XLII Zakopane School of Physics

International Symposium May 19-24, 2008

The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Kraków

and Committee of Physics,

Polish Academy of Sciences

Organizing Committee

Honorary Chairman: Andrzej Z. Hrynkiewicz

Chairman: Wojciech M. Kwiatek

Scientific Secretary: Marta Marszałek

Members: Jakub Bielecki Agnieszka Dobrowolska Joanna Kowalska Małgorzata Niewiara Magdalena Podgórczyk Aleksander Polit Zbigniew Stachura Yevhen Zabila

Breaking Frontiers: Submicron Structures in

Physics and Biology

PROGRAM

Monday, May 19

18:30 Dinner 20:00 Welcome reception Introductory lecture – G. Schatz

Tuesday, May 20

9:00 – 9:45 Horst Hahn (Karlsruhe) Tunable nanostructures: From basic science to printable electronics

9:45 – 10:30 Kenji Kawaguchi (Tsukuba) Nanoparticles prepared by a novel laser ablation method and the possibility of the medical applications

Coffee break 11:00 – 11:45 Andrzej Budkowski (Kraków)

Structures in multi-component polymer films: their formation, observation and applications in electronics and biotechnology

11:45 – 12:30 Marek Cieplak (Warszawa) Stretching to understand proteins

Afternoon session 14:00

Seminar „Modern Radiotherapy Techniques”

Michał Waligórski (Kraków) Introduction Damian Nahajowski (Kraków) The radiobiology basis of modern radiotherapy Anna Śladowska (Kraków) Modern teletherapy techniques

Dorota Miszczak (Kraków) Modern brachytherapy techniques

Tuesday, May 20

Evening session 19:00

19:00 Jolanta Gałązka-Friedman (Warszawa) Is the substantial increase of iron concentration in parkinsonian substantia nigra a real fact? Marta Targosz-Korecka (Kraków) The influence of the thermal and chemical modification of antigen on the antigen antibody reaction: comparison of AFM and immunological method

Marzena de Odrowąż Piramowicz (Kraków) Modification of PSII activity under heavy metal stress Anna Leja (Kraków) Maturation process of photosynthetic membranes observed by proton magnetic relaxation and sorption isotherm Katarzyna Dziedzic-Kocurek (Kraków) Dimerization process of iron protoporphyrin IX studied by FTIR and Resonance Raman spectroscopies Jakub Bielecki (Kraków) Applications of the Cracow X-ray microprobe in tomography

Wednesday, May 21

9:00 – 9:45 Paul Dumas (Gif-sur-Yvette) New challenges in biology and medicine with synchrotron

infrared light 9:45 – 10:30 Andrzej Kuczumow (Lublin)

Parallel mappings as a key for understanding the bioinorganic materials

Coffee break

11:00 – 11:45 Cyril Petibois (Bordeaux)

Current trends in the development of FT-IR imaging for the quantitative analysis of biological samples

11:45 – 12:30 Piotr Zieliński (Kraków) Waves in low-dimensional wave guiding systems. Application to pulse waves in arteries

19:00 Poster session

Thursday, May 22

9:00 – 15:00 EXCURSION

Afternoon session 16:30

16:30 – 17:15 Andreas Hütten (Bielefeld) Seeing biomolecules with magnetic eyes

Coffee break 17:45 – 18:30 Szabina Torok (Budapest)

Traffic related submicron particles and their deposition in the pulmonary tract

18:30 – 19:15 Keith Jones (Upton) Application of synchrotron computed microtomography and micro X-ray fluorescence to energy/environmental problems

20:00 Grill party

Friday, May 23

9:00 – 9:45 Geoffrey W. Grime (Guildford) Materials patterning and characterisation at the nanometre scale using focused MeV ion beams: Present achievements and future prospects

9:45 – 10:30 Jan Pallon (Lund) At the tip of an MeV beam: Provoking cells and performing tomographic imaging

Coffee break

11:00 – 11:45 James M. Ablett (Upton)

Applications and developments in hard X-ray micro-fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy

11:45 – 12:30 Augusto Marcelli (Frascati - Roma) New possibilities of time resolved simultaneous analysis of physical-chemical processes in materials science

Afternoon session 14:00

GeoPIXE Workshop

Jan Pallon (Lund)

Friday, May 23

Evening session 19:00

19:00 Henryk Fiedorowicz (Warszawa) Laser plasma soft X-ray and EUV sources for production and imaging of submicron structures Jerzy B. Pełka (Warszawa) Bioimaging with 4th generation X-ray sources Wojciech Zając (Kraków) Short range order in polymers within neutrons' eyeshot Martin Rothermel (Leipzig) The high energy ion nanoprobe LIPSION – a tool for sub-micron research in physics and biology Ewa Brancewicz (Białystok) Magnetic nanowires – electrochemical preparation

Dominik Trzupek (Kraków) Stress induced phononic properties and surface waves in 2D model of auxetic crystals

Saturday, May 24

9:00 – 9:45 Manfred Albrecht (Chemnitz) Magnetic films on self-assembled nanoparticles 9:45 – 10:30 Czesław Kapusta (Kraków) X-Ray spectroscopy of magnetic bulk- and nanomaterials

Coffee break

11:00 – 11:45 Artur Erbe (Konstanz) Molecular electronics: Overview of experimental results 11:45 – 12:30 Rainer H. Fink (Nürnberg) Zone-plate based nanospectroscopy with soft x-rays

12:30 Closing of the Conference 15:00 Departure of the School bus to Kraków

19 May Monday

20 May Tuesday

21 May

Wednesday

22 May Thursday

23 May Friday

24 May Saturday

8:00 Breakfast 9:00 – 12:30 9:00 – 12:30 9:00 – 15:00 9:00 – 12:30 9:00 – 13:00

H. Hahn (45”) P. Dumas (45”) G. Grime (45”) M. Albrecht (45”) K. Kawaguchi (45”) A. Kuczumow (45”) J. Pallon (45”) C. Kapusta (45”)

Coffee break Coffee break A. Budkowski (45”) C. Petibois (45”) J. Ablett (45”) A. Erbe (45”)

M. Cieplak (45”) P. Zieliński (45”)

School Excursion

A. Marcelli (45”) R. Fink (45”) 13:00 Lunch 15:30 Lunch 13:00 Lunch

16:30 – 19:15

A. Hütten (45”)

Coffee break Sz. Torok (45”)

14:00 – 15:15

Seminar: “Modern Radiotherapy

Techniques” (1h 15”)

M. Waligórski (5”) D. Nahajowski (15”)

A. Śladowska D. Miszczak (20”)

Mountain activities - on your own

expenses

K. Jones (45”)

14:00 – 15:30 GeoPIXE Workshop

Jan Pallon

15:00 Departure to Kraków

18:30 Dinner 18:00 Dinner 18:00 Dinner

19:00 – 21:00 19:00 – 21:15

J.Gałązka- Friedman (15”)

H. Fiedorowicz (15”)

M. Targosz-Korecka (15”) J. Pełka (15”)

M. de Odrowąż-Piramowicz (15”) W. Zając (30”)

A. Leja (15”) M. Rothermel (15”) K. Dziedzic-Kocurek

(15”) E. Brancewicz (15”)

20:00 Welcome reception

G. Schatz -

Introductory lecture

J. Bielecki (15”)

19:00 Poster session

20:00 Social evening

Grill party

D. Trzupek (15”)

LECTURES

LECTURES

APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN HARD X-RAY MICRO-FLUORESCENCE IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY

J. M. Ablett

National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,

New York, 11973, USA

A natural use of a hard x-ray microprobe, that has become a popular characterization tool at synchrotron radiation sources world-wide, is in the elemental/chemical imaging of materials. By tuning the incident x-ray energy above particular elemental absorption edges, material composition can be obtained by recording the energy and intensity of the fluorescence photons. With the x-ray microprobe, this information is obtained on the micron-length scale by rastering the sample across the micron-sized x-ray beam. Fluorescence near-edge absorption spectroscopy, where the incident x-ray energy is scanned across an absorption edge can also be used to reveal important chemical information.

In this talk, I will describe several scientific research programs that are currently being performed at the new X27A hard x-ray microprobe beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source and will highlight some recent studies in the biological, environmental and industrial arenas performed here.

In the second half of the talk, I will describe some exciting developments in quantitative real-time analysis for hard x-ray micro-fluorescence imaging applications, that are currently being implemented at the NSLS and at the Australian Synchrotron. These revolutionary advancements in quantitative analysis and multi-element detector development, enable real-time quantitative x-ray microfluorescence imaging. Examples of mega-pixel x-ray fluorescence images that were collected over a duration of a few hours at the NSLS, and which would otherwise have take a few months to collect using traditional methods, will be presented.

1

LECTURES

MAGNETIC FILMS ON SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOPARTICLES

M. Albrecht

Chemnitz University of Technology, Institute of Physics, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany

In modern magnetic recording materials the ‘superparamagnetic effect’ has become

increasingly important as new magnetic hard disk drive products are designed for higher storage densities [1]. In this regard, nanoparticle media, where two-dimensional arrays of monodisperse nanoparticles with high magnetic anisotropy are used, is assumed to be the ideal future magnetic recording material.

In this presentation a novel magnetic gradient nanomaterial, which has been created by magnetic film deposition (i.e Co/Pd, FePt) onto two-dimensional arrays of self-assembled nanoparticles [2-4] will be introduced. The magnetic nanostructures formed on top of the particles are in a magnetically exchange-isolated quasi-single-domain state. This nanoscale system is quite distinct from the classical geometries: Neither extrinsic properties nor the intrinsic properties are uniform in space. The film is extended over a wide region of the sphere and thus shows substantial curvature. The film thickness varies and so do the intrinsic magnetic properties most notable the magneto-crystalline anisotropy, which is a key factor affecting the fundamental nature of the reversal process. The specific magnetic characteristics of such a gradient nanomaterial and in particular its impact on the reversal mechanism will be discussed and interpreted using micro-magnetic simulations offering new opportunities in the functionalization of magnetic nanostructures for storage applications. [1] A. Moser et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, (2002) R157. [2] M. Albrecht et al., Nature Mater. 4, (2005) 203. [3] T. Ulbrich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 077202. [4] D. Makarov et al., J. Appl. Phys. 103, (2008) 053908

2

LECTURES

STRUCTURES IN MULTI-COMPONENT POLYMER FILMS: THEIR FORMATION, OBSERVATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS

AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. Budkowski1, A. Bernasik2, E. Moons3, M. Lekka4, J. Jaczewska1, J. Haberko2, J. Raczkowska1, J. Rysz1, J. Zemła1, K. Awsiuk1

1M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics and Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków,

Poland 2Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and

Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 3Department of Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden

4H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

Several strategies to form multi-component films of functional polymers, with micron,

submicron and nanometer structures, intended for plastic electronics and biotechnology are presented. These approaches are based on film deposition from polymer solution onto rotating substrate (spin-casting), a method implemented already on manufacturing lines. Film structures are determined with (nanometer) depth profiling and (submicron) imaging modes of dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (with submicron resolution) and Scanning Probe Microscopy (revealing nanometer features). Self-organization of spin-cast polymer mixtures is discussed in details, since it offers a one-step process to deposit and align simultaneously domains, rich in different polymers, forming various device elements: i) Surface segregation drives self-stratification of nanometer lamellae for anisotropic conductors and solar cells; ii) Cohesion energy density controls morphological transition from lamellar (optimal for encapsulated transistors) to lateral structures (suggested for light emitting diodes); iii) Selective adhesion to substrate micro-templates, patterned chemically, orders lateral structures for plastic circuitries; iv) Sub-micron imprints of water droplets (breath figures) decorate selectively micron-sized domains, and can be used in devices with hierarchic structure. In addition, selective protein adsorption to polymer micro-patterns, formed with soft lithography after spin-casting, suggests applications in protein chip technology. An approach to reduce lateral blend structures to submicron scale is also presented, based on films of multi-component nanoparticles.

3

LECTURES

STRETCHING TO UNDERSTAND PROTEINS

M. Cieplak

Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland e- mail: mc@ifpan.edu.pl website: www.ifpan.edu.pl/~cieplak

Mechanical stretching of single proteins has been studied experimentally for about 50

proteins yielding a variety of force patterns and values of the peak forces. We have performed a theoretical survey of 7749 proteins of known native structure and map out the landscape of possible dynamical behaviors under stretching at constant speed. The model used is constructed based on the native geometry. It is solved by methods of molecular dynamics and validated by comparing the theoretical predictions to experimental results. We characterize the distribution of peak forces and on correlations with the system size and with the structure classification as characterized by the CATH scheme. We identify proteins with the biggest forces and show that they belong to few topology classes. We determine which protein segments act as mechanical clamps and show that, in most cases, they correspond to long stretches of parallel beta-strands, but other mechanisms are also possible. We then consider stretching by fluid flows. We show that unfolding induced by a uniform flow shows a richer behavior than that in the force clamp. The dynamics of unfolding is found to depend strongly on the selection of the amino acid, which is anchored. These features offer potentially wider diagnostic tools to investigate structure of proteins compared to experiments based on the atomic force microscopy. [1] J. I. Sulkowska and M. Cieplak, J. Phys.:Cond.Mat. 19, 283201 (2007); Biophys. J. 94, 6 (2008); [2] M. Cieplak and P. Szymczak, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 194901 (2006); [3] P. Szymczak and M. Cieplak, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164903 (2006); [4] M. Cieplak, S. Filipek, H. Janovjak, and K. A. Krzysko, BBA-Biomembranes 1758, 537 (2006); [5] J. I. Sulkowska, P. Sulkowski, P. Szymczak and M. Cieplak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 058106 (2008).

