)
established on a functional basis
There were seven Reichsgruppen at the top level,
one each for industry, commerce, banking, insurance, power,
handicraft, and tourism and traffic. They corresponded to
the former Spitzenverbaende. The R.D.I., referred to above,
became the Reichsgruppe Industrie. It was made up of thirty-
one Economic Groups, each representing one branch of industry,
Each of these Groups in turn was further sub-divided into
various sub-groups or into territorial sub -divisions of the
Economic Group.
-29-
Every entrepreneur was required to belong to the
local Chamber in his area and to the appropriate functional
organization comprising his business. Some of the elective
features of the former organizations were abolished and the
leadership principle adopted for the selection of officers.
The Minister of Economics appointed the heads of the Reich
Economic Chamber and of the Reichsgruppen, and these heads
in turn appointed the subordinate leaders, each of whom had
the duty of leading his group in accordance with the princi-
ples of the National Socialist State. Actually the change
in organization meant very little as far as the controlling
personalities of the functional organizations were concerned.
In general, the leading men of the former associations were
appointed by the Reich Minister of Economics to the corres-
ponding offices in the newly created Economic Groups.
Our concern with the Groups in this case is chief
with the Reich Group Industry; and is limited principally to
its sub-divisions, the Committee for the export of war . mate-
rial, and the Economic Groups for the iron industry and
mining.
The iron industry, in l934, was organized into
Wirtschaftsgruppe Eisenschaffende Industrie (Economic Group
Iron Producing Industry - herein called " WGE"), which absorbed
the Association of German Iron and Steel Industrialists
and its staff.
The armament export firms were organized, in l93
into the Ausfuhrgomeinschaft fuer Kriegsgeraet (War Material
Export Association - AGK), plans for such an organization
having been made immediately upon the repudiation of the ar-
mament provisions of the Versailles Treaty in 1935.
The WGE was subdivided into several regional
groups, the most important of which was that for the Ruhr
area, the Bezirksgruppe Nord-West (Regional Group North West).
The Economic Group Mining (Wirtschaftsgruppe
Bergbau), which governed mining, including the mining of coal,
was also a continuation of the pre-existent association Fach-
gruppe. The Bergbauverein, mentioned previously, was allowed
to continue its separate existence by special exception of the
Minister of Economics.
The Economic Groups continued in existence until
the end of the war, although their specific functions varied
considerably as the economic situation of Germany changed.
They had no power to issue binding legislative decrees on their
own initiative, but they served as a convenient medium through
which the government exercised controls over industry. On the
other hand, they had substantial influence upon the government
itself in shaping such controls, and upon their membership in
respect to the manner of carrying out and supervising the
execution of the decrees.
The Economic Groups at first had no authority
over the cartels and other market regulation associations.
This led to considerable confusion, since the Economic Group
was the agency which dealt with the various government price
control offices. in addition to this overlapping of functions
-31-
the development of numerous government agencies and control
offices in the economic field resulted in a confusion of juris-
diction between the industry-manned Economic Groups and the
official governmental bodies. After the outbreak of the war,
every effort was made to streamline this structure. The result
was the formation of Reich Associations.
The Reich Associations were the top control organi-
zations, composed exclusively of leaders of the particular field
of industry over which they had supervision. They were vested
with authority to issue directives binding upon all members of
the industry. They were organized under the supervision of
Goering in his capacity as Plenipotentiary for the Four Year
Plan, and were subordinated first to the Reich Ministry of
Economics and later to the Speer Ministry. Many of the functions
performed by various government offices and agencies
were transferred to the Reich Associations, and all market regu-
lating associations were placed under their direct control. The
Reich Associations tended to take control of the entire industry
taking portions of such control from the horizontally operating
Economic Groups, i.e., Production, Mining and Trade.
The first of the new Reich Associations was organized
for the coal industry early in 1941, the Reichsvereinigung Kohle
RVK). It was created at the insistence of the coal industry, in
order to forestall complete government control, and yet to pro-
vide for tight organization within the field. The extent to
which the major industrial concerns controlled it appears from
the following list of its chairman and Praesidium members:
-32 -
Friedrich Flick . • • • • • • •
Herbert Kauert
Gustav Knepper
Alfried Krupp . . . . . • •Fritz Mueller . • • • •
Max Palm . . • • • •
Alfred Pott Johannes Robert Ludwig Siebert . . . . . . .Otto Springorum
Paul Pleiger . . .Heinrich WisselmannFranz Hayler .Otto Berve Walter Brass . • • • • • •
Gustav Brecht Ernst Buskuehl Guenther F a lkenhahn . . .
. • . . Hermann Goering Works. . .Preussag (Reich)
• • • . . Trade representativeGraf SchafgotschTrade representativeRheinbraunHer pener (Flick)
. .OberschlesischerBerg-undund HuettenvereinFlickRhenish Westfalian CoalSyndicateGelsenkirchener (VereinigteStahlwerk)KruppKruppPreussag (Reich)BallestremUpper Silesian Coal SyndicateDAFGelsenkirchener (VereinigteStahlwerk)SalzdetfurthVereinigte StahlwerkeEssener (Flick)
. • . . Hibernia (Reich)Ilse BergbauMan ne smann
Whenever a Reich Association was established for
any particular field the influence of the Economic Group in
that field naturally declined. However, friction was eliminated
by close interlocking of the two organizations. Thus, the depu-
ty chairman of the RVK was, at the same time, the leader of the
Economic Group Mining. The regional organizations of the formed
Economic Group Mining were left in existence, but the most im-
portant of them were subjected to the control of the RVK, and
in effect became their regional offices.
The Reichsvereinigung Eisen (RVE) was established
for the iron and steel, industry in 1942 along much the same
pattern as the RVK. It absorbed many of the functions of the
WGE, and was granted additional powers by the Plenipotentiary
-33-
Rudolf Stahl Otto Steinbrinck . . . . . a .Ernst Tengelmann Wilhelm Tengelmann •Edmund Tobies . . • . Hermann Winkhaus
of the Four Year Plan, Goering. It took over, to some degree
the governance of iron ore mining, as well as iron and steel
production, sales, etc. The chairman and the members of its
Praesidium were likewise drawn from the most important con-
cerns in the industry, as the following list of members dis-
closes:
Hermann Roechling, Chairman RoechlingWalter Rohland, Deputy Chairman Vereinigte Stahl-
werkeAlfried Krupp, Deputy Chairman -KruppHans Malzacher Hermann Goering
WerkeFriedrich Flick Hans Hahl Alfred Pott August Schmidt v.Schmidfelden
Walter Steinweden Wilhelm Zangen Hans Guenther
FlickEisenwerk RodingenBallestrem
Schmidhuette KremsAustria)
Trade representativeManne smannVereinigte Stahl-
werke
Roechling was also appointed leader of the Economic
Group Iron Producing Industry at the time of the
organization of the RVE; and the former district groups were incor-
porated in a much more formal fashion than was done by the RVE.
b. Market Regulating Associations
Under the Third Reich private cartels continued
to be very influential, and the Ministry of Economics was
authorized to establish compulsory cartels by a decree of
15 July 1933, or to compel outsiders to maintain membership
in existing ones.
Upon the organization of the Groups, in 1934,. the
cartels and the Economic Groups existed side by side and the
latter were barred from marketing control activities. As a
34
result, the leadership of the cartels often assumed the
leadership of the Groups. This situation became so serious
that, in 1936, the Minister of Economics subordinated the
cartels to the Groups.
As the "RVK" and the "RVE" were created they,
too, were given powers for the control of production and
marketing. ln late 1942 the Stahlwerksverband, the chief
cartel of the iron industry, was dissolved, and its funct-
ions taken over by the Eisen und Stahl Gemeinschaft in the
RVE - "ES GE" .
B. Government Economic Agencies
1. Military Economic Agencies of the Wehrmacht
In 1927 the army Ordnance Office (Heereswaffenamt)
formed a special Economic Staff (Wirtschaftsstab -- WStb) with field
offices (Aussenstellen), Military Economy Officers (Wehrwirtschafts-
offiziere) and Military Regional Commands (Wehrkreiskommandos) for
general questions of military economy.
After the seizure of power by Hitler, the new branch
of the Armed Forces, the Luftwaffe, created its own Ordnance Office
(Waffenamt), and shortly thereafter the Navy also created its own Ordnance
Office, so that the old organization within the Heereswaffenamt become
only one of three agencies in charge of armaments.
On 1 November 1934 a central agency for the Armed
Forces "Military Economics and Ordnance Affairs" (Wehrwirtschafts– and
Waffenwesen) was created. This central agency did not, however, have
jurisdiction over the Ordnance Offices of the different parts of the
Wehrmacht. Colonel (later General) Georg Thomas, the former Chief of Staff
of the Heereswaffenamt, was made Chief of this new agency. In October 1935
the agency was renamed Military Economics Staff (Wehrwirtschaftsstab – WwSt);
and in the spring of 1935 the so–called Military Economics Inspectorates
(Wehrwirtschaftsinspektionen) were established, and the former military
economy officers were incorporated into these newly organized inspecto-
rates. The Wehrwirtschaftsstab, which in November 1939 was renamed
1. The principal business with which this case is concerned -- thedesign, manufacture and sale of war material -- between the German mili-tary, air and naval forces and KRUPP was channeled through branches of themilitary forces other than the predominantly economic branches, to whichthis summary is limited.
- 36
Military Economy and Armament Office (W- Rue-A mt), was in charge of
the over-all armament plan for all pasts of the German Armed Forces. It
was only after the first failures o f the German Wehrmacht in Russia,
that the civilian agencies gradually took over the functions which had
been entrusted up to that time almost exclusively to military. In 1942
the Armament Office, the most important part of the Wi--Rue--A mt, was
transferred to Speer's Ministry (see below Paragraph 5) and the functions
of Wi-Amt, which was renamed later "Feldwirtschaftsamt," were greatly
reduced.
