XY THEORY

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Douglas McGregorMotivation theory

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Motivation

“Motivation is a process of

attempting to influence others to dotheir work through the possibilities of gain or reward. ”

Edwin B Flippo

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“Motivation is a general termapplying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes andsimilar forces that induces anindividual or a group of people to

work. ” Koontz and O.Donnel

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INTRODUCTION

• Douglas McGregor, an American socialPsychologist, examined the behavior of individual at work and formulated two modelswhich he called Theory X and Theory Y andpublished in his book “The human side of Enterprise” in 1960.

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IMPORTANCE OF THEORIES

• Theory X and Theory Y are referred in the fieldof management and motivation.

• It is a basic principle to develop positivemanagement style and techniques.

• It is a salutary and simple reminder of thenatural rules for managing people.

• McGregor idea suggest that there are twofundamental approach to manage peoples.

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Theory X

• Theory X is based on traditional assumptionabout people (employees). Here theconventional approach of the management isused as a base.

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THEORY XASSUMPTION IMPLICATION

Average employee doesnot like work and triesto escape it wheneverpossible.

Employees must bepersuaded, compelled orwarned with punishment.

Close supervision.

Employees avoidsaccepting responsibilities

They must be led ordirected by some other

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Assumption Implication

Employees lacks creativityin solving organizationalproblem.

They must not be includedin the top levelmanagement decisionmaking and problemsolving.

Employees are self centered and does not

care about organizationalgoals.

So they must be closelycontrolled and coerced to

work towards organizationgoals and objectives.

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Theory Y

• Theory Y is based on modern or progressive orprofessional approach. Here, the assumptionabout people is quite different.

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THEORY YASSUMPTION IMPLICATION

Employees do jobs asnatural as work or play.Employees gives physicaland mental effort in theirwork naturally.

So employees mustprovided good and properwork condition andenvironment.

Employee can self-direct,self-control themselveswithout external controland coercion to work.

Employees must bemotivated.

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Assumption Implication

Employees have skill andcapabilities.They are creative.Their logical capabilities &

creativity should be fullyutilized.

They are involved in thehigher level managementdecisions and problemsolving.

If job is rewarding andsatisfying, then employeeswill be committed to theorganization.

So proper satisfying workconditions and rewardsmust be given toemployee.

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Leadership style of X managers

• Managers maintain centralized control over workers,emphasizes on upward communication, try tomotivate through fear, and make autocraticdecisions.

• This type of leadership is less effective :- – New generation. – Social and egoistic satisfaction. – High standard of living.

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Leadership style of Y managers

• Managers maintain less control andsupervision, do not use fear as a motivator,and are more democratic in decision making.

• Creating the opportunities, removing theobstacles, encouraging growth and providingguidance.

• Two way communication.

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CONCLUSION

• Theory X and Theory y are two end extreme.• In reality no enterprising man would not

belong to either of the group.• Managerial styles and philosophies are in two

extremes which is against reality.• Job itself is a motivating factor, which is not

true for all.

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XY THEORY

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