4

LECTURES

NEW CHALLENGES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE WITH SYNCHROTRON INFRARED LIGHT

P. Dumas

Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, F-91192 GIF-sur-YVETTE, France, Email : paul.dumas@synchrotron-soleil.fr

Synchrotrons are extremely bright sources of light, extending traditionally from the hard X-

rays to the VUV. However, during the last decade, infrared region has been thoroughly exploited. The brightness of the source is highly suitable for microscopy and microanalysis, while brightness and flux are much superior to a laboratory source in the far-Infrared region (also called the THz range).

In the infrared region, for example, which traditionally uses conventional globar sources, the spatial resolution is limited by the amount of source power that is deliverable into the limited aperture. Synchrotrons cover a broadband spectrum, allowing analysis using FTIR techniques. In recent years, major improvements of the development of synchrotron infrared sources have been achieved: both edge radiation and constant field emission are now exploited.It is important to realize that it is the brightness, or power per unit (area × angle), which is the critical factor for microscopy. For synchrotrons this power is emitted into a beam of extremely low divergence and that the source area is usually a few 100 microns by a few hundred microns. Thus the synchrotron radiation sources are 100-1000 times brighter than the globar ( internal –thermal-)sources, offering the potential of imaging at higher lateral resolution, while keeping the contrast fidelity.

Biological applications have attracted most of the interest among the scientific community, probably because of the high potential of this technique in Medical diagnosis. The high quality of the spectroscopic information obtained in small area allows combining with chemometrics for these diagnoses, and this field is expanding tremendously.

Several examples will be presented in more details: cancerous cells, drug treatment, biomarkers of resistance, human tissues diseases, including liver, colorectal, brain. Future developments and perspectives in synchrotron IR spectroscopy and microscopy will be discussed, including the use of coherent emission for THz studies. [1] P. Dumas and L. M. Miller, Vibr.Spectr. 32(1) (2003)3. [2] P. Dumas, G.D. Sockalingum and J. Sulé-Suso, Trends in Biotechnology 25 (2007 ) 40-44. [3] G.L. Carr, O. Chubar and P. Dumas “Multichannel Detection with Synchrotron Light Source: Design and Potential “ Chapitre du livre “SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS USING MULTICHANNEL INFRARED DETECTORS, Analytical Chemistry Series , Blackwell Publishing ( October 2005) [4] P. Dumas and M.J. Tobin “A bright source for infrared microspectroscopy: the synchrotron radiation” Spectroscopy Europe 15(6)(2004)17

5

LECTURES

MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: AN OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A. Erbe

Institute of Physics,University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

Molecular electronics aims for scaling down electronics to its ultimate limits by choosing

single molecules as the building blocks of active devices. The advantages of this approach are the high reproducibility of molecular synthesis on the nanometer scale, the ability of molecules to form large structures by self-assembly and the huge versatility of molecular complexes. On the other hand, conventional contacting techniques cannot form contacts on the single molecule scale and imaging techniques nowadays cannot provide a detailed image of such junctions. Therefore the fabrication has to rely on some degree of selforganization of the constituents and the proof that a molecule has been contacted successfully can be only given by indirect methods, for example by measuring the current transport through the junctions.

In this presentation I want to give an overview on various techniques that have been used successfully to contact molecules and to characterize them electrically. The techniques range from methods to contact single molecules to methods, which can be used to characterize ensembles of molecules. Especially the comparison between such different techniques shows that a single measurement is always prone to artefacts originating from the unknown microscopic details of the junctions. It is therefore necessary to perform a statistically relevant number of measurements in order to resolve molecular properties. Three techniques will be reviewed in detail: Mechanically controlled break junctions (MCBs), shadow mask evaporation (SME) and nanotransfer printing (nTP). MCBs can form contacts to single molecules by mechanically breaking a nanometer sized wire, SME and nTP contact ensembles of molecules. The evaporation step, which is necessary for the SME technique, is avoided in the nTP technique; this can lead to a more gentle contact between the molecules and the metal. All three techniques have in common that a large variety of metals and molecules can be tested in order to find suitable candidates for molecular electronics. Using these techniques various properties of the molecules can be studied. Special examples are the influence of conformational changes of the molecules, differences between various coupling endgroups of the molecules and effects of ligh-irradiation onto the molecular junctions. We will also show comparisons of similar molecules in the various contacting techniques, which reveal similarities and differences of ensemble measurements and the characterization of single molecules.

6

LECTURES

ZONE-PLATE BASED NANOSPECTROSCOPY WITH SOFT X-RAYS

R. H. Fink

Dept. Chemie und Pharmazie – Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, e-mail: fink@chemie.uni-erlangen.de

With the advance in the fabrication of micro zone plates focusing of x-rays down to about

20 nm has been demonstrated [1]. Taking advantage of the high brilliance of 3rd generation synchrotron sources, high-resolution spectroscopy can be combined with high spatial resolution. Scanning-transmission x-ray microspectroscopy (STXM) offers many different applications with lateral resolutions well below 50 nm routinely in an easy-to use experiment. The operation of the microscope in either He atmosphere or in vacuum allows the investigation of thin solid films and liquid films in wet cells. The PolLux end station at the Swiss Light Source (SLS, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland) has become a microspectroscopy facility which offers a wide variety of experimental possibilities in the photon energy range from 260 to 1200 eV. PolLux is an interferometrically controlled STXM based on the ALS polymer STXM design [2]. We make particular use of the high stability of the stored electron beam at the SLS, which is a prerequisite for high spatial resolution presently down to about 15 nm.

Several applications of STXM shall be discussed in this contribution. Emphasis will be lying on the investigation of so-called soft matter samples. The materials used range from functionalized π-conjugated molecules, molecular magnets, liquid crystal films, and block copolymers. The near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is used to explore the structure-dependent electronic structure of nanostructured self-organized films and thus allows chemical imaging on the length scale of few 10 nanometers, even in organic electronic devices (OFETs) during operation. Other examples to be discussed will be biologically relevant samples (e.g. human hair, insect eyes), which are sometimes difficult to image in routinely used transmission electron microscopy. Microspheres and microballoons have interesting technological or pharmaceutical applications. Temperature-dependent chemical imaging of the stabilizing shell structures (polyacrylic acid, polyelectrolytes) gives insight into the materials and their behaviour upon external modifications. Present STXM highlights concern the investigation of the magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanostructures using time-resolved XMCD microscopy. In these systems, STXM is superior compared to commonly used XPEEM studies [3].

The basic considerations of STXM and selected outstanding examples will be presented. The PolLux project is funded by the BMBF under contract 05 KS4WE1/6. [1] Weilun Chao, B.D. Harteneck, J.A. Liddle, E.H. Anderson, and D.T. Attwood, Nature 435 (2005) 1210 [2] A.L.D. Kilcoyne, T. Tyliszczak et al., J. Synchrotr. Rad. 10(2003) 125 [3] A. Puzic A, B. Van Waeyenberge, K.W. Chou et al., J. Appl. Phys. 97(10) (2005) 10E704

7

LECTURES

MATERIALS PATTERNING AND CHARACTERISATION AT THE NANOMETRE SCALE USING FOCUSED MEV ION BEAMS:

PRESENT ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

G. W. Grime

University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, GU2 7XH, U.K.

A key phenomenon in the interaction of MeV ions and solids is that the energy transferred from the primary ions to the target electrons is high compared with atomic and molecular binding energies, but low compared with the ion energy. This means that there is a high probability of modifying the chemical properties of the material (for patterning) or of inducing the emission of electromagnetic radiation (for analysis), yet the path of particle is changed by a negligible amount, which means that focused beams remain sharp even after penetrating long depths into the material.

Developments in focusing MeV ions in recent years have pushed the useable beam diameters into the sub-micrometre region, which means that nuclear microbeams are poised to make an impact in both direct write fabrication and micro-analysis at length scales of interest in nanotechnology or microbiology.

This lecture will review the science and technology underlying the use of nuclear microbeams (ion solid interactions, focusing systems) and report on the present status and trends of applications in micro fabrication and microbiology. The lecture will be illustrated with examples from recent applications.

8

LECTURES

TUNABLE NANOSTRUCTURES: FROM BASIC SCIENCE TO PRINTABLE ELECTRONICS

H. Hahn1,2,3, R. Kruk1

and N. Mechau1

1 Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

2 Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Technische Universität Darmstadt and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

3 Center for Functional Nanostructures, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany

The properties of materials are typically determined by their microstructure and can be optimized by tailoring of the grain size, defect concentration, structure, phase composition, phase distribution and metastability. As an example, materials with extreme strength and ductility have been developed by the reduction of the grain size to the nanometer regime. As long as the micro- or nanostructure does not change during the use of the material, the properties of the material are fixed, or irreversible. In contrast, the properties of semiconductors can be tuned by the application of an external field due to the space charge regions which extend far from the charged interfaces. The so called electric field gating provides the base for all applications of semiconductors.

For many applications, it would be of great interest to apply the same principle to non-semiconducting materials, i.e. metals, alloys and ceramics, in order to be able to tune and control their interesting magnetic, optical, electrical properties. In metallic systems, this effect cannot be observed unless the dimensions of the structures are in the nanometer regime. The reason lies in the small spatial dimension of the space charge regions due to the effective screening of the surface or interface charges by the conduction electrons. The charges can be applied by using (1) the formation of a charged double layer formed at the interface between an electrolyte and the nanostructure and (2) the electric field at the interface between the nanostructure and a dielectric layer. Nanostructures of several geometries, i.e. thin films, nanoporous bulk structures and nanoparticulate systems have been used. In nanoporous metals and thin films exposed to appropriate electrolytes, it has been demonstrated that substantial changes of physical properties, i.e. surface stresses, electrical resistivity and magnetic properties, can be induced by the application of a potential between the nanostructured metal and a counter electrode. In the presentation, the effects reported in the literature on metallic nanostructures will be summarized.

Conducting oxides exhibit a broad range of physical and chemical properties which are useful for applications. In addition, due to the charge carrier density being much lower than in metals, the effects of surface charges extend to a substantially larger volume and consequently, the reversible changes of the properties are expected to be larger. Examples of reversible property changes by the electric field effect in different nanostructures of conducting oxides will be presented and the potential for applications with a focus on printable electronics will be discussed.

9

LECTURES

APPLICATION OF SYNCHROTRON COMPUTED MICROTOMOGRAPHY AND MICRO X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TO ENERGY/ENVIRONMENTAL

PROBLEMS*

K. W. Jones1, D. Mahajan1, W. B. Lindquist2, P. Kerkar2, M. A. Celia3, C. A. Peters3, W. Um4, M. Rockhold4, H. Feng5

1Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA

2Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 3Princeton, University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

4Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA 5Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA

Investigations of problems related to the environment and energy often benefit from

information obtained from measurements at a micrometer scale. In particular, synchrotron x-ray sources are effective tools for applying x-ray analytical techniques in that size regime because of the high flux, polarization, energy range, and variable energy of their x-ray beams. This is illustrated in three ongoing experiments at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source. Two experiments use absorption computed microtomography (CMT) to investigate soils and sediments. In one experiment, the work is concerned with the formation and structures of tetrahyrofuran (THF) hydrate in sediments or glass beads. THF is used as a surrogate for methane trapped in the form of clathrates, a potential new energy source. The structures of sediments bearing hydrates are important in designing extraction methods from their location in ocean sediments. The other experiment looks at effects caused by caustic liquids leaking from storage tanks at the Department of Energy Hanford site. CMT is used to measure dissolution/precipitation effects caused by treating the soil samples with caustic solutions. Results obtained for the microgeometry will be used to scale flow models from the grain scale to core and field scales. The last experiment uses x-ray microfluorescence to investigate elemental compositions in bivalves. There is now wide interest in using oysters and mussels as a way to improve water quality in estuaries around New York. The bivalves can be studied as indicators of the status of their environment and also to understand pathways for transport of toxic elements, Pb, through the animals and the associated biological changes.

*Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.

10

LECTURES

NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY A NOVEL LASER ABLATION METHOD AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THE MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

K. Kawaguchi1, J. Jaworski2, Y. Ishikawa1, T. Sasaki1,

and N. Koshizaki1

1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

2Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland Recently, gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticles have attracted much attention as promising bio-medical materials. Preparation of these composite nanoparticles has already been studied by several chemical reaction methods. However, those chemical methods need various harmful chemicals. We have tried a unique and simple laser process to obtain pure gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticles in this study.

Two kinds of nanoparticle solutions were first prepared. Magnetite (Fe3O4) solution was obtained by mixing FeCl2 and FeCl3 in water followed by pH adjustment. While gold solution was produced by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). The gold plate was ablated in pure water by Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1,064 nm. Both solutions were mixed and irradiated with 2nd harmonic laser light of 532 nm wavelength. The gold nanoparticles will be efficiently heated due to the characteristic plasmon absorption around 530 nm and the molten gold is expected to form Au-Fe3O4 composite nanoparticles. Since the gold seems solder, Mafune et al. called this phenomenon 'nano-soldering' [1].