2. The Ministry of Economics (Reichwirtschaftsministerium- RWM)
At the beginning of the Nazi regime, the Reich Ministry of
Economics was the central government agency for the determination of
economic policy and economic administration. Its importance decreased
for the Four Year Plan in the fall of 1936. After a reorganization of the
economic agencies by Goering in February 1938, the Ministry of Economics
regained to some extent its former position; but during the war it again
gradually lost its influence, this time to the Ministry of Arms and
Munitions headed by Speer. Speer, in 1943, gained complete control over
all of German production, leaving the Ministry of Economics only the
control of supply and distribution of consumer goods for civilian popu-
lation, foreign trade, foreign trade policy and control of credit institu-
tions.
The first Minister of Economics in Hitler's cabinet was
Alfred Hugenberg, leader of the German Nationalist People's Party and
until 1918 chairman of the Aufsichtsrat of Fried. Krupp A.G. His successor,
in June, 1933, was Kurt Schmitt; general manager of the Allianz and
Munich Reinsurance Company, who remained in office until August, 1934.
- 37 -
It was during this first year of the Hitler regime, and under
the presidency of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach in the Reich
Association of German industry, that the reorganization of German industry
was commenced. Dr. Hjalmar Schacht who was President of the Reichsbank
since March 1933, was then appointed Minister of Economics; he resigned
in November 1937. From November 1937 to February 1938 Goering took over
the Ministry of Economics, which he relinquished to Walter Funk on 6 Feb-
ruary 1938. Funk remained Minister of Economics until the end of the war.
When Funk became the Minister of Economics in 1938, leading
officials of the Four Year Plan were put in charge of the important main
departments of his Ministry and many functions which the office of the
Four Year Plan had taken over during the period of rivalry between Goering
and Schacht were transferred back to the Ministry of Economics.
Schacht in 1934 instituted a "New Plan" which was designed to
rebuild German economy and further secret rearmament. Upon Schacht's
resignation his "New Plan" was replaced by Goering ' s Four Year Plan which
was to make Germany self—sufficient in the most important strategic
materials and ready for war within four years.
The offices through which the Ministry of Economics controlled
raw materials and foreign trade were the Supervisory Offices (Veber --
wachungssteîlen). They were created in 1934 by Schacht within the frame-
work of the "New Plan", and played an important role in the mobilization
of industry for war. Together with the Military Economics Staff (Wehr-
wirtschaftsstab of the OKW and the Reich Ministry of Economics, they
formulated the Mobilization tasks (Mob-Aufgaben) for the various industrial
enterprises, after the plants had submitted all details about their
38
For special fields of production, which were particularly im-
portant to the war effort, Goering appointed Plenipotentiaries–General
who were vested with the full power of the Four Year Plan in their par-
ticular fields. General von Hanneken was appointed Plenipotentiary–General
for Iron and Steel in 1937. During the war, Speer and Sauckel were
appointed Plenipotentiaries-General for particular fields described below.
4. Control Planning Board ( Zentrale Planung) The Central Planning Board (Zentrale Planung) was created by
Goering in April 1942 as the supreme coordinating agency for the German
war effort. This Board was officially an agency of the Four Year Plan;
for all practical purposes, however, it was the instrument through which
Speer coordinated all of German war production between 1942 and 1945.
The Central Planning Board was composed of Speer, Milch and
Koerner, and later Funk, each cf whom had equal authority. The function
of the Central Planning Board in the main was planning the distribution
and allocation of raw materials necessary for the conduct of the war,
and the allocation of manpower to the principal sectors of war economy.
Sauckel appeared frequently before the Central Planning Board when
labor questions were under discussion. Representatives of important
governmental and industrial organizations concerned in the allocation
of labor, materials, etc. also attended, reported to and made requests
at these meetings.
5. The Speer Ministry The Ministry of arms and Munitions (Ministerium fuer Bewaffnung
und Munition) was created in March 1940 and its first head was Dr. Fritz
Todt, founder of the "Organization Todt." Its function was to coordinate
the activities of all agencies and private enterprises engaged in the
manufacture of armaments and to improve war production from a
-40-
technological point of view. Dr. Todt did not develop the Ministry
into a well--knit organization although he made a substantial beginning
in the direction of controlling private enterprises engaged in the
manufacture of armaments. He created a number of administrative bodies,
staffed with representatives from industry itself, for the purpose of
pooling production know-how and technological developments. In February
1942 Todt died and was succeeded by Albert Speer, a very active and
energetic man of considerable organizational ability.
Under Speer's direction the Ministry became the most important
single influence on industrial production for the prosecution of the war.
Shortly after Todt ' s death Speer was designated as Plenipotentiary
General for Armament Tasks of the Four Year Plan. From that time the
Speer Ministry gradually absorbed a variety of functions formerly per-
formed by others, including many of those of the Ministry of Economics,
the Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe. In September 1943 this acquisition of
power resulted in a reorganization of the Ministry and the change of its
name to the Ministry of Armament and War Production (Ministerium fuer
Ruestung und Kriegsproduktion).
Speer developed the system initiated by Todt of utilizing
representatives of the armament industry on a basis of "self-responsi-
bility of industry" (Selbstverantwortlichkeit der Industrie) in bodies
somewhat parallel to the Reich Associations. These were the Main
Committees (Hauptausschuesse) and Main Rings (Hauptringe), which were
staffed from the ranks of private industry. The Main Committees were
boards of technicians concerned with production and processing of an
important end product. The Main Rings and their regional bodies --
Rings --- were similar boards concerned with the production of one- 41-
important part which entered into the production of several other end
products. For example, a Main Committee was established for the product-
ion of tanks; a Main Ring for iron production and another for castings;
a Ring for the production of ballbearings and another for steel castings.
Coordination with the RVE eventually took place through unified
leadership of the RVE and the iron production Main Ring, The most important
departments of Speer's Ministry for our purposes were:
The Planning Office (Planungsamt), headed by Hans Kehrl,
which was responsible for over-all planning in all matters of production
and distribution. The Planning Office acted not only as an agency of the
Speer Ministry, but was the preparatory and executive agency of the
Central Planning Board (Zentrale Planung).
The Raw Materials Office (Rohstoffamt ), also headed by Kehrl,
which was responsible for the production of basic raw materials other
than iron and steel. This office coordinated the Reich Association
Coal -- RVK, Main Ring Metals, Economic Group Chemical Industry and
other Reich Associations and Economic Groups in the raw materials field.
The Armament Supply Office (Ruestungslioferungsamt), headed
by Dr. Schieber, w in charge of iron and stool production and other
semi--finished materials necessary for armament production. To this
office was attached the RVE and the Main Rings concerned with the
production of metal intermediate products.
The Armament Office (Ruestungsamt) was responsible for the
final production of arms and munitions. This office was originally
an agency of the OKW called the Military Economy and Armaments Office
(Wi--Rue–Amt). It was headed by Gen rai Thomas while part of the OKW,
and Thomas continued to head it after its transfer to the Speer-- 42 –
Ministry in May, 1942. Thomas was succeeded in 1943 by Maj. Gen. Kurt
Waeger.
The Armament Office of the Speer Ministry supervised the
regional organizations originally established by the Army Ordnance
Offices. The regional organizations consisted of Armament Inspectorates
and Armament Commands, which were staffed by military personnel through-
out the war.
6. Reich Ministry of Labor (Reichsarbeitsministerium RAM)The Reich Ministry of Labor was headed from 30 January 1933
to the end of the war by Franz Seldte. Originally it was the highest
authority on all labor questions. The responsibility for the allocation
and supply of labor was transferred in 1936 to the Office of the Four
Year Plan, where it was under the supervision of Dr. Mansfeld and Dr.
Syrup. The procurement of labor from occupied territories was begun
by this Labor Allocation Office, which utilized the lower echelons of
the Reich Labor Ministry for the distribution of this labor.
The lower echelons of the Reich Labor Ministry were the
Provincial Labor Offices (Landesarbeitsaemter) and the local Labor
Offices Arbeitsaemter). A law of May 1933 had established, for
questions of wages and working conditions, the institution of Reich
Trustees of Labor (Reichstreuhaender der Arbeit). In 1943 the Reich
Trustees of Labor were consolidated with the Provincial Labor Office
Landesarbeitsaemter) into Gau Labor Offices (Gau Arbeitsaemter).
7. The Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation (General– bevollmaechtigter fuer den Arbeitseinsatz)
The Labor Allocation Office of the Four Year Plan did not
provide sufficient labor from the occupied territories. Consequently,
Hitler appointed Fritz Sauckel to Plenipotentiary General for Labor
43 -
Allocation in February, 1942. Goering thereupon dissolved his own
Labor Allocation Office and transferred the manpower sections of the
Four Year Plan to Sauckel: the Main Departments XII, headed by
Dr. Kimmich; VI, headed by Dr. Timm (originally Department V,
headed by Dr. Beisiegel); IX, .headed by Professor Jung, of the
Reich 'ministry of Labor; and the lower echelons of the Ministry,
viz., the P rovincial Labor Offices and Local Labor Office, which
together formed the Labor Allocation -Administration (Arbeitseinsatz--
verwaltung). Sauckel also had his special representatives in all
occupied and satellite territories.
III. FORMS OF GERMAN BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
A. Comparisons to American Forms and American Law.
The German law of business associations, like the Ameri-
can, distinguishes between forms of enterprise which are ju-
ristic persons and those which are not, such as partnerships,
The latter, however, may have some of the characteristics of
enterprises which are juristic persons. Under each of these
two principal categories, there are various forms of
enter-prises in which the responsibility and the liability of the
sponsors of the enterprise may vary. German enterprises which
are juristic persons are hereinafter referred to as corporations.