Stable and pure source Au nanoparticles solution has been successfully prepared by the PLAL technique without any additional chemicals. The Au concentration of the dark red colored solution is larger than 100 ppm by 40 min. ablation and no significant sedimentation is observed after a year. The photo transmittance results for the mixed solutions show clear laser irradiation time dependence. The characteristic Au plasmon absorption around 530 nm decreases with the ablation time and almost disappears longer than 20 minutes. This result indicates some modification of the Au nanoparticles by the laser irradiation. The composite nanoparticle formation by the nano-soldering was confirmed as follows. Nanoparticles in both mixed solutions with and without irradiation were collected by a permanent magnet and washed with water well. Composition analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) results for the samples are shown in Fig.1. The clear Au composition difference means the robust Au-Fe3O4 composite nanoparticle formation. Fig.1 EDS analysis results for the

samples with and without irradiation. The nanoparticles were washed with water and collected by a magnet.

The detailed process study of Au PLAL will be discussed in the school and the preparation of boron nanoparticles for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) by a laser irradiation in liquid method will be introduced also. [1] F. Mafune, J. Kohno, Y. Takeda, T. Kondow, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125 (2003) p1686

11

LECTURES

PARALLEL MAPPINGS AS A KEY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOINORGANIC MATERIALS

A. Kuczumow

Department of Chemistry, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,

pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 2, 20-718 Lublin, Poland

Important bioinorganic objects, both living (corals, bones, teeth and shells, mussels) and fossilized (ammonites, belemnites, bones) are as a rule characterized by the complex microscopic structure. For biological samples, the cell-like and laminar, growth ring structures are among most significant. Moreover, these objects belong to very interesting and now widely studied category of biominerals with composite, inorganic-organic structure.

Such materials are as a rule composed of the limited number of inorganic compounds (varieties of calcium carbonate or silica) and several natural organic polymers (cellulose, lignin, chitin, collagen). This apparently modest composition leads to the abnormal variety of constructions, significant from the medical (repairs and implants), natural (ecological effectiveness) and material science (biomimetic materials) applications. Several levels of studies should be applied to understand the construction of composite biominerals. The immediate inspection assisted by the analysis of image obtained in optical microscope, optionally in the scanning electron microscope is a topographical reference for further investigations. The structures should be recognized from the chemical point of view and then the application of the X-ray, electron- or proton microprobes is preferred. The corpuscular microprobes prevail over the X-ray one if concerns the spatial resolution; the PIXE instrument is incomparable for its ability to detect the trace elements and X-ray instrument if we want to avoid covering the sample with conductive layer or study deeper layers.

Essentially, the elemental mappings are collected in this stage. From this, we can infer the information on the crystallographic phases in simpler cases. In other circumstances, the need for the application of X-ray diffraction microprobe is obvious and our experience rather indicates on the necessity of using the synchrotron devices due to their better spatial resolution and good light intensity. Taken together, all those microprobes can give the image of the mineralogical distributions. To obtain some indications about the presence of the organic compounds, one can use the electron microprobe, but only in the case of very thin samples supported on the conductive glue or tape. The Raman microprobe measurements are much better option. It gives the information about the spatial distribution of functional groups and oscillating fragments of molecules. In this approach, we can get the following sequence: optical image; elemental mapping; crystallographic mapping; organic mapping. The examples of such treatments are given for: petrified wood; black corals; endoskeleton of sepia; skeleton of ammonite. Strange enough, one of the key problems is the construction of such universal sample holder which enables to come back to strictly the same fragment of the sample in the consecutive analyses. Perhaps, the wide spreading of NEXAFS method restricts the need of relocation of the samples to different laboratories and everything will be done in one synchrotron facility.

12

LECTURES

NEW POSSIBILITIES OF TIME RESOLVED SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

A. Marcelli1 and P. Innocenzi2

1Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy

2Laboratorio di Scienza dei Materiali e Nanotecnologie, Università di Sassari Palazzo Pou Salit, Piazza Duomo 6, 07041 Alghero, Sassari, Italy

The continuously increasing demands of new and advanced analytical techniques

characterized by high spatial resolution, fast and ultra fast time-resolved analysis, and simultaneous analytical capabilities stimulates scientists to investigate new experimental techniques. The availability all over the world of brilliant synchrotron radiation sources offers incredible opportunities to scientists and allow performing many different spectroscopic techniques providing answers to complex problems in term of spatial and time resolution while there is still a lack of experimental methods based on concurrent and possibly simultaneous time-resolved experimental techniques.

Pioneering time resolved experiments combining x-ray and infrared radiation were performed at Daresbury more than a decade ago [1]. Nowadays the combination of experimental techniques is a clear trend for many scientific cases [2, 3] and the strategy of a concurrent analysis although challenging is mandatory in the investigation of many phenomena in frontier multi-disciplinary researches.

Many researches could take benefit from simultaneous analysis, and new opportunities can be open such as the possibility to probe complex phenomena on a short time scale.

We will present and discuss a few examples such as self-assembly phenomena [4] where the combination of an Infrared and X-ray simultaneous spectroscopic analysis may return unique information on different aspects of the process, e.g., structural changes and chemical processes occurring behind the phenomena. The simultaneous combination of atomic or structural analysis with molecular analysis will offer immense rewards to material science and will certainly improve the understanding of many fundamental processes.

[1] W. Bras, G.E. Derbyshire, D. Bogg, J. Cooke, M.J. Elwell, B.U. Komanschek, S. Naylor and A.J. Ryan, Simultaneous Studies of Reaction Kinetics and Structure Development in Polymer Processing, Science 267, 996 (1995) [2] M.ANewton A.J Dent S.G.Fiddy B.Jyotid and J.Evans, Identification of the surface species responsible for N2O formation from the chemisorption of NO on Rhalumina, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9, 246 (2007) [3] R.J. Davies, M. Burghammer and C. Riekel, Simultaneous Microfocus Raman and Microfocus XRD: Probing the Deformation of a Single High-Performance Fiber, Macromolecules 39, 4834 (2006) [4] P. Innocenzi, L. Malfatti, T. Kidchob, S. Costacurta, P. Falcaro, M. Piccinini, A. Marcelli, P. Morini, D. Sali and H. Amenitsch, Time-Resolved Simultaneous Detection of Structural and Chemical Changes during Self-Assembly of Mesostructured Films, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 5345 (2007)

13

LECTURES

AT THE TIP OF AN MEV BEAM: PROVOKING CELLS AND PERFORMING TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING.

J. Pallon

Division of Nuclear Physics, Physics Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 118,

221 00 Lund, Sweden , Jan.Pallon@nuclear.lu.se

Biological applications of ion beams have recently become a new important research field. This is illustrated by the fact that many ion beam labs have installed equipment for precise radiation dose experiments using a Single Ion Hit Facility (SIHF). Here highly collimated and/or focused ion beams at very low intensities are directed towards individual living cells to study their response to the hit of a counted number of ions.

There are several motivations for this development; one is the search for a better understanding of the fundamental processes taking place in cells and organs as a result of irradiation. Another comes from the increasing interest in using high energy protons and heavy ions as a modality for radiotherapy of deep seated tumours. The advantage in using ions is that the delivered dose is almost constantly low until close to the end of the ion path, where there is a sharp increase in released energy in the Bragg peak, corresponding to a body depth of decimetres. In the view of treatment efficiency, study of cell culture behaviour under controlled radiation experiments, and in different chemical environments at a SIHF, is a first step towards a better understanding of the processes. The requirements on a SIHF; cell irradiation stage, microscopy, hit detection and different technical solutions are discussed in the talk.

The second part of the talk is oriented towards (micro) tomographic techniques that apply to situations where you need information of the inside of an object but don’t want to section it in thin slices or can’t do it. Using focused MeV ion beams for tomography restricts the sample size to the order of 10-100 µm, depending of initial energy. On the other hand, the ability to focus at a sub-micrometer level makes ion beams well suited for analyses of small sized objects as cells, spores, etc.

There are two main modes of tomography, STIM mode for mass density and PIXE mode for elemental evaluation. The STIM mode gives the morphological distribution of mass and can thus find internal structures, holes and pores. The 3D distribution of the mass can then be used to correct the results from a PIXE measurement.

Examples will be given from tomographic porosity analysis of bentonite clay. This natural clay has very high swelling capacity in water and is planned to form an important buffer zone around canisters filled with spent nuclear reactor fuel waste deposited 500 m underground in Sweden.

14

LECTURES

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FT-IR IMAGING FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

C. Petibois, G. Déléris

Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5084, CNAB, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, F33076 Bordeaux,

France

FTIR imaging instrumentation has come of age for the rapid acquisition of biosample IR images, and thus now allows developing analytical methods based upon the molecular information of samples contents. For the biomedicine field, FTIR imaging should be able to play a role in the molecular characterization of cells and tissues where no other analytical method provides quantitative information. Now, a compromise may be obtained between an acceptable acquisition time of IR images, which should never exceed a few tens of minutes, and the necessary spatial resolution (down to the diffraction limit, although limited for biology), spectral resolution (2 to 8 cm-1 for biosample analyses), and S/N ratio level, to provide a diagnostic answer to clinicians during the surgery time. Here, we will discuss the potential of FTIR imaging in face to major pathologies (myopathies, brain tumors, metabolic diseases…) for which current imaging methods remain unable to provide sufficient information for a precise diagnosis. Quantitative molecular information may be extracted from IR images of samples as soon as samples volume/thickness is controlled as well as absorption and absorptivity of the molecules to analyze may be isolated from other absorbing compounds. In this context, metabolic parameters appear as the main targets for providing critical information about the physiological status of a biosample due to their characteristic IR spectra. As examples, it will be show how to isolate and quantify glucose, lactic-acid, urea…etc. absorptions from complex biosample IR images.

15

LECTURES

TRAFFIC RELATED SUBMICRON PARTICLES AND THEIR DEPOSITION IN THE PULMONARY TRACT

B. Alföldy and S. Török

Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, POB 49.

H-1525, Budapest, Hungary

Automobiles running a diesel fuel have the advantage of lower gas emission but higher particulate emission. Diesel engines have historically been more versatile and cheaper to run than gasoline engines. Unfortunately, the exhaust from these engines contains substances that can pose a risk to human health since it is a complex mixture of gases and nano scale fine particles. These nano scale particles when deposited cause environmental damage on different receptors. They cause staining on buildings and other historical objects (eg. Wavel) but most important is their detrimental health effect. In studies with human volunteers, diesel exhaust particles made people with allergies more susceptible to the materials to which they are allergic, such as dust and pollen. Exposure to diesel exhaust might also cause inflammation in the lungs, which may aggravate chronic respiratory symptoms or cancer. Lung deposition probabilities of diesel exhaust particles were calculated with consideration of special biological effect of different types of particles. From this aspect non-volatile and volatile fractions were distinguished according to the above discussion. Diesel exhaust has bimodal size distribution and filters are only efficient for accumulation mode (~100 nm). For nucleation mode end of pipe technologies are insufficient and sometimes result in higher abundance. Lung deposition calculations take into consideration the change in size and chemical composition after (aging of plume).

Strong dependence can be found of the deposited volatile mass on size distribution. The deposited volatile mass fraction in the upper airways was from nucleation mode (<30nm) while in the deeper lung region deposition was dominated by accumulation mode (30 to 500nm). The calculations enable even the estimation of deposited mass.

16

LECTURES

WAVES IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL WAVE GUIDING SYSTEMS. APPLICATION TO PULSE WAVES IN ARTERIES

P. Zieliński1,2

1Cracow Technical University, Institute of Physics, ul. Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland

2The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

Many physiologically significant signals are transmitted by propagation of waves of various

nature. Simple geometries ensuring directional ejection in electronic, plasmonic and mechanical systems will be presented [1]. Surface waves outside the bulk bands, surface resonances and exceptional surface waves within bulk bands will be exemplified on simple discrete and continuous models of auxetic materials [2]. The latter kind of materials showing negative Poisson ratios are used e.g. in fabrication of arterial prostheses [3]. Particularities of pulse waves propagation in a model of artery considered as a multimode waveguide will be discussed [4]. In particular, exceptionally high amplitude of so called Lamb mode, usually ignored in theoretical treatments, will be shown to be excited by relatively simple physiological motions [1] L. Dobrzyński, P. Zieliński, A.Akjouj and B. Sylla, Phys. Rev. E 65, 047601 (2005)]. [2] D. Twarog and P. Zielinski, Phase Transitions, 79, 577 (2006) [3] B.D. Caddock, K.E. Evans, Biomateerials, 16, 1109 (1995) [4] K. Jagielska, D. Trzupek, M Lepers, A. Pelc i P. Zieliński, Phys. Rev. E 76, 066304-1 (2007)

17

CONTRIBUTIONS

CONTRIBUTIONS

DEEP DEHYDRATION OF ANTARCTIC LICHEN LEPTOGIUM PUBEULUM OBSERVED BY NMR AND SORPTION ISOTHERM

H. Harańczyk1, M. Bacior1, P. Jastrzębska1, and M. A. Olech2

1Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 2Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland

Antarctic lichen species often experience extremely low temperatures and deep dehydration

in their habitat. They evolved the effective mechanism of freezing and deep dehydration resistance [1]. They are photosynthetically active even if the thallus is frozen [2,3], and can hydrate from the gaseous phase to the hydration level sufficient to initiate photosynthesis [4,5]. They may dehydrate below two-dimensional bound water percolation [1]. One of the ways to survive decreased temperature is dehydration of the thallus, what suggests that either freezing resistance or dehydration resistance are of the similar origin.

To understand the molecular mechanism of the metabolic activity recovery during rehydration of thallus one needs to know a number and distribution of water binding sites, sequence and kinetics of their saturation, and the formation of tightly and loosely bound water fractions at different steps of hydration process.

We investigated the Antarctic foliose lichen Leptogium puberulum Hue, collected in Arctowski Polar Station, King George Island, Maritime Antarctic.

The hydration courses performed from the gaseous phase, show: (i) a very tightly bound water; (ii) a tightly bound water (with ∆m/m0 exceeding at least 0.13, and , thyd = (1.6±0.3) h) and finally (iii) loosely bound water pool. As compared to other lichen species investigated by us, tigthly bound water fraction increases to relatively high level [6, 7].

The sorption isotherm is sigmoidal in form. Application of Dent model [8] results in significantly better fits than BET-approach (parameter b = 0.94). The relative mass of water bound to primary binding sites was ∆M/m0 = 0.044.

Proton free induction decays show solid component, well described by Gaussian function, and two liquid, exponentially relaxing components with ( 100 µs – tightly bound water, and

( 200-250 µs – loosely bound water fraction). The sorption isotherm fittted to NMR data (with L/S, as a measure of thallus hydration level), beside the absence of water ‘sealed’ in pores of thalli, suggests the presence of water soluble solid fraction in the thallus of L. puberulum.

≈∗2T

≈∗2T

[1] H.Harańczyk „On water in etremely dry biological systems”. Wydawnictwo UJ 2003. [2] H.Harańczyk, J.Grandjean, M.Olech, M.Michalik, Colloids & Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 28/4, 251, (2003). [3] B. Schroeter, M. Olech, L. Kappen, W. Heitland. Antarctic Sci. 7: 251, (1995). [4] H.Harańczyk, S.Gaździński, M.Olech. Freezing protection mechanism in Cladonia mitis as observed by proton magnetic relaxation”, New Aspects in Cryptogamic Research, Contribution in Honour of Ludger Kappen. Bibl. Lichenol. 75: 265-274, (2000). [5] F. Valladares, L.G. Sancho, C. Ascaso, Bot. Acta, 111, 99 (1997). [6] H. Harańczyk, A. Pietrzyk, A. Leja, M. A. Olech, Acta Phys. Polon. 109, 411 (2006). [7] H. Harańczyk, M. Bacior, M. A. Olech, Antarctic Sci. (2008), in press. [8] R.W.Dent, Textile Res. J. 47: 145, (1977).

18

CONTRIBUTIONS

REHYDRATION OF DGDG (DIGALACTOSYL DIACYLGLYCEROL) MODEL MEMBRANE LYOPHILIZATES OBSERVED BY NMR AND SORPTION

ISOTHERM

H. Harańczyk1, M. Bacior1, J. Jamróz1 and K. Strzałka2

1Institute of Physics Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland

2Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland

Although frost and extremely deep dehydration is lethal for majority living organisms, there

are extremophilic species which may survive the harsh environmental conditions. As the spontaneous dehydration of lichen cells at the temperatures below 00C is detected, the mechanisms of frost and drought resistance of plants (e.g. lichens) may be of the same origin [1-6]. The lyophilization procedure may model both the decreased temperature and the acute water stress exerted on the isolated photosynthetic membranes. However, it is not yet clear whether lyophilized photosynthetic membranes remain in lamellar phase, but after rehydration they recover to lamellar phase [7-8]. Moreover, in lyophilized photosynthetic membrane still remains a water pool trapped in (possibly) hexagonal phase cylinders [9].

We observed the effect of mild rehydration performed from gaseous phase on model DGDG (digalactosyl diacylglycerol) lamellae. Galactolipids are the main lipid constituents of photosynthetic membrane. We searched for the nature of water binding sites, and water fractions bonded at initial stages of rehydration. As methods we applied the hydration kinetics, the sorption isotherm and proton FIDs in function of hydration level.

Hydration kinetics of DGDG lyophilisates is well fitted with single exponential function, with very tightly bound water fraction, ∆m/m0 = 0.021±0.005, and hydration time equal thyd = (7.6±2.8) h. The sorption isotherm was sigmoidal in form, well fitted by Dent model [10], with the mass of water saturating the primary binding sites equal of ∆M/m0 = 0.019.

Proton FIDs show the presence of solid component, well approximated by Gaussian function, coming from the protons of MGDG, and two liquid, exponentially relaxing fractions coming from tightly and from loosely- bound water fractions. The NMR data suggest the presence of ‘sealed’ water fraction. [1] H.Harańczyk „On water in extremely dry biological systems”. Wydawnictwo UJ 2003. [2] H.Harańczyk, J.Grandjean, M.Olech, M.Michalik, Colloids & Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 28, 251 (2003). [3] H.Harańczyk, J.Grandjean, M.Olech, Colloids & Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 28, 239 (2003). [4] H. Harańczyk, A. Pietrzyk, A. Leja, M. A. Olech, Acta Phys. Polon. 109, 411 (2006). [5] H. Harańczyk, M. Bacior, M. A. Olech, Antarctic Sci. (2008), in press. [6] B.Schroeter, Ch.Scheidegger, New Phytol. 131: 273 (1995). [7] H. Harańczyk, K. Strzałka, T. Bayerl, G. Klose, J.S. Blicharski, Photosynthetica 19: 414 (1985). [8] H.Harańczyk, K.Strzałka, W.Dietrich, J.S.Blicharski, J. Biol. Phys. 21: 125 (1995). [9] H. Harańczyk, A. Leja, K Strzałka, Acta Phys. Polon. 109, 389 (2006). [10] R.W.Dent, Textile Res. J. 47, 145 (1977).

19

CONTRIBUTIONS

APPLICATIONS OF THE CRACOW X-RAY MICROPROBE IN TOMOGRAPHY

J. Bielecki1, S. Bożek1,2, W. M. Kwiatek1, J. Lekki1, Z. Stachura1

1 The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland

2 The Jagiellonian University Medical Collage, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physica Pharmacy, ul. Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow, Poland

A nuclear microprobe in the IFJ PAN in Cracow has found numerous applications in different fields of research, mostly in biophysics, medical sciences, geology, and material research. In order to extend the research possibilities, a new X-ray microprobe has been constructed. This new microprobe consists of three experimental lines dedicated to: i) X-ray irradiation of biological specimens, ii) to elemental analysis of samples by µXRF or TXRF methods and to iii) computer microtomography (CMT).

In this report the CMT line will be described. The line consist of an open type Hamamatsu L9191 X-ray tube with microfocusing down to about 2 µm, a CCD camera (Photonics Science) with nearly 11 million pixels, of 14.7 µm in diameter, and a precise goniometer composed of six piezoelectric motors (Attocube) . Depending on required X-ray energy, the Hamamatsu tube will be used with Ti, Mo, Ag, or W targets. A small focus size enables to obtain images of samples with magnification of more than 1000x and resolution of order of 1 µm.

The CMT measurements are carried out using home developed programs as well as commercial software.

Details of the microprobe construction and preliminary results of the CMT experiments will be presented. This work has been supported by Ministry of Science and Education, Fund of Science and Polish Technology, Grant No. 222/FniTP/119/2005

20

CONTRIBUTIONS

RESOLUTION OPTIMIZATION OF THE CRACOW X-RAY MICROPROBE

S. Bożek1,2, J. Bielecki1, J. Lekki1, Z. Stachura1, H. Doruch1, R. Hajduk1 and W. M. Kwiatek1

1 The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences

ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland 2 The Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical

Pharmacy, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland

High resolution X-ray microprobe has been constructed at the IFJ PAN in Cracow. The facility consists of three dedicated beam lines, serving for the computer microtomography (CMT) experiments, for X-ray irradiations of mammalian cells and for the 2-D or 3-D elemental analyses of samples by µXRF or TXRF methods. The source of X-radiation for all three beam lines is a microfocusing open type X-ray tube Hamamatsu L9191. Radiation emitted from a point-like spot at the anode of the tube is re-focused by two focusing systems consisting of:

Two multilayer mirrors in the Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) geometry with focusing distance of only 15mm manufactured by the Rigaku Company and optimized for the 4.5 keV X-ray energy (Ti Kα) are used in the cell irradiations facility.

Two total reflection mirrors in the K-B geometry, with focusing distance of 220 mm, produced by the Xradia Inc. (USA) and optimized for the 17.5 keV radiation (Mo Kα) are used for the µXRF and TXRF beam line.

While spatial resolution of the CMT images depends mostly on the size of radiation emitting spot inside the X-ray tube, the aiming precision of cell irradiations and spatial resolution in the µXRF maps depend also on the size of secondary focus obtained with the focusing mirror systems. Process of the optimization of the size of microfocused spot in the tube and of focusing the X-ray beam by mirror systems will be described and best results obtained so far will be presented. This work has been supported by Ministry of Science and Education, Fund of Science and Polish Technology., Grant No. 222/FniTP/119/2005

21

CONTRIBUTIONS

MAGNETIC NANOWIRES – ELECTROCHEMICAL PREPARATION

E. Brancewicz1, B. Kalska-Szostko1, J. Sveklo2, P. Mazalski2, W. Olszewski2, K. Szymański2, A. Sidor1

1 University of Białystok, Institute of Chemistry, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland

2 University of Białystok, Faculty of Physics, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Białystok, Poland, ewabran@uwb.edu.pl

Electrochemical deposition is very efficient method for creation many types of modern

materials. This methods are not expensive and does not have a limit for sample size. In our work the preparation of Ni, Co and Fe nanowires will be presented. The obtained

nanowires can have different diameter and length which are tunable by template porous material and time of deposition, respectively. The quality of the prepared wires depends also from deposition mode (AC - alternating current or DC - constant current).

The smallest wires of the diameter around 40 nm were prepared in porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) obtained from phosphoric acid. The largest around 120 nm were produced in oxalic acid. The length can be as large as the thickness of the oxide and reach up to around 1 µm.

The morphology of wires were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron scanning microscopy (SEM). The wires show magnetization along their growth direction. The magnetic characterization was done with usage of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and Mossbauer spectroscopy.

22

CONTRIBUTIONS

CORRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Au(Ag)/Co FILM SYSTEMS

E. Majkova 1, S. Protsenko1,2, I. Cheshko 1,2, L. Odnodvorets 2, I. Protsenko 2, O. Synashenko 2

1 Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia 2 Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine

Study of limited solid solution (s.s.) formation process in Au/Co and Ag/Co films grown on

amorphous substrates (carbon films or glassceramics) and correlation with its optical properties is reported. The crystal structure of these films was analyzed by TEM. In our investigation formation of limited s.s. on base of fcc crystal lattice of Au(Ag) have been observed. In case of Au or Ag components s.s. form only during annealing in vacuum to 600 – 700 К (fig. 1 a) in contrast to Cu/Сo system in which it formed during evaporation in the same conditions [1]. Possibility of being of limited s.s. (Ag, Co) agree with data work [2] where shown s.s. formation in granular AgCo systems prepared by MBE. Observed correlation between change of optical properties (Ψ and ∆) in-situ measured by ellipsometer as function of common cobalt atom concentration in film systems of Au/Co are present on fig 1 b. When cobalt atom concentration near and more than 60 % take place reduction lattice parameter of s.s. (Au, Co) or s.s.(Ag, Co) and Ψ-parameter, which characterize changes of film structure.

Fig.1. Lattice parameter of fcc s.s.(Au, Co) (a) and optical parameters Ψ and ∆ (b) as function of common cobalt atom concentration in Au/Co film systems

It is shown that possible get uniform s.s. on base of fcc-Au(Ag) with successive formation

of granular alloy with small cobalt nanoparticles (diameter about 10 nm) in nonmagnetic matrix Au(Ag) and lattice parameter of s.s.(Au(Ag), Co) can be regulate by changing of common cobalt concentration in double or multilayer films on base Au(Ag)/Co.

The work was sponsored by Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine under project between Sumy State University and Institute of Physics of Slovac Academy of Science.

[1] A.Azizi, S.M.Thompson, K.Ounadjela et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 148 (1995) 313. [2] M. Marszalek, I.Cheshko, I.Protsenko et al., Krakow: AGH UST (2007).

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CONTRIBUTIONS

MICROSTRUCTURE OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER COMPOSITES

L. Domka1, A. Malicka1, K. Jagła1, A. Kozak2

1Department of Metalorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań,

Poland 2Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

Among a large variety of polymer materials, recently of great interest have become the

biodegradable ones, used mainly for production of packaging materials (bottles, disposable vessels and utensils, bags, diapers). Natural and modified starch has been used as a multifunctional auxiliary substance in food industry and recently as a biodegradable component added to polymer foils, e.g. polyethylene foil. The mixtures of starch-polyethylene are degradable by the soil organisms, micro-organisms present in the active sewage sludge and in marine water. The aim of this study was to characterise the biodegradability and microstructure of the starch-silicate polymer composites in the soil and in the sludge.