Like American corporations, German corporations can hold legal
rights and powers in the same general way as a natural person
but the liability of the owners or shareholders is limited to
the amount of their investment in the enterprise,
Among the principal forms of business enterprise which are
corporations or juristic persons under German law are:: The
Aktiengesellschaft or"A.G." (roughly translated as "stock
corporation"). The Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung or
"G.m.b.H. " (company with limited liability) . ; and the
Bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft (roughly translated as "corporation
under mining law").. The main forms of German business enter-
prises which are not juristic persons or corporations include
the Einzelhandelsfirma (Private Firm), Offene Handelsgesell-
schaft or "o.H.G." (roughly a general partnership) the Kom-
man ditgesellschaft (roughly a limited partnership) The
private firm united the business enterprise with the person
•
- )45
of the owner, and was commonly used for small enterprises, and
very rarely used for large enterprises. Fried. Krupp was a
private firm until 1904; an "A.G." until December, 1943; and again
a private firm from the latter date.
B. German Enterprises which are Juristic Persons
1. Aktiengesellschaft (A.G. )
Ownership -- The A. G. is most similar to an American
stock corporation. It is created by the filing and recording
of articles of incorporation generally called the "Gesell-
schaftsvertrag" (before 1937) and the "Satzung" (after 1 937) .
Ownership of the A. G. is divided into shares (Aktien) made
evident by stock certificates which are either registered or
bearer shares. Fried. Krupp A.G. was established with only
common shares, all of which had voting rights - except for the
period of a few years in the early 1920s , when an issue of
special stock was sold to employees of the Krupp firm. The
special stock had no voting rights, and no dividends were paid
on it. It was accumulated and purchased by Bertha Krupp von
Bohlen und Halbach in its entirety about 1926. The capitali-
zation of an A.G. generally must amount to not less than
500,000 marks. Fried. Krupp A.G. was capitalized originally
at 160,000,000 Marks; and the capitalization was subsequently
increased to 180,000,000 Marks. Both capitalization figures
were below actual valuation, the difference being hidden in
uncapitalized reserves.
In an A.G. there are two governing boards, one charged
with general supervision, the other with actual management.
These two boards are the Aufsichtsrat, often translated as
- 46 -
"Supervisory Board of Directors," and the Vorstand, often
translated as the "Managing Board of Directors." Sometimes
both the Aufsichtsrat and the Vorstand have been translated
as "Board of Directors." To avoid confusion, the use of the
German terms instead of translations is generally preferred.
Generally speaking, those two boards, taken together, exer-
cise the functions ordinarily performed by the board of directors
of an American corporation. However, taken individually
or together, those two boards are not the precise functions
equivalent of the American Board of Directors. The general
features of the Aufsichtsrat and the Vorstand in German law
and practice in the typical case are as follows:
The Aufsichtsrat is a supervisory board of directors
elected by the stockholders at the annual meeting generally
called the "Generalversammlung" (before 1937) and the "Haupt
versammlung" (after 1937). With some notable exce ptions, the
members of the Aufsichtsrat appear to correspond functionally
with those members of the board of directors of a major
American corporation who are not members of the executive
committee and who do not participate in the actual or day-
to-day management of the business. The formal rights and
duties of the Aufsichtsrat under German law include the
election, supervision and removal of the members of the
Vorstand; the general supervision of the management of the
enterprise by the Verstand; the right to examine and audit
books and accounts; the calling of shareholders' meetings;
and the representation of the corporation in dealing with
I:7
the Vorstand. Of course, the extent to which the Aufsicht
rat, or particular members thereof, in practise exercise
those powers to influence the activities of an A.G. depend
upon a number of factors, including, for example, who owns
or controls the stock.
The Vorstand is the executive board of directors
which undertakes the actual management of the corporation
generally and represents the corporation in its dealing wit
others. The members of the Vorstand can best be compared
functionally with the principal officers and directors of a
major American corporation who serve on the executive com-
mittee and participate in the actual management of the cor-
poration. In 1937 there was a general revision of German
corporation law (1937 RGB1., Part I, page 107, dated 30
January 1937 and supplementary decrees thereto) . Under the
revised law, as construed by legal authorities in Germany,
the Chairman of the Vorstand could either be the dominant
and decisive leader of the enterprise (the "Fuehrer") or he
could be "first among equals" (primus inter pares) in the
Vorstand, in which case the Vorstand as a body was the
"Fuehrer" or dominant leader of the enterprise. ("Aktion--
gesetz, Gesetz ueber Aktiengesellschaften und
Kommandi-gesel lschafter auf Aktion vom 30 Januar, 1937," commentary
by Dr. Franz Schlegelborger, State Secretary in the Reich
Ministry of Justice, and others, Berlin, 1939, pp.235
and 238).
As between Vorstand and Aufsichtsrat , the 1937
revision of the law is generally considered as having reduced
the power and the importance of the Aufsichtsrat. Among
other things it provided that the Aufsichtsrat could not
remove members of the Vorstand before the expiration of the.
terms except "for just cause." The distribution of de facto
power and authority as between Vorstand and Aufsichtsrat, on
the one hand, and the actual influence of the stockholders,
on the other hand, varies from enterprise to enterprise and
from time to time depending on special facts and circumstances.
The regular Annual Meeting o f the Stockholders -
there being only two such stockholders -- in the firm of
Fried. Krupp A.G. was held in conjunction with the annual
meeting of the Aufsichtsrat. Under German corporate law,
the stockholders or their duly authorized representatives
have the right to ask for information on the annual report
of the Aufsichtsrat and the Vorstand and on the general
management of the business. The annual shareholders meeting
approves the action of the members of the Aufsichtsrat and
the Vorstand in the discharge of their duties. It also
approves amendments to the articles of incorporation and in-
creases in capital. Final approval of the balance sheet
and the distribution of profits are also the prerogatives
of the stockholders.
2. Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung (G.m.b.)
"Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung" may be
literally translated as "company with limited liability", but
ordinarily it is referred to in the documents by the German
abbreviation "G.m.b.H." The G.m.b.H. was originally designed
to give smaller businesses a possibility of operating with
limited liability. The minimum required capitalization was
only 20,000 marks. The formalities of forming a G.m.b.H, are
simpler than in the case of an A.G. The participant's interest
in the G.m.b.H. is usually not made evident by written instru-
ment, and if it is, such an instrument is not readily negotiable.
The management of the G.m.b.H. is vested in one
or more persons called "Geschaeftsfuehrer" (business manager).
There is no Vorstand and an Aufsichtsrat is not prescribed by
law. If there is an Aufsichtsrat the statute provides that it
shall be governed by the rules applying to the Aufsichtsrat of
an A.G. unless the articles of incorporation provide to the
contrary. The supervisory body in a G.m.b.H. may be called
an "Aufsichtsrat", a "Verwaltungsrat" (Administrative Council)
or a "Beirat" (Advisory Council). The difference is principally
one of name only. A number of the subsidiary corporations which
Krupp owned or controlled were G.m.b.H.'s with an Aufsichtsrat.
In the occupied parts of the Soviet Union, special corporations
were established to undertake production. Ordinarily such
corporations were G.m.b.H.'s with a Verwaltungsrat.
3. Bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft
This type of corporation was exclusively established
for mines under the mining law. A number of the mining en-
terprises owned and controlled by Krupp adopted this corporate
form. The shares (usually 1,000 in number) were called "Kuxe"
which represented a fraction of the corporation's assets but had
no nominal or par value. The shareholder ("Gewerke") was not
personally liable to the corporation 's creditors. The
Gewerkschaft obtained capital by assessing its members, who,
however, had the right to escape such liability by surrender
ing their shares. The Gewerkschaft is managed by a Vorstand
and it may have an Aufsichtsrat.
C. German Enterprises which are not Juristic Persons
1. The Einzelhandelsfirma (Private Firm)
The Krupp private firm, in 1943, became a unique
form of business enterprise. It was the personal property
of the proprietor, and yet had certain rights, powers,
privileges, duties and immunities, beyond of those of an
individual human person. The private firm was founded
under a "Lex Krupp" which permitted for this one enterprise
alone in Germany a special legal structure. The form was
an adaptation to the Krupp combination of industrial, com-
mercial and real property of the laws for certain agricul-
tural properties (Fidoikommiss and Erbhof). There was an
advantage of permanence as against the danger of breaking
up under the ordinary impact of death and inheritance taxes
There were restrictions upon disposition of property, and the
NSDAP had a voice in selecting the proprietor. The propri-
tor could, and did, delegate his powers and establish a
structure similar to a normal German corporation.
2, Offene Handelsgesellschaft (o.H.G.)
This form of enterprise corresponds essentially
to the American general partnership. Generally each partner
has power to act for the partnership and is personally liable
-51
for partnership debts. The o.H.G. was used seldom, if at
all, by Krupp.
3. Kommanditgesellschaft (K.G.)
This corresponds to the American limited partner-
ship. The general partner has the exclusive right and power
to represent and manage the partnership. The general partner
of the American law is called under German law the "Komple-
mentaer" or the "persoenlichhaftendo Gesellschafter" ("per-
sonally liable partner"). The limited partner is called
"Kommanditist".
D. Combinations of German Business Enterprises
Combinations of business enterprises in Germany are
much more commonly organized than in the United States.