The process of biodegradation was conducted underneath the surface layer of the flower ground and in the compost based on the organic kitchen waste. The pH of the environment was controlled and the effects of biodegradation were observed under an electron microscope (SEM).

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CONTRIBUTIONS

LASER PLASMA SOFT X-RAY AND EUV SOURCES FOR PRODUCTION AND IMAGING OF SUBMICRON STRUCTURES

H. Fiedorowicz, A. Bartnik, R. Jarocki, J. Kostecki, R. Rakowski, M. Szczurek

Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology,

ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland, hfiedorowicz@wat.edu.pl

Nanometer radiation in the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range is especially suitable for production and imaging of submicron structures because of short wavelength and small penetration depth. This radiation can be produced with a high-temperature plasma generated by high power laser irradiation of a solid target. Laser plasma X-ray and EUV sources are considered to be used in various applications in physics, material science, biomedicine, and technology.

A great disadvantage of the laser plasma X-ray and EUV sources based on a solid target is production of target debris associated with laser ablation. To avoid the debris production the use of a gas puff target instead of a solid target has been proposed. The gas puff target is formed by pulsed injection of a small amount of gas under high-pressure into a laser focus region. Strong soft X-ray and EUV emissions from a gas puff target irradiated with a high-power laser pulse, comparable to those from solid targets, were demonstrated.

This presentation reports our recent investigations on soft X-ray and EUV emissions from a gas puff target irradiated with nanosecond high-power laser pulses. In the experiments, a newly developed double-stream gas puff target formed by pulsed injection of heavy gas into a hollow stream of light gas was used. The studies are connected with possible application of the laser plasma soft X-ray and EUV sources in imaging with submicron resolution and production of micro- and nanostructures.

A compact laser plasma EUV source developed in result of these studies is presented. The source is equipped with EUV focusing optical systems based on the ‘lobster eye’ grazing incidence scheme or the ellipsoidal mirror with Mo/Si multilayer coating. The results on the source characterization measurements and the use in micro- and nanostructuring polymer surfaces are shown and discussed.

A proposal for a laser plasma soft X-ray source based on a gas puff target generating radiation in the “water window” wavelength range is also presented. The source is dedicated for a single-shot exposure contact X-ray microscopy of biological samples.

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CONTRIBUTIONS

IS THE SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE OF IRON CONCENTRATION IN PARKINSONIAN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA A REAL FACT?

J. Gałązka-Friedman1, E.R. Bauminger2, K. Szlachta1, Z. Wszołek3, D. Dickson3,

A. Friedman4

1Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland, jgfrie@if.pw.edu.pl,

2Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA

4Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disease in which the damage of nervous cells in substantia nigra, a small brain structure (with a mass of about 500 mg), is observed. The cause of this disease is still unknown, but there are several hypotheses suggesting that iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

For several years a substantial increase in the concentration of iron in substantia nigra (SN) of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been presented as a dogma. Our data, obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy on 9 parkinsonian and 20 control SN samples, prepared at the Medical University in Warsaw, showed the concentration of iron in parkinsonian SN as 174±21 ng/mg and in control SN as 171±17 ng/mg [1]. In this paper we present new data, obtained also by Mössbauer spectroscopy, on 8 parkinsonian SN and 9 control SN, prepared at the Mayo Clinic in the USA. In these samples the concentration of iron in parkinsonian SN was found to be 179±29 ng/mg and in control SN 183±22 ng/mg. The ratio of iron concentration in parkinsonian SN compared to control calculated for all these samples is 1.00±0.13.

The problem of the increase of iron in parkinsonian SN compared to control was investigated with the use of different techniques in various laboratories since 1968 [2]. The range of obtained results was surprisingly large (2.01±0.24 – 0.82±0.08) [3, 4]. The reasons for such discrepancy will be discussed. [1] Friedman, Galazka-Friedman J, Bauminger ER- Iron as a trigger of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 83, Koller W & Melamed E, eds, Parkinson's disease and related disorders, ISBN 0444519009., Elsevier, Edinburgh 2007; pp.493-506 [2] Earle KM- Studies on Parkinson’s disease including X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy of formalin fixed brain tissue. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1968; 27: 1-14 [3] Griffiths PD, Crossman AR- Distribution of iron in the basal ganglia and neocortex in post-mortem tissue in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia 1993; 4: 61-65 [4] Loeffler DA, Connor JR, Juneau PL, Snyder BS, Kanaley L, de Maggio AJ, Nguyen H, Brickman CM, LeWitt PA- Transferrin and iron in normal, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease brain regions. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 710-716

26

CONTRIBUTIONS

ENERGY DISSIPATION IN THE AFM ELASTICITY MEASUREMENTS

O. Klymenko, J. Wiltowska-Zuber, M. Lekka and W. M. Kwiatek

The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

Quantitative characterization of mechanical properties (i.e. cell stiffness) of living cells

began soon after the atomic force microscopy (AFM) was discovered. Nowadays, it is well-established that the observed by AFM changes of cell stiffness are linked with alterations of cell cytoskeleton, composed of three different types of fibers: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Structural and functional alterations of these cytoskeleton elements are underlying major diseases such as cancer, inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.

So far, the use of AFM is mostly focused on the determination of Young’s modulus values using Hertz model. Despite the fact that it describes in quantitative way the elastic properties of living cells, its value is burden by the fact that cells are neither isotropic nor homogenous material. Often, during the AFM measurements, the hysteresis between the load and unload curves are observed what is the indicator of the energy dissipation. In our studies, the index of plasticity was introduced to quantify the energy dissipation during a single loading-unloading cycle.

The obtained results shows that by quantifying the energy dissipation, one can obtain the additional parameter describing the mechanical state of cell cytoskeleton. The analysis was performed on test samples where the mechanical properties of the same cell type were changed by glutaraldehyde and cytochalasin D treatments.

27

CONTRIBUTIONS

DIMERIZATION PROCESS OF IRON PROTOPORPHYRIN IX STUDIED BY FTIR AND RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIES

K. Dziedzic-Kocurek1, H. J. Byrne2, A. Świderski3, J. Stanek1

1

Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-059 Kraków, Reymonta Street 4, Poland 2Focas Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Kevin Street, Ireland

3Faculty of Horticulture, Agriculture University of Cracow, 31-425 Kraków, al. 29 Listopada 54, Poland

Iron porphyrin µ-oxo-dimers were synthezied according to the modified Adler’s

procedure[1]. The commercial protoporphyrin IX (Sigma), iron-ferriprotoporphyrinIX-chloride (Alfa Aesar) and synthesized dimer were examined by different spectroscopic amd magnetic methods: UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence, FTIR, resonance Raman, X-ray absorption, Mossbauer and SQUID. The results of the study of the local dynamical properties of the iron atoms in the porphyrin monomers and µ-oxo-dimers have been already reported [2].

The clear evidence of antiferromagtetic coupling concluded from SQUID and Mossbauer in the case of samples containing dimerized forms confirms the presence of the oxo-bridges [3]. In this paper the results of FTIR and Raman spectroscopies are reported. The study is based on the comparison of the free-base protoporphyrin IX, Fe-PPIX-Cl and the synthesized dimerized specimen. The modes in two energy regions i.e. 330-650 cm-1 and 750-900 cm-1, reportedly characteristic of the existence of Fe-O-Fe bridges are disccused [4,5].

[1] A. D. Adler, F. R. Longo, F. Kampas, J. Kim, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 32 (1970) 2443-2445 [2] K. Dziedzic-Kocurek, J. Stanek, K.Burda Hyperfine Interactions, to be published [3] R. M. Davydov, S. Mènage, M. Fontecave, A. Gräslund, A. Ehrenberg, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2 (1997) 242-255 [4] D. M. Kurtz, Chem. Rev. 90 (1990) 585-606 [5] “The Porphyrins”, D. Dolphin ed., Vol. III, Chapters 7-8, 1978, Academic Press New York-San Fransisco-London

28

CONTRIBUTIONS

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THERMAL AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ANTIGEN ON THE ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION: COMPARISON

OF AFM AND IMMUNOLOGICAL METHOD

M. Targosz - Korecka1, M. Mak2, M. Bobek2, J. Marcinkiewicz2, M. Szymoński1

1Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 2Institute of Immunology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Czysta 17,

31-121 Kraków, Poland

The formation of specific non-covalent interactions between antigen and antibody [1] plays a crucial role in the function of immunological systems. Conventional immunological methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA) and Western Blotting [2] provide information about affinity of antigen to antibody, but they do not give information about the strength of binding forces. AFM has been particularly useful in studying interactions between biological molecules, since with the use of AFM we can directly determine unbinding force of antigen-antibody complex [3] as well as probability of adhesion events.

In this work the interaction between ovalbumin and its antibody has been studied for the non-modified ovalbumin and ovalbumin modified in the denaturation process. Two types of denaturation processes were investigated: the thermal denaturation and the chemical denaturation accomplished by chlorination with HOCl acid. For each pair we determined a mean value of the unbinding force and the probability of adhesion events. Control measurements revealed that the mean unbinding forces were slightly reduced by the addition of free antibodies to the solution in which our measurements were performed.

In the measurements the cross-reactions between respective antibodies and both native and denatured ovalbumin were investigated. The investigations were independently performed by means of AFM force-distance curve spectroscopy and by immunological tests ELISA and Western Blotting. Results obtained with AFM and immunological methods indicated that the thermal and the chemical denaturation similarly influence the recognition of the ovalbumin by the antibody to the denatured ovalbumin.

[1] P. Bongrand Rep. Prog. Phys. 62 (1999) 921-968 [2] C.J. Roberts et. al. Ultramicroscopy; 62 (1996) 149-155 [3] P. Hinterdorfer et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93 (1996) 3477-3481

29

CONTRIBUTIONS

INVESTIGATION OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCETRATION IN DIABETES RATS TISSUES

J. Kowalska1, M. Krośniak2, R. Gryboś3 and W. M. Kwiatek1

1 Department of Applied Spectroscopy, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Kraków, Poland 2 Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Krakow,

Poland 3 Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Diabetes is one of the most frequent diseases in developing countries. It was shown that

vanadium compounds have glucose-lowering properties in diabetes [1]. It is very importent to estimate the vanadium dose in diabetes treatment because of side effects that occur in vanadium suplementation [2]. In this study the influence of vanadium (IV) and vanadium (V) compounds with different ligands on the concentration of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. in selected rats tissues was investigated by means of Proton Induceed X – ray Emission (PIXE) technique [3]. The experiment was performed in the Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. A proton beam of 2,2 MeV from the Van de Graaff accelerator was used with the accusation time of 600 s on the sample. As a result of the measurements it was found that the concentration of vanadium depends on the tissue. The highest value was determined in spleen while the lowest in pancrea. It was also found that the concetration of other elements depends on the presence of vanadium concentration. The most meaningful influence of vanadium presence was on iron concentration in spleen, on copper and zinc in kidney and on manganese in pancreas. [1] Dubyak G.B., Kleinzeller A.: The insulin-mimetic effects of vanadate in isolated rat adipocytes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry.1980.255.11:5306-5312. [2] Kordowiak A.M, Trzos R.: Wanad jako czynniki normalizujące kliniczne objawy cukrzycy. Postępy Biologii Komórki,1994.21.3:293-302. [3] A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, E. Rokita (red) – Fizyczne metody badań w biologii, medycynie i ochronie środowiska, PWN W- wa 1999 Chapter: Analiza fluorescencyjna (Wojciech M. Kwiatek)

30

CONTRIBUTIONS

STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SELECTED DSPC-SURFACTANT MODEL SYSTEMS OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Kamil Szpotkowski1, Maciej Kozak1, Anna Kozak2, Ryszard Zieliński3, Daria Wieczorek3

1Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University,

Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland 2Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University,

Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland 3Department of Technology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Commodity Science,

Poznan University of Economics, al. Niepodległości 10, 60-967 Poznań, Poland

Functioning of all biological systems (cell organelles, cells or whole organisms) is strictly

dependent on the presence and structure of cell membrane. The main substances forming cell membranes are lipids, and among them phosphocholine derivatives. The membranes show amphiphilic properties determining their ability to self-organisation and formation of unique lamellar structures. The study was undertaken to establish the influence of surfactants from the group of morpholine derivatives on the stability of the structural phases formed by 1,2- distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) in water solutions. The samples studied were mixtures of DSPC (10% wt) with a series of morpholine derivatives with hydrophobic substituents from C6H13 to C14H29.

Aqueous suspension of DSPC with surfactants have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and polarized microscopy (PLM) to demonstrate that even low concentration of a surfactant causes disorder in bilayer phospholipids. It is supposed that the surfactants from the group of morpholine derivatives strongly affect the arrangement of acyl chains in DSPC. The surfactants are believed to introduce disorder in phospholipid bilayers, which is related to a gradual decrease in the phase transition temperature with increasing concentration of the surfactant. At the same time, by inserting into the phospholipid bilayers the surfactants facilitate the motion of the CH2 groups in acyl chains, which is manifested as an increase in the wavenumber. The presence of the surfactants causes a decrease in the size of bubbles and disappearance of their inner structure to the degree depending on the surfactant concentration.

The toxicity of the surfactant has been tested against the model water organism - Scenedesmus communis. The toxicity of the surfactants was found to increase with increasing length of the alkyl substituent.

Partial financial support (intercollegiate grant 512 00 068) of the Rectors of the A. Mickiewicz University and Academy of Economics in Poznań is gratefully acknowledged.

31

CONTRIBUTIONS

XAFS STUDY OF THE LOCATION OF BI IN Co/Cu MULTILAYERS

M. Krupiński1,2, M. Kąc1, A. Polit1, Y. Zabila1, D. A. Zając1, M. Marszałek1 and Cz. Kapusta2

1The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences,

Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 2AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Sciences,

30-059 Kraków, Poland

Vapour deposited Co/Cu multilayers with high quality interfaces exhibit significant giant magnetoresistance. These multilayered thin films are beeing extensively investigated as potential magnetic sensors in ultrahigh-density data storage devices and for future generations of magnetic random access memory.

The large magnetoresistance is directly related to the spin-dependent scattering of electrons within magnetic multilayers and is significantly affected by the atomic scale structure, i.e. interfacial roughness. Smooth Co/Cu interfaces reveal larger GMR effect in comparison with rough and mixed layers. Intermixing and bigger roughness is experimentally found to occur predominantly at the Co on Cu interfaces. This results from the surface free energy which is smaller for Cu than for Co, and leads to the island growth mode of Co on Cu inducing difficulties in obtaining multilayers with low degree of interfacial roughness and with optimal GMR.

A solution of this problem is the addition of surfactants, i.e. low surface energy metals like Pb, Bi, In, Ag, Sn, to the films. Experimental works have indicated that the addition of small amount of surfactant into Co/Cu multilayered system significantly reduces degree of interfacial roughness. Smoothing of interfaces is a result of surfactant segregation to the surface of Co-Cu multilayers. Detailed understanding of the mechanism of segregation, smoothing and behaviour of the surfactants has not only scientific but also technological importance due to potential future applications. In particular it is of great interest to know in which part of multilayer system the surfactant is accumulated, and this can be deduced form the information about the nearest neighbourhood of surfactant atoms obtained with a local probe experimental technique.

The atomic environment of Bi surfactant in the Co/Cu multilayered system was studied with X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out on a Co(1 nm)/Cu(2 nm) systems with 5 and 10 bilayers evaporated with very low deposition rate in ultra-high vacuum. The very small amount of Bi (0.06 nm) was deposited on each Co film in the system. The XAFS spectra have been measured at the Bi L3 edge in the XANES and EXAFS ranges at the Beamline A1 of HASYLAB/DESY synchrotron laboratory in Hamburg. The measurements have been carried out in the fluoresence detection mode at room temperature. The experimental data show different local environments of Bi and its different valence, depending on the number of Co/Cu bilayer repetitions. The results are discussed in terms of the location and segregation of the Bi surfactant as well as its possible oxidation with residual gas in the preparation chamber.

32

CONTRIBUTIONS

MATURATION PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC MEMBRANES OBSERVED BY PROTON MAGNETIC RELAXATION AND SORPTION

ISOTHERM

H. Harańczyk1, A. Leja1 and K. Strzałka2

1Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 2Faculty o Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland

For majority of living species the extremely low temperature and/or hydration level is lethal,

however, there are extremophilic organisms which may survive even with ice crystallites inside their bodies and/or very high dehydration (eg. Antarctic lichens [2-6]). The mechanisms of molecular resistance on these stresses are not very well known up to now, thus, the mechanisms of photosynthetic membrane protection focus the attention of many investigators. It is not clear whether freeze-dried photosynthetic membranes remain in lamellar phase, however, after rehydration they return to lamellar phase [8,9].

The aim of this paper was to search the maturation effect on rehydration properties of wheat photosynthetic membranes. We measured a number and distribution of water binding sites, sequence and kinetics of their saturation, and the formation of tightly and loosely bound water fractions at different steps of hydration process.

For the whole range of target air humidities hydration time courses are well described by single exponential functions, with the hydration time th = (11.9±3.6) h for the mature membranes, and (17.0±3.2) h for the developing membranes. Sorption isotherm is sigmoidal in form and was well fitted using Dent model [1]. Mass of water saturating the primary binding sites, expressed in units of dry mass, m0, was ∆M/m0= 0.025 for the mature membranes, and ∆M/m0 = 0.024 for the developing membranes.

Proton FIDs distinguish (i) a Gaussian component, S0, coming from protons of solid matrix of lyophilizate and the components increasing in magnitude with the increased hydration level: (ii) a Gaussian component, S1, from water bound to the primary water binding sites, and immobilized by proximity to the loosely bound non-functional paramagnetic manganese ions [7], (iii) an exponentially decaying contribution, L1, from water tightly bound to lyophilizate surface, presumably the first hydration shell, and (iv) exponentially decaying loosely bound water pool, L2. “Sealed” water pool belonging to the fraction S1 and L1, in dry lyophilizate, ∆MS/m0, is detected (∆MS/m0 = 0.057 for the mature membranes, and ∆MS/m0 = 0.060 for the developing membranes).

[1] R.W.Dent. Textile Res. J. 47: 145-152, (1977). [2] H. Harańczyk. “On water in extremely dry biological systems”, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2003. [3] H. Harańczyk, S.Gaździński, M.Olech. Freezing protection mechanism in Cladonia mitis as observed by proton magnetic relaxation”, New Aspects in Cryptogamic Research, Contribution in Honour of Ludger Kappen. Bibl. Lichenol. 75: 265-274, (2000). [4] H. Harańczyk, J.Grandjean, M.Olech, M.Michalik, Colloids & Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 28/4, 251-260, 2003. [5] H. Harańczyk, J.Grandjean, M.Olech Colloids & Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 28/4, 239-249, 2003. [6] H. Harańczyk, A. Pietrzyk, A. Leja, K. Strzałka, “Bound water structure on the surfaces of Usnea antarctica as observed by NMR and sorption isotherm”, Acta Phys. Polonica A109, 411-416 (2006) [7] H. Harańczyk, A. Leja, K. Strzałka, Acta Phys. Polonica A109, 389-398 (2006) [8] H. Harańczyk, K. Strzałka, T. Bayerl, G. Klose, J.S. Blicharski, Photosynthetica 19: 414-416 (1985). [9] H. Harańczyk, K.Strzałka, W.Dietrich, J.S.Blicharski, J. Biol. Phys. 21: 125-139 (1995).

33

CONTRIBUTIONS

MAGNETIC INVESTIGATION OF CARBON COATED Fe-, Co-, AND Ni-NANOPARTICLES

M. Makarewicz1, M. Podsiadły2, M. Bałanda1

1 The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences,

ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 2 Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Szczecin University of Technology,

ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland The carbon coated Fe-, Co-, and Ni-nanoparticles were prepared in the five-step process:

first, the nanocrystalline form of the appropriate metal was obtained by means of a cobalt, iron or nickel hydroxide precipitation, followed by calcination and reduction; then, carburisation under CH4 atmosphere in 500°C and reduction of carbon deposit was performed. The XRD and TEM study revealed carbon-coated cobalt, iron and nickel nanocapsules of the mean size ca. 50 nm, and a small amount of carbon nanotubes. The measurements of magnetization and AC susceptibility has been carried out by means of Lake Shore instrument. Decrease of the saturation moment at T=4.2 K due to the nano-size of the particles was stronger for the samples with higher carbon content (CC), while the coercivity field (374 Oe, 610 Oe and 330 Oe for Fe, Co and Ni) was independent of CC. From the temperature dependence of AC and DC susceptibility the blocking temperature above room temperature can be expected with its wide distribution related to the size distribution of the particles.

34

CONTRIBUTIONS

DSC STUDY OF COLLAGEN IN DISC DISEASE

S. Skrzyński1, A. Sionkowska2, A. Marciniak2, J. Skopińska-Wiśniewska2

1 Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of the Health Services, Central Clinical Hospital of the Department of National Defence, Szaserów 128, 00-909 Warsaw, Poland

2Faculty of Chemistry, Biopolymer Research Group, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue. It has great tensile strength, and is the main component of ligaments and tendons. It is responsible for skin elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging. Collagen also fills out the cornea where it is present in crystalline form. The native tropocollagen molecule (molecular mass 300 kDa) consists of three polypeptide chains of about 1000 amino acid residues each, wound round one another to form a triple helix. The atoms in the individual chains are held together with covalent bonds, while the three chains are held in the triple-helical structure by weaker bonds. When the protein is heat-denatured, these weak bonds are broken but the covalent bonds stay intact and the three chains separate from one another and collapse into random coils. Stability of the triple helix in collagen depends on hydrogen bonds. Thermal denaturation of collagen depends on water content, pH of envinronmental medium, and degree of cross-linking.

This paper records an experiment that investigates calorimetrically the effect of disc disease on the collagen helix-coil transition for tissue extracted from patients during surgical operation. Fourty discs were obtained from patients with degenerative disc disease undergoing surgery for low back pain. The patients were in the age between 20 and 70 years old. The specimens were kept wet during DSC experiment. Tissues were scanned in a computer-controlled Perkin-Elmer DSC-7, fitted with an Intracooler, and running software supplied by the manufacturer was used for the calorimetric measurements. Weighed samples (±0.01 mg) were heated at 5°C per minute from -20°C to an appropriate specified temperature using an empty pan as a reference. Studies of the effect of disc disease on the properties of the collagen molecule are rather limited. The data allow the comparison between thermal stability of collagen tissue from healthy patients and from patients suffering from disc disease.

From DSC curves we observed that the maximum of peak responsible for thermal denaturation of collagen in disc for male is in the range 80,95-97,87°C, whereas for female it is in the range 86,25-104,47°C. XRD results confirmed the presence of crystal and amorphous phase in collagen

Disc disease induced changes in fully hydrated collagen which caused both stabilization and destabilization of the triple helix in fibers. In the paper the comparison between thermal helix-coil-transition for collagen fibers from patients suffering from disc disease and collagen fibers from healthy organisms will be discussed.

35

CONTRIBUTIONS

SURFACE STUDY OF SELECTED BIOMATERIALS USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY

C.Paluszkiewicz1, W.M.Kwiatek2, E.Długoń1, A.Wesełucha-Birczyńska3, M.Piccinini4

1AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics,

Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

2Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 3 Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Ingardena3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland

4INFN - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy

Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively used for in vitro and in vivo investigations of degradation mechanism and kinetics of different biomedical devices as well as it has been used to characterize the crystalline and amorphous domains in bio-mineralization process. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods are valuable tools in the biomaterials engineering allowing the study of the processes occurring during their preparation.

In vitro tests, where the materials immersed in simulated body fluids and/or artificial saliva, have been used to evaluate the biocompatibility of biomaterials. This kind of tests are a wide range of repeatable and reproducible methods, which are regulated by international standards for commercial use and scientific development of new materials and products.

The aim of this work has been to examine phase composition of biomaterials applied in dentistry. The bioactivity of the composite films was studied by immersing the samples in synthetic body fluids (SBF) and artificial saliva.

The changes were determined by FTIR and Raman micro-spectroscopies as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

36

CONTRIBUTIONS

A PROJECT OF BIOMEDICAL FACILITY FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY AT POLISH SYNCHROTRON IN CRACOW

J. B. Pełka

Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: pelkay@ifpan.edu.pl

A biomedical facility project at the Polish Synchrotron Light Source (PSLS) to be built in Cracow

are presented [1]. The design outlines of the facility refer to other biomedical beamlines with a special attention paid to solutions applied at machines characterized by parameters similar to that planned at PSLS. That are the Canadian CLS (BMIT) [2], the Australian ALS (BL-10) [3] and the Catalonian ALBA [4].

The facility is aimed at application of SR x-ray techniques for imaging, diagnostics and therapy in biological and medical systems, including humans and animals. Some of the proposed solution are on the top edge of currently developed accelerator and x-ray optics technology. Their feasibility and efficiency has been confirmed at the above mentioned biomedical beamlines.

Two different types of radiation sources are foreseen, that will be constructed in two phases. First, the bending magnet (BM) will be built, and afterwards the more advanced and powerful superconducting wiggler (SCW) will be added. A significant part of infrastructure will be shared by both beamlines.

The BM beamline will host a wide range of imaging techniques, exploiting absorption and phase contrast, with diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI), phase contrast imaging (PhCI) operating in computed tomography (CT) and in planar modes, absorption spectroscopy imaging and fluorescence imaging, among others. The beamline will serve as a place to test and validate new ideas, to develop new imaging and therapy technologies, and will relieve some of the imaging program from the SCW beamline after its construction. The dose rates available at the BM line will be, however, insufficient to most of time-resolved techniques, or to avoid blur due to natural body movements (like respiratory or heart action) during a single-shot irradiation of live animals or humans.