Combination was sometimes compulsory, Under German law
and business practice there were numerous forms of combines
of business enterprises, among them the following:
1. "Konzern" (Concern)
This was defined in German corporation law as a group
of legally separate enterprises which, functionally, were
under unified direction. Krupp was sometimes referred to a
a "Konzern," particularly because it included a large number
of legally separate enterprises, and possibly because it
included a number of large enterprises which previously were
separate legal entities.
2. "Interessen-Gemeinschaft" (I.G.
This was literally a "community of interests," and
- 5 2 -
was a form rarely used, except in such cases as the joining
together of large firms, in a permanent relationship or for
a temporary or limited objective.
3. "Kartell" (Cartel)
This is a combination of independent business units
for the purpose of influencing the market, by eliminating
or regulating competition among themselves.
4. "Syndikat" (Syndicate)
This is a type of cartel with a centralized sales
and control organization, the latter usually in the firm
of a A.G. or G.m.b.H. Krupp was a member of a number of
syndicates of considerable importance, particularly the
coal syndicates.
5. Special Statutory Cartels
In some instances cartels were created by special
statutory provisions giving them official regulatory powers
and making membership compulsory for all members of an in-
dustry. An outstanding example is found in the compulsory
coal syndicate created by a law of 23 March 1919, which
replaced the former voluntary syndicates. These mining
corporations were required to belong to the German coal syn-
dicates. The function of the syndicate, ordinarily set
up on a regional basis, was to buy all coal production with-
in the area and to provide a centrai sales organization. At
the same time the syndicate exerted broad control over pro-
duction. The influence of the individual producer as a
member of the syndicate dep e nded upon his share in the total
53
production. The Minister of Economics possessed a veto
over the actions and resolutions of the coal syndicates.
E. Corporate Affiliations under German Tax LPN (the"Schachtel-Privilege"
This does not refer to a separate form of combination
of business enterprises but to a concept of German income
tax law for corporations. Dividends received by a corporation
from another cor poration in which it holds at least
25 per cent of the stock are exempt from income taxation.
The same principle applied to the property tax with respect
to the ownership interest in a subsidiary.
IV. HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF FR IED, KRUPP
A. Historical Outline of the Krupp Familyand Enterprise to 1914
The first Krupp industrial enterprise was the "Gute
Hoffnung" (Good Hope; Ironworks at Sterkrade, on the borders
of Prussia and Cleves. Friedrich Krupp, born in 1787,
undertook the management of this plant in 1807, but it was
soon lost to the family. (Century's History, pp. 4-12;
Berdrow, pp. 13-15; Menne, pp. 12-22.)
During the Napoleonic Wars the demand for cast steel,
which was embargoed from England, increased; and in 1811
Friedrich Krupp built the "Fried. Krupp Cast Steel Foundry"
on the Volkmuehle property in Essen. During the next few
years the Prussian mint, and eventually the mints of other
governments, provided a large part of the work. In 1819
new works were opened and orders from the Prussian Ordnance
came in for steel for bayonets and gun barrels. (Century's
History, pp. 12-22, 26; Berdrow, pp. 16--24, 53; Menne, pp.
32-34.
The eldest son, Alfred Krupp, succeeded upon the death
of the founder in 1826, to the leading position in the
management, and to the ownership of the works, together with
members of his family. In 1843, Krupp, together with the
Schoeller family, built a plant in Berndorf, Austria, for
the manufacture of table cutlery and plated sheets. Cannon
construction by Krupp dates from 1844, when the Prussian
military authorities ordered an experimental one-ton gun
of cast steel for a three-pound shot. The building of the
-55-
first German railroads in the 1840's initiated Krupp's
business in railway products. The single management of the
Essen works was acquired by Alfred Krupp in 1848, for
40,000 thalers, by purchasing the interests of members of
the family. At the samo time Alfred's interests in the
Berndorf Works was released to a brother, Hermann. it was
not until 1859, upon the death of his partner, Soelling,
that Alfred became sole owner of the Essen enterprise.
(Century's History, pp. 42-44,53--55, 57, 67-77, 81-82,
86--87, 114-29; Berdrow, pp .34, 39-40, 48, 72 , 74-78, 113-
16, 132-3 4 Menne , pp. 39-41, 51-52, 57 60-63.)
The first complete gun shop was built in 1861. (Berdrow
p. 151.)
The introduction of the English Bessemer process deve-
loped the Krupp works from a specialized casting factory
into a complete iron works. They expanded vertically and
acquired fifty beds of iron ore in the Lahn district and
leased the "Graf Beust" colliery. Resident agents were
placed in all the great cities of Europe. During the boom
following the large-scale use of Krupp guns in the Franco-
Prussian war of 1870, Krupp acquired over 300 ore deposits
in Western Germany and a holding in the Orcanera Iron Com-
pany, which held valuable deposits of high-grade ore at
Bilbao, Spain. A fleet of transport ships was built, and
interests acquired in the Netherlands in connection with
transport and docking. American interest had been attracted
by the display at the Philadelphia World's Fair of the
Krupp 14-inch gun; but it was the sale of rails, axles and
other items needed in the vast program of railroad building
in the United States that helped pull Krupp out of the sub-
sequent depression of the 1870's. (Century's History, pp.
92-114, 174-79; Berdrow, 169-71, 175-78, 243, 259-60; Menne,
pp. 82-83, 94-95 104-13.)
Krupp's desire to design as well as to construct guns
was realized through the work of Gross; and to develop
designing and independence from the Ordnance Board, Krupp
commenced the acquisition in 1873 of firing ranges.
Alfred Krupp died on July 14, 1887 and the inheritor
of the works was Friedrich Alfred Krupp. Under him the
administration and manufacturing methods were modernized,
and scientific research was given greater attention. New
shops were built, colleries in Lorraine and the Germania
shipyards were acquired. The principal German competitor,
the Gruson Works--the developer of armor plate and the recoil
gun--was bought out on the stock exchange. Licenses on
Krupp armor plate were granted to the Carnegie and Bethlehem
Steel Companies. (Century's History, pp. 245-56, 258-72,
292-302; Berdrow, pp. 294-302; Menne, pp.. 153-61, 170-71.)
The dismissal of Bismarck removed the last check on the
government's policy of world expansion, the chief factor
in which would be naval building. In 1897 von Tirpitz was
made Secretary of the Admiralty, and a program for
proprietary rights was contemplated and no Krupp shares
were ever to be dealt in on the stock exchange. 159,996
shares of 1,000 marks each were allotted to the oldest child
Bertha, and, in order to comply with legal requirements,
the remaining four shares were carefully distributed, and
later accumulated by Bertha and her sister Barbara. (Can -
-tury's History, pp. 311-12; Berdrow, pp. 311; Menne, pp.
223-25.)
popularizing the navy through the German Navy League was
commenced. Krupp enjoyed particularly the good will of the
Emperor William II; and the Krupp Germania was the only
private shipyard which participated in the building of
every future German battleship through the mid 1930's.
In fifteen years prior to World War I, Krupp built nine
battleships, five light cruisers, thirty-three destroyers,
and ten submarines, (Century ' s History, pp, 288-302; Menne,
pp . 161-71, 233-40.)
Friedrich Alfred's generation produced no sons and,
upon his death in 1902 the heiress was the 16-year-old
Bertha Antoinette Krupp. The will of the deceased
for the reorganization of the firm into a private,
liability company in order to regularize relations
the owner and the administration, but no surrender of
Immediately after the death of Friedrich Alfred his
widow placed a contract for the building of the Friedrich
Alfred Huette Rheinhausen on the left bank of the Rhine
-58-
twenty miles from Essen The facilities for transport
and this late use of the Thomas process, and other moder-
nization, enabled Krupp to move from the ranks of a specia-
list in certain classes of steel into those of the great
steel producers. (Century's History, pp. 314-15; Berdrow,
pp . 310 , 3 15; Menne, pp. 226-27.)
In 1906 Dr. Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach married the
Krupp heiress, Bertha. He had been a secretary of legation
at Washington and Pekin, and his maternal grandfather was a
general of the United States Army in the Civil War. At the
wedding the Emperor conferred upon Gustav the right to use
the name "Krupp,"
The sister, Barbara, later married Baron Tilo von
Wilmowsky, son of the former head of the imperial Chance-
tory. (Menne, pp. 274-75.)
Technological progress went side by side with the vast
naval race of the period. In 1906 Krupp's most original
contribution to armament, the first German submarine, was
built. In 1907 the electro-metallurgical furnace process
was introduced; and a fourth firing range was laid out at
Essen.
B. Corporate and Plant Structure
1. Changes in Form
The firm of Krupp has been a wholly-owned family enter-
prise since shortly after its founding in 1812; and during
most of that time it has been owned by a single individual.
It operated as a private firm until the death of Friedrich
Alfred Krupp in 1902 and the extinction of the male line
of the family,
In 1903 a corporation, Fried. Krupp A.G., was formed,
with almost the entire share-holdings held by the eldest
daughter of Friedrich Alfred-Bertha Krupp. Until the end
of 1943 the firm structure was formally that of a normal
German stock corporation.
Negotiations were commenced in 1942 to change the
structure of Fried. Krupp from an A.G. to a private firm
and the ownership to Alfried Krupp von Bohlen. The fact
that negotiations, which were expected to be successfully
terminated, were under way brought about organizational
and structural changes of a minor degree prior to the
formal dissolution of the corporation in December, 1943.
In April, 1943, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen was named chair-
man of the Vorstand,
In December, 1943, the corporation was dissolved;
and, in accordance with the Lox Krupp, a special dispens-
ation from Hitler, and a Family Statute, the entire owner-
ship was placed in Alfried Krupp von Bohlen, as sole pro-
prietor, with rIghts of perpetual succession by individual,
designated heirs. Only the top firm was affected by this
change--and that change was confined almost to the dropping
of the suffix "A. G.," the ownership, the abolition of the
Aufsichtsrat and the juristic concept of the enterprise.