The innovative SCW beamline is designed to provide tunable monochromatic beam, of width up to 25 cm, that allows for imaging and treatment of a wide variety of subjects, from mice to large domestic animals, with spatial resolution down to 10 µm and below. The SCW beamline will host a number of imaging capabilities, including K-edge subtraction (KES), diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI), multiple image radiography (MIR), phase contrast imaging (PCI) as well as normal absorption imaging in both projection and CT modes of operation. In addition, the beamline will deliver a filtered white beam, foreseen to reach the entrance dose rates on the order of 3500 Gy/s or higher, invaluable in some imaging and therapy techniques, like microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) or synchrotron stereotactic radiation therapy (SSRT). Monochromatic x-ray flux of up to 1014 ph/s/cm2 will be available.

Upon completion, the biomedical facility at PSLS will constitute a world class facility with unique synchrotron specific imaging, diagnostics and therapy capabilities. It will be ready to cope with unsolved, the most crucial issues in biology, medicine, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology and other areas related to life sciences. The research teams at the facility will be able to develop strong experimental programs, competitive to that at other biomedical synchrotron facilities over the world.

Acknowledgments This work has been partially supported by the grant of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland, SPB nr. DESY/68/2007 [1] http://synchrotron.pl/ [2] Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2001 – 2004; Editor: M. Dalzell; CLS Document No. 0.18.1.2; Canadian Light Source Inc. 2005 (http://www.lightsource.ca/) [3] R.A. Lewis; Medical applications of synchrotron radiation in Australia; Nucl. Instrum. Meth. in Phys. Res. A 548 (2005) 23–29 [4] A. Bravin, R. Noguera, M. Sabés and J. Sobrequés, ALBA Biomedical Beamline (ABME). A Proposal for the ALBA S.A.C., Bracelona 2004

37

CONTRIBUTIONS

BIOIMAGING WITH 4TH GENERATION X-RAY SOURCES

J. B. Pełka

Institute of Physcics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: pelkay@ifpan.edu.pl

It is well known, that synchrotron radiation (SR) sources constitute a convenient tool for x-

ray microscopy exploiting both classical absorption contrast as well as a number of SR specific phase contrast methods [1]. It is also widely used to determination of biologically active molecular structures [2]. More than 80% protein structures, out of almost 40 000 collected in Protein Data Bank (PDB), have been solved with aid of x-ray beams delivered by, mostly, 3GLS dedicated synchrotron storage rings. However, a risk of radiation damage, a need of protein crystallization, or insufficient dose rates for some dynamic studies of lifeforms, impose characteristic limitations on application of traditional synchrotron sources to biomedical research.

A breakthrough in overcoming the restrictions is expected with construction of new 4th generation SR sources (4GLS), the Free Electron Lasers (FELs). FELs utilize a relativistic electron beam as a lasing medium. As a result, a monochromatic radiation is generated in ultrafast pulses, of duration down to the fs range, with a unique combination of tunability, coherence, polarization, and high power that can exceed more than 1 GW in a single pulse. Various FEL types can deliver radiation in the spectral regions ranging from microwaves to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV-FEL) and to X-ray regions (X-FEL). Spectral brightness of the new X-FEL sources, to be operational in the next few years, will be up to 9 orders of magnitude higher, as compared to the most intense 3GLS sources, reaching a value of 1029 photons/s · mrad2 · mm2 · 0.1% BW, emitted in ultrafast pulses of only 10-20 fs [3]. The present contribution is focused on properties and application of the X-FEL sources in the biomedical science. Recent achievements in the field will be also reported.

A decisive impact on development of biological science is expected with development of radically new techniques of investigation. In particular, X-FELs will certainly revolutionize structural biology with a unique opportunity of diffraction imaging of non periodic structures, from single molecules to tissue preparations, at a spatial resolution on nanometric and micrometric scales, especially important in biological studies [4,5].

Power and flexibility of the short-wavelength FELs is just being extensively studied with the FLASH facility in DESY (Hamburg), operating in the XUV photon energy range. The FLASH is a prototype to the European X-FEL laser being constructed in the same center in Hamburg. The results of the tests show that FELs radiating in the range of XUV to X-rays will offer unparalleled opportunities for the study of processes occurring on ultra-short time and length scales, in medicine, biology, biochemistry, and in related fields of science and technology [6].

Acknowledgments This work has been partially supported by the grant of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland, SPB nr. DESY/68/2007 [1] R. Meuli, Y. Hwu, J.H. Je., G. Margaritondo; Synchrotron radiation in radiology: radiology techniques based on synchrotron sources, Eur. Radiol. 14 (2004) 1550–1560. [2] T.L.-M. Sorensen, K.E. McAuley, R. Flaig, E.M.H. Duke; New light for science: synchrotron radiation in structural medicine; Trends Biotechnol. 24 (2006) 500-508 [3] N. Patel. Shorter, brighter, better. Nature, 415 (2002) 110-111 [4] R. Neutze, G. Huldt, J. Hajdu and D. van der Spoel, Potential impact of an X-ray free electron laser on structural biology, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 71, 905–916 (2004) [5] H.N. Chapman, A. Barty, M.J. Bogan, et. al.; Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser; Nature Physics 2 (2006) 839 - 843 [6] S. P. Hau-Riege, H. N. Chapman, J. Krzywinski, R. Sobierajski, et. al.; Sub-nanometer-scale measurements of the interaction of ultrafast soft x-ray free-electron-laser pulses with matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 145502 (2007)

38

CONTRIBUTIONS

MODIFICATION OF PSII ACTIVITY UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS

M. de Odrowąż Piramowicz1, R. Bock2, A. Orzechowska3, K. Strzałka4 and K. Burda 1,5

1 Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

2 Department III – Organelle Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max-Planck-Society, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany

3 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 4 Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and

Biotechnology, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30- 387 Kraków, Poland 5 Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH - University of Science and Technology, al.

Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

A photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants, especially photosystem II (PSII) is very sensitive to the toxic action of heavy metals, which at higher concentrations lead to the inhibition of energy and electron transfer within the system. We applied fluorometer with dual modulation to monitor changes of activity of PSII treated with cadmium or nickel salts. We performed measurements of initial (F0) and variable fluorescence (Fv) of thylakoids enriched in PSII isolated from a wild type of Nicotiana Tabacum (WT) and from a mutant of tobacco with modified cytochrome b559. Induction fluorescence spectra of WT differed from those detected for the mutant. We could distinguish at least two different regimes in Fv and F0 dependence on various concentrations of the applied salts in both species. The discontinuities changed with the cation and anion ions. We observed higher toxicity of cadmium in comparison with nickel cations. Additionally, sulfate anions enhanced the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ and Ni2+ on the photoactivity of the studied systems in respect to the chloride anions. We compared the time constants obtained from the Kautsky spectra with the reoxidation kinetics of QA

•- in order to get more detailed information on the forward and backward electron transfer within the iron-quinone complex on the acceptor side of the intact and modified PSII systems.

39

CONTRIBUTIONS

XANES STUDY OF SULPHUR K-EDGES IN CULTURED HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER CELL LINES: COMPARISON BETWEEN

EXPERIMENT AND THEORY

M. Podgórczyk1, W. M. Kwiatek1, J. Konior2, A. Kisiel2

1Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul.Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland 2Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul.Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

Prostate is one of human glands that are most common affected by cancer [1]. Because of the prevalence of prostate cancer together with its still poorly understood aetiology, there is a strong need to look for sophisticated experimental methods, which could monitor the first stages of cancer on molecular level. Synchrotron radiation based techniques offer such a unique possibility to look insight structures of proteins that may play an important role in cancirogenesis. As a component of amino acids, sulphur often occurs in proteins molecules. Especially, its presence in protein binding sites may be crucial in changing proteins activity [2].

X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy allows investigation of oxidation state of the element and characterizing its chemical speciation [3]. In this paper we focus on sulphur K-edge XANES analyses of three cultured human prostate cancer cell lines: PC-3, LnCaP and DU-145, performed at the DRX1 beamline at LNF, Frascati (Italy). Cells spectra were analysed together with the spectra obtained for selected inorganic compounds of known structure (S, ZnS, K2S2O5, BaSO4 and Na2S2O3). Applied method of spectra reduction [4] allowed for comparison between the experimental results and the theoretical density of states calculations. This work was supported by EU Integrated Infrastructure Initiative Hadron Physics Project, contract No RII3-CT-2004-506078, Tari Program No. 48 and by MNiSW as a research project, grant No. NN 301464734.

[1] Grönberg H., The Lancet 361 859-864 (2003) [2] W. Maret, J Trace Elem Med Biol 19 7-12 (2005) [3] Pickering I.J., Prince R.C., Divers T., George G.N., Febs Lett 441 11-14 (1998) [4] Kisiel A., Dalba G., Fornasini P., Podgórny M., Oleszkiwicz J., Rocca F., Burattini E., Phys Rev B 39 7895-7903 (1989)

40

CONTRIBUTIONS

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Cu - ALLOYED FePd FILMS

A. Polit1, D. Makarov2, C. Brombacher3, C. Schubert3, M. Albrecht3, A. Dobrowolska1,

M. Kąc1, B. Samul1,4, Y. Zabila1, and M. Marszałek1

1The H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

2Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany 3Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany 4AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Aleksander.Polit@ifj.edu.pl

Owing to the high magnetic anisotropy, hard magnetic alloys (i.e. FePd, FePt and CoPt) are considered to be the most promising candidates to extend the areal density of magnetic recording beyond 1 Tbit/in2.

In this study we discuss the possibility of the nonepitaxial growth of the L10 ordered Cu-alloyed FePd films with (001) texture. For this purpose, a 10 nm-thick ternary FePdCu alloys were formed by means of alternating Pd(1.1 nm)/Fe(0.9 nm)/Cu(0.2 – 0.6 nm) layer deposition at room temperatures on amorphous SiO2(400 nm)/Si(001) substrates. Thicknesses of the individual Fe and Pd layers are adjusted in a way that the FePd alloy with equiatomic composition was obtained. In order to transform the Pd/Fe/Cu multilayer stack into a chemically L10 ordered PdFeCu hard magnetic alloy an additional rapid thermal annealing step was performed.

The structural properties of the deposits, such as the orientation and the degree of L10-type chemical order together with interfaces roughness were investigated using X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity. Magnetic characterization was performed by magnetic force microscopy, polar and longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect and superconductive quantum interference device magnetometry.

Our experimental data reveals the dependence of the degree of the L10 chemical order on the annealing time as well as on the Cu content. In addition, the evolution of a (001) texture of a L10 chemically ordered PdFeCu alloy strongly depends on Cu concentration. The correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of the ternary PdFeCu alloy will be discussed within the scope of the present work.

41

CONTRIBUTIONS

STUDY OF CHANGES IN ELASTICITY PROPERTIES OF ERYTROCYTHES INCUBATED WITH DRUG SOLUTIONS

A. Radzik1, M. Targosz-Korecka1, M. Szymoński1

1Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Atomic force microscopy is a perfect tool to investigation of biological materials. The

unique combination of high-resolution imaging and capability to operate in physiological environment makes it useful in investigations of living cell properties like elasticity and adhesion.

In the talk, the results of elasticity measurements (force-distance spectroscopy studies) of erythrocytes, will be presented. In the case of erythrocytes, the elasticity module of native as well as those cells incubated with four types of drugs: aminophylline, methyloprednisolone, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone have been determined. The results show that the elasticity module of erythrocytes incubated with aminophylline, spironolactone and solution which include all investigated drugs are higher than the ones obtained for normal cells. Elasticity module of erythrocytes incubated with methyloprednisolone and hydrochlorothiazide is lower than the one for normal cells.

42

CONTRIBUTIONS

THE HIGH ENERGY ION NANOPROBE LIPSION – A TOOL FOR SUB-MICRON RESEARCH IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

M. Rothermel, T. Reinert, Ch. Meinecke, F. Menzel, T. Koal, T. Andrea, T. Butz

Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department Nuclear Solid-State Physics, Faculty for Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig,

Germany

The high energy ion nanoprobe LIPSION at the university of Leipzig is a unique tool for material research, material modification as well as for life sciences. It combines well established ion beam analysis methods (PIXE, RBS, STIM, STIM-tomography) with an excellent spatial resolution. Current research topics focus on ion beam analysis of micro- and nanostructures, proton beam writing and quantitative analysis of trace elements in neuroscience and the investigation of the response of living cells to single ion bombardment. RBS and PIXE were used to study the composition of ZnO thin films with different dopants and different GaAs/AlAs- and cylindrite-microstructures. The results were used to investigate the influence of composition, growth and crystalline quality on the physical properties of these materials.

Proton beam writing (PBW) is a suitable method to create microstructures in resists and semi-conductors or to change the electronic properties of e.g. C-based materials. The minimal feature size of structures produced by PBW has been reduced to 130 nm in SU-8 with an aspect ratio of 75. We are able to write arbitrary shapes and by using different doses (greyscale lithography) even with different heights.

PBW can also be used to create patterns for a structured cell growth in Petri dishes. These Petri dishes are used to study the intercellular communication after irradiation of single cells with single ions. These irradiations were performed at the dedicated external micro beam at the LIPSION facility.