2. Relationship of the Governing Bodies
German corporate law permitted and, after 1937,
encouraged the curtailment of the responsibility of the
Aufsichtsrat. In the corporation it was a largely honorary
body. This was due chiefly to the circumstance of almost
single stock-ownership, which had the ultimate authority
and which chose as its single spokesman the Chairman of
the Aufsichtsrat; and the practical necessity of empowering
the actual management with the primary authority.
The only active member of the Aufsichtsrat was
Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Chairman from 1909
to 1943. The rest of the Aufsichtsrat was composed of
leading men in the German business world--industrialists
bankers and, traditionally, retired government officials
of high rank and excellent contacts. The Deputy Chairman
of the Aufsichtsrat was Freiherr Tile von Wilmowsky, hus-
band of Barbara Krupp, the younger sister of Bertha, who
performed principally the function of representing Fried.
Krupp A.G. in lar ge German banks and corporations, private
and semi-public--the reci procating activity to represent-
ation by other prominent men on the Krupp Aufsichtsrat.
The few shares of the corporation stock owned by Frau
von Wilmowsky were, however, from 1938 voted by a repre-
sentative of the management, the defendent Max Ihn.
Among other members of the last Aufsichtsrat were
Alfred Olscher, head of the Reichskredit Gesellschaft,
y
A.G. ; Carl Goetz, Chairman of the Aufsichtsrat of the
Dresdner Bank; Hermann Schmitz, Chairman Of the Vorstand
of I.G. Farben; Hermann von Siemens, Chairman of the Aufsicht
rat of Siemens-Halske, A.G.; Hermann Buecher, Chairman of the
Vorstand of Allgemeine Elektrizitaets Gesellschaft (AEG); and
Arno Griessmann, retired War Material Department chief of
Krupp.
The factors which, however, minimized the importance,
power and res p onsibilities of the Aufsichtsrat of the top
company, Fried. Krupp A. G., were not present in the relation-
ship between the Essen management and such of the subsidiary
companies as were incorporated as Aktiengesellschaften. In the
main, the management of Fried. Krupp A.G. and of the successor
private firm, Fried. Krupp, chose to exercise authority and
determine policy in such subsidiaries by representation on the
Aufsichtsraete. This applied, inter alia to the subsidiaries
Germaniawerft, Grusonwerk, Berthawerk, Deschimag and Rheinmeine
Moreover, the limited powers flowing from formal memberships
the Aufsichtsraete were here combined, not only with powers
flowing out of the representation of the ownership, but were
enlarged by control or direction in workaday matters centering
in the Essen firm and upon which the subsidiaries were dependent
i.e., research, design, finance (including approval cf appro-
priation of over 5000 marks) and top level party, economic
association and government contacts and representation
- 62
representation. Analogous methods of direction or control
were exercised by the Fried. Krupp management in other sub-
sidiaries which were not organized as A.G.'s.
Structure of the Complex
a. Plant Section of Fried. Krupp
Under both the corporate and the private firm Fried.
Krupp had both the forms and functions of a holding, a
supervising and an operating company. Fried. Krupp A.C.
and private firm had as an integral part of their structure
and function a plant section composed of most of the in-
dustrial units at Essen and Rheinhausen--the Gusstahlfabrik
(Cast Steel Works) at Essen, the Friedrich-Alfred Huette,
and later the Krupp Stahlbau at Rheinhausen.
b. Daughter Companies
The larger subsidiaries, in which Krupp's interests
exceeded 98%, were called Tochtergesellschaften (daughter
companies), viz., Grusonwerk (machines and manufacturing),
Germaniawerft (shipbuilding), Aktiengesellschaft fuer
Unternehmungen der Eisen und Stahlindustrie (holding company for
miscellaneous enterprises; and Sieg-Lahn Bergbau G.m.b.H.
(mines ).
Smaller Subsidiaries
The smaller subsidiaries or partly owned enterprises
were ordinarily held by one or the other of the plant sect-
ions of Fried. Krupp or one of the daughter companies. Of-
ten, also, the Gusstahlfabrik and the FAH maintained plants
which were geographically distant from Essen or Rhein-
hausen, but which were integral parts of these major plants
Mines
Mines were often grouped into subsidiaries,
usually in the form of G.m.b.H. or
Bergrechtiche-Gewerk-schaften, which were in turn subsidiaries of daughter
companies or the plant sections of Fried. Krupp, and
sometimes än integral part of the plant sections.
Plants in Occupied Territories
In the occupied territories, enterprises--
plants, mines, commercial and administrative organizations,
etc.--wore held by Krupp in numerous ways. Usually they
were acquired under "so-called "purchases," "leases," or
"trusteeships." Frequently KRUPP organized some type of
new business organization to hold and manage the enter-
prise. Often, too, such enterprises were held or managed
directly as plants or units of the Gusstahlfabrik or other
plant sections of the firm, with no separate corporateidentity.
f. Foreign Agencies and Subsidiaries
In peacetime or in countries not occupied during
the war, KRUPP also had numerous subsidiaries and agencies.
Agencies and special representatives were agents of the
parent firm at Essen, unless a particular subsidiary did
a large amount of business and needed its own agent, also.
Complex arrangements were made in some cases, particularly
after 1938 to conceal ownership, i.e., the creation of
special Swiss holding companies owned nominally by indi-
viduals acting as fronts.
- 65 -
C. Management Organization
l.. General Organization
The focal point of the KRUPP concern was Essen, the seat
of the parent company and of the most important plant, both of which had
a unitary management. Flexibility existed in the structure at the level
of the top management to allow for changing circumstances, including
adjustments to new laws and new personalities. Exceptions to the pyramidal
form were fairly numerous at the top of the hierarchy. Below the top
level of command, control of the working of the departments and plants,
was maintained through a fairly rigid structure which had crystallized
into a pattern through the long history of the firm.
The relations between the Essen officials and the sub—
sidiary companies had become formalized. Some of these subsidiaries were
given more independence than others, but the degree of independence was
dependent upon the wishes of the central management in Essen. In any
case, the directors in Essen had to be kept informed regularly of the
activities of the subsidiaries. This was accomplished through monthly
reports and through the requirement that new plans and important decisions
be referred to the superiors in Essen before becoming final. Technical
problems were referred to the pertinent technical director in Essen; and
a similar rule applied in respect to commercial, personnel and other
matters. In particular cases the technical director, for example, might
have more control over the actual operation of a subsidiary than had the
commercial or other directors. But this was a relation which, being based
on long practice, was well known to all personnel concerned and continued
to govern in spite of changing personnel.
2. Vorstand
The defendants in the present case include all of the
living Vorstand and Direktorium members who held office during the last
eighteen years: Alfried Krupp, Loeser, Houdremont, Erich Mueller, Janssen.
During the period of the A.G. the top managing body was, as
was customary, called formally the "Vorstand" and sometimes the "Direkto--
rium." Under the private firm it was called, formally, the "Direktorium
and often, informally, the "Vorstand." (Throughout the case the prosecution
will use the formal names.)
The Vorstand at Krupp was from the latter half of the 1920s
until 1943 composed of no more than three members. In addition to the
over-all responsibility of each Vorstand member for the management of the
corporation, each Vorstand member was assigned specific fields of activity
in which he was charged with special responsibility on behalf of the entire
Vorstand. A member might have one or more such special responsibilities
in the following spheres: (i) technical, (2) administrative, (3) financ-
ial, (4) commercial, (5) war material construction, (6) war material
sales, (7) machine shops and (8) raw materials. The members of the Vors
-stand had a high degree of autonomy within their own field of work, and
consulted informally with other members of the Vorstand concerned secon-
darily with the problem. Ordinarily members of the Vorstand who wore not
directly concerned with a matter in issue, and therefore not consulted
directly upon it, were informed by memoranda or copies of correspondence
concerning these issues. General matters were settled by informal confer-
ences or formal meeting of the members of the Vorstand. Full meetings of
67
the Vorstand were put on a regular basis again by Alfried Krupp in
1943.
In March, 1941 the Vorstand was enlarged by the addition. of six
deputy members. In March 1943 the .number of full-fledged members of Vor-
stand was increased to 5, the number of deputies remaining at 6. The
superseding of the Vorstand by the Direktorium in December 1943 did not
substantially affect the functions and responsibilities of the members
thereof, apart from making them all responsible to the new proprietor,
Alfried Krupp.
3. Deputies and Dezernente
To assist the Vorstand members in the management of the firm,
they made a work distribution among various officials in the firm, who
were given full responsibility for the results achieved by their depart-
ments. Account had to be given to the Vorstand of all accomplished and
important contemplated plans and activities. These officials wore
frequently referred to as Dezernente (an untranslatable term, connoting
a degree of self-sufficiency greater than that implied in the English
phrase ''department head"). Functions of the Krupp Dezernente included:
steel plants, steel center and research, personnel, war material sales,
artillery designing, mining. It was the more important of these Dezer-
nente, i.e., those whose responsibilities were greatest, who became
deputy members of the Vorstand in March 1941. Such membership was,
however, no prerequisite to the assumption of significant responsibility,
e.g. Griossmann was a Dezernent at the head of the Krupp Essen war Mato-
rial department from 1926 to 1938 and, nevertheless, was not a member of
the Vorstand or a deputy Member.68
The directors of the concern subsidiaries were also placed
in the category of Dezernente, their responsibility to the Vorstand in
Essen being the same as the responsibility of the Krupp Essen Dezernente.
All Dezernente were required to work together so that uniform policies
would prevail in the concern. Differences of opinions were submitted to
the Vorstand for decision.
4. Minor Departments
The minor departments each were headed by a department head
who ordinarily had the rank of Prokurist. The Prokurist was an employee
with authority to sign for the firm within a limited jurisdictional area.
Among those lessor departments were those of the special labor offices,
patents, press and public relations, etc.
5. Gruppenvorstand
Occasionally, as in the case of Kupke and the camp administrat-
ion, a number of minor departments were grouped and headed by an official
with the rank of Gruppenvorstand. The individual units so grouped might
be responsible administratively to one head, and yet be subject to the
general supervision of the Gruppenvorstand. The place in the hierarchy
of such an official also was flexible: Kupke was, at first, responsible
directly to the Vorstand, and, later, to Ihn,
6 Parallel Organization
accompanying this vertical organizational structure there was
also a. somewhat parallel structure organized within the technical fields
of operation. There was, for example, the Stahlzentral, which was under
the member of the Vorstand representing technical matters, or: his deputy,
and which directed research in metallurgical fields. Similarly there
was the Berlin office, in which the parent firm, from 1937, placed a
deputy member of the Vorstand as the chief of the office. Within the
Berlin office several subsidiaries also maintained their own represent-
atives; and also within it, from the middle 1930's, was the R-Vertretung,
which was the specialized office for liaison on military contracts and
war economy matters. The Berlin office was also a sales agency and a
liaison office with foreign government agencies for the sale of export
material.
7. Abwehrbeauftragter (Counter-Intelligence Agent)
In 1939 the defendant von Buelow was designated by the
firm to succeed to the position in the Gusstahlfabrik of military
& Abwehrbeauftragter. In this position he was responsible to the
Vorstand, and particularly to the Plant leader, and simultaneously to the
military Intelligence Office. Probably because of his position as
Abwehrbeauftragter the defendant von Buelow became at the same time
the head of the Werkschutz, and as such responsible to the Vorstand,
and the Plant Leader particularly, and administratively to the Personnel
Department. In 1943 the position was further extended to include the
position of political Haupt—Abwehrbeauftragter, with responsibility to
the Vorstand, the Plant Leader, the Gestapo, and the S.D.
8. Fuehrer des Betriebes and Betriebsfuehrer
The Gesetz zur Ordnung der Nationalen Arbeit (National
Labor Act) , 20 January 1934, introduced the Fuehrer principle into
the plants. "According to this law, every plant must be represented
and led by a Plant Leader. (The word "plant" referred to a physicals
operating unit in space..) Questions involving the welfare and.-- 70-.
working conditions of personnel in the plant were the responsibility
of the Plant Leader.
According to the law the position of Plant Leader in an
A.G. devolved upon the Vorstand, which was the legally constituted organ
and representative thereof. Since the Plant Leader must be actively
engaged in managing the plant it was permissible for the Vorstand to
designate one of its members as Plant Leader on its behalf, and such
was the case in the Gusstahlfabrik where Georens and later Houdromont,
the technical members of the Vorstand, were appointed to the position
Fuehrer des Betriebes. These appointments did not, however, relieve
the individual members of the Vorstand of their o riginal responsibility.
In actual practice, both before and after the statute, it
was the Personnel chief who formulated the general rules for the
governance of personnel in all the plants, and who actually performed
the duties of the top Plant Loader. Eventually recognition was given
to this fact, and the Personnel chief, Ihn, was named Deputy Fuehrer
des Betriebes.
In March 1943, Alfried Krupp's position as Proprietor was
accorded the title leader of all the concern plants, (Fuehrer derBetriebe).
In charge of the individual workshops - of which Gusstahl-
fabrik had about 100 -- was the Betriebsfuehr er (also translated as
Plant Leader). This position of Betriebsfuehrer existed lnKRUPP
long before the enactment of the aforementioned labor statute. He was
responsible for the operation of his workshop and for the welfare
of his personnel to his superior, the Betriebs Direktor (Plant
Director), who, in turn, was responsible to the Fuehrer dos Betriebes,
technical member of the Vorstand.
9. Plants Outside Essen
The plants located outside of Essen each had a Plant
Loader. If it were a self-contained corporate unit, and an
the Plant Leader was ordinarily the chairman of the Vorstand of that
corporative unit. Control by Essen was retained, as described above,
by means of memberships on the Aufsichtsraete of these units and by
the day-to-day dependence of the smaller units upon Essen and the
Essen management. Other plants were not operated as A.G. ' s, but in
some other form of corporate personality or in forms which were not
juristic persons. The mines, for example, were each headed by a mine
manager, and the group of mines owned by the particular corporate
unit were then managed by members of its Vorstand. Most direction of
mining business other than the purely technical aspects came
directly from the Essen management.
10. Plants in Occupied Territory
Ordinarily the management of the plants and other
properties, such as commercial or administrative organizations, mines,
etc., in occupied territories were headed by a representative sent from
Essen or upon the instructions of Essen and he might be accompanied
by a small staff, few of whom were in a managerial capacity, and most
of whom were technicians. The plants in the occupied territories-72-
frequently utilized the management or a part of the management
previously existing in the enterprise, and centralized control
within one or a very flew Krupp representatives. In some instances,
new corporate organizations were established for those plants, and
the Essen agent and some of his staff assumed positions similar to that in a
normal German corporate enterprise.
- 73 -
FRIEDRICH KRUPP (A.G.)
A.G. UNTERNEHMEN-GEN EISEN UNDSTAHL INDUSTRIE
KRUPPGERMANIAWERFT A.G. KRUPPGRUSONWERK A.G.
SIEG - LAHNBERGBAU G.M.B.H.
MININGSUBSIDIARIES
INDUSTRIALSUBSIDIARIES COMMERCIALSUBSIDIARIES
PLANT SECTIONS
AUSCHWITZPLANT GUSSTAHLFABRIK KRUPP
STAHLBAUFRIEDRICH - UKRAINEALFRED- HUETTE ENTERPRISES
SUBSIDIARIES
KRUPPBERTHAWERKE A.G.
DEUTSCHE SCHIFFSMASCHIENBAU
A. G.
KRUPPDRUCKENMUELLER
BERLIN-TEMPELHOF
KRUPPTREIBSTOFFSWERK
G.M.B.H.NORDDEUTSCHEHUETTE A G.
WESTFAELISCHEDRAHTINDUSTRIE
A. G.
BERNDORFER ELMAG KRUPP KRUPPMETALLWARENFABRIK WERKE BRUSSELS 5.4,ARTHUR KRUPPA G. G. M. B. H. S.A. PARIS
r Steel Center
HOUDREMONT
TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT NLK-12005 A
(page 2 of original) CHART C
Fried .Krupp A.G. and Gusstahlfabrik
April 1934- April 1936
AufsichtsratChairman,
Gustav Krupp
GOERENS
Metallurgy,Steel Plants,Plant Leaderfrom 1 May
1934
Finance,Administration,Machine plante.
BUSCHFELD KLOTZBACH
CUNTZ
Deputy Vorstand -Member
Vorstand;
Mining,Trade,
Locomotive Plants
KORSCHAN ]
ArtilleryDesigning
Steel Plants,excluding Borbeck
Personnel Berlin Office Administration from
April 19_15
Foundry andend Mill 2
"Tear
EBERHARDT
ear material Sales
PFIRSCH RITTER E.MUELLER
GRIESSMANN
L wer material J
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT22.10.1947
IGOERENS
CUNTZ
Deputy Vorstand-Member
Metallurgy.steel Plants,Plant Leader
BUSCHFELDdied, 16.10. 1936
Finance,Administration,Machine Planta,
KLOTZBACH
Mining.Trade.
Locomotive plante]
I
ALFRIED KRUPP
from 1.10.1936
GRIESSMANN
War Material
HOUDREMONT
Steel Center,Research
Department
1 KORSCHAN BUELOW JANSSEN IHN
f teal Plants Special tasks tasks,Berlin Office
from April 1937
Personnel,Deputy
Abwehrbeauftragter
PFIRSCH ERICH MUELLER
Artillery Designing
TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT NIK - 12005 A
(page 3 of doe )Fried, Krupp A.G. and Gusstahlfabrik
CHART D
April 1936 - Sept.1937
Vorstands-eMitglieder
Aufsichtsrat
Chairman;Gustav Krupp
1
[from October 1936 EBERHARDT
War Material sales I
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT
22.10.1947
GRIESSMANN
war material
ALFRIED KRUPP I
rLOESER j
JFinance, '
Administration J
CUNTZ
Deputy Vorstand- imember
KLOTZBACH
mining,
Trade,Loccmotive Plants.
GOERENS
Metallurgy,Steel Plants,
Machine Plants, i
Plant Leader
r
HOUDREMONTKORSCHAN l' JANSSEN IHN
Steel Center1
and Research-Steel Plants Berlin office personnel,
DeputyDepartment Abwehrbeauftragter
BUELOW
Special tasks
TRANSLATIONOFDOCUMENT NICK - 12005 A( page 4 of original )
Fried. Krupp A.G. and Gusstanlfabrik
October 1937 -September 1938
Aufsi chtaretChairman,
Gustav Krupp
Vorstands-Mitglieder
CHART E
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT22.10.1947
JANSSEN PF IRSCHEBERHARDT
Berlin OfficeWar Material
Sales
IHNPersonnel
E.MUELLER
Artillery Designing
KORSCHAN
Steel Center Steel Plants!II
and ResearchDepartment
HOUDREMONT
BEUSCH BUELOW
WelfareGeneral Administration
,
LEHMANN
Assistantto Ihn
rom February1940
KUPKE
Essen ExperimentalRange from 1939
r Abwehr
Beauftragterfrom Nov.1939
Works police from November
1939
Advertisingand press
EmployeeRelationsfrom 1940
TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT NICK • 12005A
(page 5 of original) CHART F
Fried. Krupp A.G. and Gusstahlfabrik
October 1938 - March 1941
AufsichtsratChairman;
Gustav Krupp
J
Vorstand- GOERENS LOESER ALFRIED KRUPPMembers:
Metallurgy;Steel,Machine,
and
Finance,Trade,
Administration
Armament,Raw Material,
Mining
Locomotive Plants;Plant Leader
Deputy Directors,
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT22.10.1947
Deputy VorstandMembers:
HOUDREMONT
Steel Center,Research and
Material Testing
Vorstand Members:
LOESER
Finance,
AdministrationTrade,
Aufsichtsratchairman:
Gustav Krupp
Directors:a
BEUSCH BAUSCH IHNEBERHARDT
Welfare,General 1
Administration
Personnel War material
Sales
KUPKEBUELOW LEHMANN
Assistentto IhnT
Works police Advertisingand Press
Abwehr-Beauftragter
EmployeeRelations workers camps
from December1942
Essen
ExperimentalRange untilDec. 1942
TRTANSLATION OF DOCUMENT NIK -12005 A
(page 6 of original)Fried.Krupp A.G. and Gusstanlfabrik
April 1941 - April 1943.)
CHART G
(Handschriftliche Untersohrift) HAUPT22.10.1947
ALFRIED KRUPP
Chairman of the Vorstand
Vorstand GOERENS HOUDREMONT ERICH MUELLER JANSSENMembers:
Deputy Chairmanof Vorstand,Plant Leader
Metallurgy,Steel Plants.
Machine plantsfrom 26 Nov.
Artillery Designing,Machine plantauntil Nov.1943
Trade,Finance,
Administration
FRITZ MUELLER
Raw Material,'`1
Mining
LOESER
from 1.4.1943
withoutportfolio
1
KORSCHAN
Leader of Eastern Plants, Chairman
of BerthawerkeVorstand June 1943
TAbwehr-
Beauftragter
EBERHARDT IHN PFIRSCHGeneral Machine General
Sales personnel, Berlin officerAr
Administrationfrom Apr il 1943
RADEMACHER
7 Steel Sales
Labor Allocation
Office AEmployee Relations
LEHMAN
Assistantto Ihn
DeputyVors ndMembers.
LWOWSKI
Friedrich-Alfred-Huette
rWorks police
BUELOW KUPKE
Workers Camps
AdvertisingIand Press
TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT NIK - 12005 A
(page 7 of original)
AufsichtsratChairman;Gustav Krupp
1
CHART H
Fried. Krupp A.G. and Gusstahlfabrik
April 1943 -December 1943
1943
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT22.10.1947
PFIRSCH RADEMACHER
KORSCHAN LWOWSKI EBERHARDT IHN
Leader of Eastern Friedrich- Armament and personnel.Plents, Chairman
of BerthawerkVorstand
Alfred-Huette Machine Sales GeneralAdministration,Deputy plantLeader fromSept 1944
Berlin office "Steel Sales
BUELOW
Works Police Employee
RelationsLabor Allocation
Office AAdvertisingand Press
Abwehr-Beauftragter
LEHMANN
Assistantto Ihn
TRANSLATION DOCUMENT NIK-12005A
(page 8 of original)
Fried. Krupp and Gusstanlfabrik
29 December 1943 - May 1945
CHART J
ALFRIED KRUPP
proprietor
Directorium GOERNS HOUDREMONT ERICH MUELLER JANSSEN FRITZ MUELLERMembers:
General,Plant Leaderto Sept 1944
Metallurgy,Steel and Maclaine
Plants,Plant Leader
from Sept 1944
[Artillery Dearing Trade,Finance, !
Administration
Raw Material,mining
Deputy Directorium
Members:
(Handschriiftliche Unterscarift) HAUPT22.10.1947
TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT No.NIK-8673
OFFICE OF CHIEF of COUNSELFOR WAR CRIMES
AFFIDAVIT
I. Konrad Essen, having been duly warned that false statementson my part render me liable to punishment. herewith declare thefollowing on oath, being under no duress;
1) The attached lists of the members of the Vorstand of theFriedr. Kruppf A.G., consisting of ten (10) pages, includinglists of the members of the Aufsichtsrat and of the Vorstand
of subsidiary companies, have been compiled under my supervisionwith the assistance of Herrn Brombacher (in the economic
department ). These lists have been reviewed and correctedby us, We declare that we carried out the revision andcorrection to the best of our knowledge and belief.
have carefully read the pace of this affidavit as stated underoath and signed it personally, made the necessary corrections in
my own handwriting and signed them with my initials. and herewith
declare on my oath that I have spoken the truth in this statementto the best of my knowledge and belief.
Signature : Konrad HAUPT
Sworn to and signed before me this 28th day of May 197 at Essenby Konrad HAUPT known to me to be the person making the above
affidavit.
Signature: Irving BRILLIANT
U.S. Civilian A-441502
Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes
U.S. War Department
CERTIFICATE OF TRANSLATION
I, Julia Kerr, 20165. hereby certify that I am thoroughly conversant
with the English nd German Ianguages and that the above is a trueand correct translation of document No. NIK - 8673.
Julia KERR20185
END
I IliQ I 1, A I4
1 i I 1 I
j. . . 1 1 t ..V I I - I
It I I^ M. 1
Ute,
Freidr. Krupp A.G. Essen
Members - Periode
Fritz JohlitzBetrieb srat
August Lentze
1.9 35. 6 1936 j 1 1.93"(8 ;3 8 a 1939 2 , ^ ^ O !4 r 194-2 1942-3
1 1 1
Henry Nathan Alfred Olscher
Samuel Ritscher
Herman Schultz
Her man von Siemens
Heinrich Vielhaber
Karl Wendt
1, Each annual period covers 'the months of October thru September.Key: "M" indicates persons was 'a member for the period indicated. A
blank means a person w as definitely not a member for the period
indicated.
COPY OF DOCUMENT No. NIK 8673OFFICE OF CHIEF OF CO UNSELFOR WARS CRIMES CONT'D
(Handschriftliche Unterschrif) HAUPT- -28/5. 47.
Eduard .Houdremont
Heinz Korschan
Erich Mueller
Friede. Krupp A.G., Essen
Direktorium (Vorstand)COPY OF DOCUMENT No , NIK/8673OFFICE CF CHIEF OF COUNSEL
FOR WAR CRIMES CONT'D
Karl Pfirsch
1
-1
i I ^ I I ! ! t II i r { ■ DM DI^i , DM
I I 1 t ' DM DN PJfI 1 1 I
Nax Ihu1 1 Î D
T-
1 7-4 1 I1
I Î I I i DM I
•
1. Each annual period covers the month of October thru September.Key: "M" indicates person was a member for the period indicated,
.A blank means a person was definitely not a member of the (Haneschriftliche Unterschriet) HAUPT 28/5.47period indicated.
"D.M." means stellvertretendes Mitglied (deputy member .
Hans C. Rademacher
iWalter Lwowski
i93.5 .. 61 .1.3L-".1.3L-",.1.3L-",-7 i 1937°- 8 19.38-9 11939'-40 T 191;,O-41 19t#1 2^ 1942-3
I 1 1
._ _...^ .^. _ - -____— _ r-
ÿ i 1 DM i DM_ I..._ 4__
I DII DM I M_.....I__. ,_
Friedr. Krupp A.G. Essen
Direktorium (Verstand)
COPY CF DOCUMENT No. NIK- 8673OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSEL
FOR WAR CRIMES CONT'D
Member - Period 1131-2 J4-4 if-9? )-P-5 j 11935-6 t 936-7
Wilhelm Buschfold
Heinrich Cuntz
Paul. Goerens bn.Y.
Friedric h Janssen
Arthur Klotzbach M.
DM. 1.
Alfried Krupp M.
Ewald Loeser M. M.
1.
Key ;
Each annual period covers themonth of October thru September"M" indicated person wasindicated. A blank meansnot a member fe r the period indicated."DM" me ans ste Llvertretendes Mitglied
month of october
last A.G.Direkto-rium
( deputy member Haupt 28/5. 47
a membera person
for the periodwas definitely handschriftliche Unterschrift
Frïedr. Krupp Grusonwerke A,G. ------__'-_----- '--_-__--_Vorstand
.^ ^ . .-_'_--------- t ----- -^^-- - -^ ---- -r --------r--- --- ------' --- ---
Members Period i ^Iq^^-^ / 1935-6 `I^^^-7 ! Iq^7^^ ! I9^8-q
COPY OF DOCUMENT N. NIK - 8673CFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSEL
FOR WAR CRIMES CONNED
, I , /
-----_ ^
! I^^q -^0 ^I^6O-^] `192l-2 '--- ----
T//^
Arno Griessmann-------'-------- -------------_----------
l9qI-2
D/ '~
_-----~--------+---------^--~-----r--------+--_----+~---_--.1932-3 Ig^^-^ ' / ' / ' ' / / ^
^ ^ . . i ^| ! ' t . t !- / | t ' -^r----- -r------7-----^----
^ . . . / . . / '^ ^ DX ^ ]^ ^ D8 | { |^ ^ / ' . , / , , .
/^
| /-------^------^' ^--------^---- ----'| | ` ^
I ) | ^ ^^^----- ------- - .----^------1-
^
/
CarlKobizch ^m' m^` i DI' ^ m'. ^ DM. ' u' ^ D? ' M. .r. ^^, i M. ) ü^" 0^ |. ^^-^ _-_^--- - _--L -_--^'_-_-__ __--__---_--_-_-_--_^ ^i '
_----_-_ - ^---_---^_-__-_ ____i /
| ^"' ^
Friedrich Mehner[ ' - / - I^`. DJ. 2W, I hi.' ^~ ^, M. ^° _ --_-^^-^------^------'-^----- ---- — ---r------ --'- ------+--- -----^----^---^-'--^-
/ | ------ ---- '^
Herman Bammelt I^^___L^-^^^-------^---^^ I^^ / Dr---^-- ----- ------ -^.-------- '-----'--- /
/ -------- ----------- ` i |
_
Friedrich Tillmann I%^" ^^. | ^^" | I^^. | Ih^- ' DM; ! DM. |[0^` ' |'_--_-_L-_- -_--l-__--_ -_-___-_-]|^-..i_----I^^, / Z@^, / ^^, ^ I^^
1. Each annual periodcovers the month of October thru September.Key: "M' indicates person was a member for the period indicated.
A blank means a person was definitely not member for theperiod indicated.
"DM. indicates deputy member ( Stellvertretendes Vorstandsmitglied)
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT 28/5.47^
•
I Friedrich Janssen Friedrich Janssen I
A.G., fuer Unternehmungen der Eisen/ und Stahlindustri e,
Aufsichtsrat
Berlin
COPY OF DOCUMENT No. NIK--8673OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSEL-
FOR WARCRIMESCONT'D
931-2 p.9 2- I ^19.33-4 1 1934_75 I193576 1, 193 6.-7 14 3-937- 8 ;1938_9 1 .1939-401 .1 4c--1 4 1941-2 '1 12 :̀ 194?-4 I :1_944-745'
Gustav Krupp'
D'I
i;', .'4 . i L i M. Y. ï: Y. i M. i M. 1w. +I I I . t t I Y. 9 PJ r IThilo v.
Tilo v. Wilmowsky I I,+'. r ;r,, p,:, r, I 9 I t:'' 9 i M. I M. I M. ii. Il. i M. I N. t IuiE
t
{ t tt
t' I I i IGeorg Baur t I t t r I
{ I I {1 - I t
r t
Members - Period 1/
Wi lheim Buschfeld
Aifried Krupp
Ewald Loeser
{{
{ I Ir _
r , _ _>Ii i t l I-
iM. t NI. i N.t
bi, , M. I M. i P.T. I NI.
IIJ.
i M. I M. 1. } v/7. I II I Y. 1%
.. i _ I I tItt
1. Each annual period covers the months of October thru September.Key: "M" indicates person was a member for the period indicated.
blank means a person was definitely not a member for theperiod indicated.
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT 28/5,47
Friedr. KruppA.G. KielFriedr. Krupp Germaniawerft .Aufsichtsrat
COPY OF DOCUMENT No.NIK-8673OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COU NSELFOR WAR CRIMES CONT'D
' o -.i c 1 t }^9^t ^ 1^I^:1-2 ^ 1 2-._ i 19 _ _t^ r94 3 43 f 9-1^-4_,4
,^„ a I941-2 i + 932 -•• [1933-4 119 -' ,1° 6 1 6 1 -8 11938-9,1.1939-4Ér^bers - re^ ^c^. ,^/ , ^- ^^ 3 ,34 5 - - 5._. ,i g ? _^ ^ ^37 .;
Gus tav Krupp
- _ °..._ If _...
Wilhe lm Buschfeld I iv. !r I î i(. I M, thedl f-
stellvertr. Versitzer 1 ' ... I-t I 1 l
Georg Baur N I It%r e I ^ +
1
fan. 1^.-! 1 I f I i ( f i i i 1I i
1
III
_ 1 ^.__ I i T I_I M. I IV, 1 I I M. I M.
Hugo Mann tiT'B. I I I1
_{. _
i
I fI - 11._ I _.. f t t_
Alfried Krupp tI
I '
i Ir' , N. ; N. i I' i i W. I?, i N.
Hugo Hann
--..... _ 1 -._.._,._.1......_. .ç -,, _ _..i- 1 ___, _.,.__.._ I . ___I i I I 1 I I 1 ; N. i M. M. t M. î,
,. M.Ewaldd Loeser
i IHeusinger v. Waldegg I t 1 P5..__, 1 N, t M. I I M t I. 1 Y. i Ivr, ..M._r
l 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 ï•Ferdinand WeidendorfTilov. Wilmowsky._,._Y.1M.M.
r, I IM, iM, ti^. j M, M. I M. ! M. I M.. ; M. ; M. ti fHeinrich Zorn
Friedrich 'Janssen
Albert Schroeder
Van. 1 Ii I ! 4 4 i 1 !I I Ii f 1 1 i 1^ . j M`
I 1 II I I !i 1. 1- ,
M, f M.
1. Each annual period covers the months of October thru September,Key: "M' indicates person was a Member for the period indicated.
A blank méans a person was definitely not a member for the periodindicated, (Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT 28/5.47
"V.d.B." is abbreviation for "Vertreter des Betriebsrates" orRepresentative cf the Fac t ory Council.
i M.
1.
Key:
Friedr .Krupp„ Germaniawerft A.G. KielVorstand, COPY OF DOCUMENT NO. NIK - 8673
OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSELFOR WAR CRIMES CANT'S
r
_^ ^_. ,members er .1Period / , 1931 -2 119.32 --3 933 Ii— ,1, 34-5 , 1935 6 , 1936_7 f 75937-8 ! 1938-9 i 1939-40,, 19l,-0--1 ,1941-2 ; 1942-31 3.943-4 1944-'45
Robert Hemprich
died 8,+ . I d• d i
. ■ 4.,36. .
- i -Johann Joeden ! N. Y. M. i
1 . . Î i i . . V .Karl Oesten DSl1, i i
. . . , . . i .1 i
Kurt v, Sanden ; . N. IVi, ; M. IV, ; iv'. ;
Gottlieb Jahn I DM. Did LW DM ( Dlti
_..__...LW DM
,
DItC,
, M.^t—_.__ -
1(,
M.
i .,I .
M. i W. , It,. W.1
1', i .1 1 I^r, 1 ,:
i
W. 1D1 ^ DM. BY.
Albert Schroeder r . M. 1, M. N. Y. Y. t it`, 1 W.
Rudolf Wiederholt I',._._._.. ^._....
i Div'.I D1n , W. D1>
Each annual period covers the months of October thru September."M" indicates person was a member for the period indicated.A blank means a person was definitely not a member for the (Handschriftliche Unterschrift)periods---:indicated."DM" indicates deputy member (Stellvertretendes Vorstandsmitglieder). HAUPT 28/5.47
.—
FRIEDR. KRUPP, GRUSONWERKE, A.G., MAGDEBURG. AUFSICHTSRAT. Copy ofDoc..,No.NIK-8673-OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSEL.FOR WAR CRIMES CONT'D
Members period 1/ r '12931-2 ':19 2-3 1 1933-4 1 1934-6 1935:-6 1936-7, 19371.8 1938_.9 1939-4o !1940-1.' :1941-2 11.942-3 1043-4 ; 1944_45 j
Gustav Krupp,^^orsi;tzer 4 IF, M, ' i • i I . M. i; . i , ^- N. t M. N, i Y. , N. it
Tilo v. Wilmowsky P I^. F , _ ^. M. f^^ I M. 1 aID M 1 N , ï^ 14'J^-
,,dzedClaus v. Bohlen u.Halbah ; l lD 4
1 I
Arno Griessmann 1 1 f M. i . t M. i M, , M. ,1 1 t
Otto Hardam i 1 Va. r VdB 1r
, , r
Friedrich Knatz• 1 VôE, 1 ; + 1 É 4 I F 1-
Al fried Krupp i ; i , An.- I M. 1 M. i M. o
_.._._._ ' _....Y'!w P`.._ I Y. I VT. i N, ;
t -. ; Vorsitzer
t , ti
IKarl Wendt t Y. , T"
1P. , N ' 3 . M.; h W I M ' M. I N. I M t Pf, 1
Erich Woitek t VdB. t I 1 I 1 i 1 É f1f 1 ►..,.__._.1____.... F_._...__. ._._ t__:. t C f' 1 t
t 1 1 1 `,■
.
I i ' t r tFriedrich Janssen i P . I M.
Ewald Loeser
1. Each annual period covers the months of October thruSeptember.Key; "M" indicates person was a memter for the period indicated,A blank means a person was definitely not a member for the
period indicated;" VdB" is Abbreviation for "Vertreter-des Betriebsrates" orRepresentative of the Factory Cauncil.
Haridsehrif tli che Unterschrift)_ HAUPT 28/5. 47
A.G. fuer Unternehmungen de Eisen- und Stahlindustrie
Verstand Berl in
COPY OF DOCUMENT NO. NIK-8673 OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COUNSEL
FOR WAR CRIMES CONT'D
Members - Period 1/ 'i 19.31 . --2 1 1932-3 i 1933-4 ^ 1934 ; i 1;'5 6 11 936 7 i.-937- 8 1193a 9 ci c39 21-e l94o 3. 11942 11942- 3 i l93-4944-45 T
I I I 1 .1 I i I I I I I
er I
iJohannes Schroeder 1 I 1 ï I t- -
llli } 1 i i 1 1 lAlfred Busemann-
j t I I I I t I I I M. 2^. 1 M. M. M. 1 'tyr: I fFredrich Janssen i ... 1 _'_ .__._. t ■ t i I ' { -
I 1 I i LI1 __-----.-_...
I I iI 1 ttHans C. Rademacher i _ !- -
r N. I Y.1 I ^.
Each annual period covers the months of Octoberthru September.Key: "M" indicates person was a member for the period indicated.
A blank means a person was definitely not a member for theperiod indicated.
(Handschriftliche Unterschrift) HAUPT 28/5.47