43

CONTRIBUTIONS

CARBON COATED Fe AND Fe3O4 DERIVED NANOPARTICLES FOR MRI CONTRAST

K. Schneider1, Cz. Kapusta1, D. A. Zając2,3, C. I. Marquina4, M. Ricardo - Ibarra4,

A. Świerczyna5 and A. Urbanik5

1AGH Univ. of Sci&Tech., Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science,

Kraków, Poland 2Hasylab at DESY, D22607 Hamburg, Germany

3Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland 4Instituto Nanociencias de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain

5Radiology Department, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, e-mail: kryschna@agh.edu.pl

Results of a combined XRD, magnetic, XAFS and Mössbauer spectroscopy study of new

magnetic nanoparticle materials derived from iron metal and iron oxide are presented. The samples of carbon coated nanoparticles have been obtained by arc melting of graphite electrodes willed with metallic Fe or magnetite. Three fractions of nanoparticles from different places of the furnace: top, walls and bottom have been collected. In order to determine the local structure and the Fe valence state in the materials, the X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) and the Mössbauer spectroscopy were used.

The XAFS experiments were performed at the Fe:K edge at room temperature in Hasylab/DESY, Hamburg. Metallic Fe, hematite, maghemite and magnetite were used as references. The absorption edge energy and shape in the spectra of the Fe and Fe3O4 derived nanoparticle materials are similar to those of metallic iron, which reveals a reduction of magnetite to metallic iron by carbon upon arc melting. The contents of different iron species were determined from linear combination fits of their spectra with those of reference samples. The Fourier transforms of the EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) functions of both Fe metal and magnetite derived nanoparticle materials reveal their close similarity to that of metallic Fe. However, for the Fe metal derived material the distance of the 1st neighbour peak is of 0.2 Å smaller than that in the Fe metal. This suggests a compression of the lattice, possibly due to incorporation of carbon atoms which are smaller than iron atoms.

Temperature dependences of the magnetisation as well as the hysteresis loops were measured with the Quantum Design PPMS set-up at the magnetic field up to 9 Tesla. The Mössbauer measurements have been carried out in transmission, at room temperature and at 80 K. The fits of the Mössbauer spectra gave the relative amounts of the Fe metal and carbide phase and X-ray diffraction patterns provided the average sizes of the particles. From a comparison of the XAFS, Mössbauer and magnetic measurements the amounts of individual iron species and the thickness of the carbon shells were determined. The MRI experiment performed on water suspensions of the materials indicated their high efficiency in increasing the proton T2 and T2* contrasts. The results are analysed in terms of the magnetic core properties and size, as well as the carbon shell thickness.

44

CONTRIBUTIONS

AES STUDIES OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN Cu/Fe MULTILAYERS

O. Synashenko1,2, Y. Zabila3, M. Marszalek3, K. Marszalek2, I. Pazukha 1, I. Protsenko 1

1Sumy State University, R.-Korsakov str. 2, 40-007 Sumy, Ukraine 2AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

3The H.Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

In the last few years the studies of transport properties of magnetic multilayers has turned into an area of growing interest. In particular, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has been observed in a large number of multilayered systems and granular alloys. It is shown that the magnitude of the MR depends on such factors as the thickness of nonmagnetic layers and on the roughness of interfaces in multilayer. Therefore it is important to investigate the interface stability and factors influencing it, such as diffusion processes during the condensation. If thin films have polycrystalline morphology, grain-boundary diffusion becomes one of the dominant factor influencing formation of interfaces during the condensation process.

This paper presents the investigation of diffusion processes in Cu/Fe multilayers studied with the Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES).

The Auger spectra of (Cu(10)/Fe(10))x2/Si(111) sample collected in low energy range demonstrate that the LMM lines of Fe disappear after deposition of 0,6 nm Cu. For the Cu covered with the Fe the AES signal coming from Cu LMM lines vanishes at coverage 0,4 nm. Thus, the mean diffusion path lc can be defined as not larger than 0.6 nm and 0.4 nm for Fe in Cu and Cu in Fe, respectively. From the expression:

Dc =

lc2

τ c,

where τс is the experimental time of condensation the coefficient of diffusion of Fe in Cu and Cu in Fe during growth, shown in table 1, was calculated. Table 1 — The parameters used for calculations and the coefficients of diffusion in Cu/Fe

multilayers.

lc [nm] τc [s] Dcx1021, m2/s

Cu→Fe 0,6 155 2,32

Fe→Cu 0,4 99 1,62

45

CONTRIBUTIONS

MÖSSBAUER STUDIES OF PATHOLOGICAL BRAIN TISSUES AFFECTED BY PSP DISEASE

J. Gałązka-Friedman1, E. R. Bauminger2, K. Szlachta1, Z. Wszolek3, D. Dickson3,

A. Friedman4

1Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland, jgfrie@if.pw.edu.pl,

2Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA

4Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurological disease leading to damage of two brain structures globus pallidus and substantia nigra. The pathomechanism of this disease is still unknown, but one of the hypothesis which is considered is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is an overproduction of free radicals in which iron may be involved. To verify the hypothesis that iron may play a role in PSP we decided to perform Mössbauer comparative studies of pathological and control tissues.

10 samples of PSP globus pallidus, 10 samples of PSP substantia nigra, 12 control samples of globus pallidus and 9 control samples of substantia nigra were measured in the conventional Mössbauer spectrometer at 90 K. All samples measured were fresh frozen. Mössbauer spectra obtained for all samples showed well resolved doublets with an isomer shift of 0.46±0.01 mm/s and a quadrupol splitting of 0.70±0.02 mm/s. The main difference observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy between PSP and control samples was in the concentration of iron. The concentration in PSP samples in globus pallidus was found to be 257±19 ng/mg tissue, compared to 183±22 ng/mg in control samples and 301±26 ng/mg in substantia nigra compared to 179±29 ng/mg in control samples.

Taking into consideration relatively low number of samples studies the results should be considered as preliminary and confirmed by further research, however it has to be noted that an increase in the concentration of iron in PSP substantia nigra (by 70%) was also observed by Dexter at all using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy [1]. On the other hand, as we did not notice any substantial increase of iron concentration in parkinsonian substantia nigra compared to control substantia nigra [2] and a substantial increase in both substantia nigra and globus pallidus in PSP, one may suggest that iron plays a different role in the pathomechanism in PSP and in Parkinson’s disease. [1] D.T. Dexter, A. Carayon, F. Javoy-Agid, Y. Agid, F.R. Wells, S.E. Daniel, A.J. Lees, P. Jenner, C.D. Marsden, Brain 114 (1991) 1953 [2] A. Friedman, J. Galazka-Friedman, E.R. Bauminger - Iron as a trigger of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 83, eds: W. Koller, E. Melamed, Parkinson's disease and related disorders, ISBN 0444519009., Elsevier, Edinburgh 2007; pp.493-506

46

CONTRIBUTIONS

STRESS INDUCED PHONONIC PROPERTIES AND SURFACE WAVES IN 2D MODEL OF AUXETIC CRYSTALS

D. Trzupek1,2, D. Twaróg1 and P. Zieliński1,3

1The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

2 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, ul.Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 3Cracow Technical University, Institute of Physics, ul. Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland

Auxetics, i.e. the materials with negative Poisson ratio σ, exhibit unordinary microscopic and macroscopic properties which make them useful in various biotechnological, medical and industrial applications (some of them patent). In particular, they serve as molecular filters and arterial prostheses [1]. In most cases the materials are subject to natural or man controlled external stresses transmitted by surfaces and interfaces with surrounding media. Well controlled external stresses are essential, e.g. in selective filtering of molecules [2]. In the present work we study the effect of external stresses on static elastic properties and on the lattice dynamics with the use of a model of geometry based on [3]. We calculate stress-strain relations, the Poisson ratios and sound speeds, for the model material as a function of spatial orientation and of the force constants involved in the model. Noteworthy is that the Poisson ratio of a stressed material may take on any positive or negative value in contrast with stress-free materials, in which it is restricted to the range -1 < σ < ½ in 3d and to the range -1 < σ < 1 in 2d. Complete stop bands for bulk lattice waves are shown to be tuneable by external stress. Dynamics of surfaces in such models is studied to show its dependence on stress.

k [ -1] k [ -1]

-[ d

Fig. 1 Example of dispersion surfaces for model of auxetic material.

[1] B.D. Caddock, K.E. Evans, Biomateerials, 16, 1109 (1995) [2] K.E. Evans, M.A. Nkansah, I.J. Hutchinson and S.C. Rogers, Nature 353, 124 (1991) [3] D. Twarog and P. Zielinski, Phase Transitions 79, 577 (2006)

47

CONTRIBUTIONS

SURFACE DYNAMICS AND PHONONIC PROPERTIES OF 2D MODEL OF AUXETIC CRYSTAL

D. Twaróg1, D. Trzupek1,3 and P. Zieliński1,2

1The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342

Kraków, Poland 2Cracow Technical University, Institute of Physics, ul. Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland

3Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, ul.Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

We study a variant of the model of auxetic material firstly proposed by Evans [1]. It consists of infinitely rigid rods connected by three kinds of elastic springs, which are non stressed in equilibrium. The global stability over the whole Brillouin zone is achieved by endowing the rods with permanent dipole moments and inserting the system into an external horizontal field K parallel to the rods in equilibrium. It turns out that at strong enough external field K the phase speed of the transverse acoustic wave exceeds the phase speed of the longitudinal wave. The phenomenon is observed for different directions of propagation together with an interesting interchange of the polarization of longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. An absolute stop band (Bragg gap) in the whole Brillouin zone is open at high enough value of external field K.

In model of semi-infinite auxetic material the rods at the surface layer have their masses and moments of inertia different from those in the bulk. The surface spring can be varied too. It turns out that for some set of surface parameters an infinitely narrow resonance (surface wave) exists within bulk bands. The resonance is called here Exceptional Surface Wave (ESW). The real and imaginary parts of the resonance frequency is shown in Fig.1.

0,00 0,01 0,02 0,030

1

2

3

cLcT

LSW

kESW

ωESW

(a)

Re(ω

) [ra

d s-1

]

k1 [m-1]

0,00 0,01 0,02 0,030,000

0,001

0,002

0,003(b)

kESW

Im(ω

) [ra

d s-1

]

k1 [m-1]

Fig. 1 Limits of the bulk bands (dashed lines) and dispersion relations of surface waves (solid and double pointed line). ESWk and ESWω correspond to infinitely narrow surface resonance (a). Inverse of life time of

surface resonance (b).

A zero of the imaginary part of frequency corresponds to the infinite life time of the resonance. The present model comfirms the possibility of existence of surface waves within bulk bands formerly observed in a continuous medium model [2]. [1]. K.E. Evans, M.A. Nkansah, I.J. Hutchinson and S.C. Rogers, Nature 353, 124 (1991) [2]. D. Twarog and P. Zielinski, Phase Transitions, 79, 577 (2006)

48

CONTRIBUTIONS

MODERN RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES

THE RADIOBIOLOGY BASIS OF MODERN RADIOTHERAPY, MODERN TELETHERAPY TECHNIQUES, MODERN BRACHYTHERAPY TECHNIQUES

M. P. R. Waligórski1,2, Damian Nahajowski1, Anna Śladowska1, Dorota Miszczak1

1The Marie-Skłodowska-Curie Centre of Oncology, Kraków Division, Garncarska 11, 31-115

Kraków, Poland, 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków,

Poland

The aim of the seminar "Modern Radiotherapy Techniques" is to acquaint participants of the School with modern clinical radiotherapy techniques, as currently practiced at the Marie-Skłodowska-Curie Centre of Oncology in Kraków, Poland.

Radiobiology – is of paramount importance and forms the basis of modern radiotherapy. Radiobiology issues concern dose fractionation, biomarkers, predictive asssays and the biological response of tumour and normal tissues to pulsed dose rates. The radiotherapeutic window - range of doses which permit effective treatment of tumour cells, avoiding excessive normal tissue complications - will also be discussed.

Teletherapy - treatment with external beams of photons (6-20 MV X - rays) and of electrons in a similar energy range - is now a complex technique involving conformal, stereotactic and intensity-modulated (IMRT) beam delivery to tumour volumes where dose distributions and treatment plan optimisation, including inverse planning, are applied. Modelling of beam transport and dose distributions is performed in three-dimensional space and accelerator setup and beam collimation are made with extensive use of computer technology.

Brachytherapy - delivery of dose from sealed sources placed inside the tumour volume - is now performed under real-time image control, also with three-dimensional planning of dose delivery and remotely controlled movement of the radioactive sources.

We believe that this brief presentation of modern radiotherapy techniques may be useful in discussions concerning the radiobiology and/or possible radiotherapy using microbeams - one of the topics of the XLII Zakopane School of Physics.

49

CONTRIBUTIONS

THE COMPLEX INVESTIGATION OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE CVD GROWN CARBON NANOTUBES FILLED WITH

NANOPARTICLES

D. Grab1, O. Demidenko2, Yu. Fedotova3,V. Labunov1, A. Prudnikava1, K. Yanushkevich2

1 Belarussian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Belarus 2 State Scientific Production Association ''Material Science Center of the National Academy of

Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus 3BSU, Minsk, Belarus

The investigation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) properties filled with the magnetic materials

is one of the most promising fields from the point of view of their practical applications, for example, in sensitive magnetic elements and in high-density magnetic memory. Here, we report on the synthesis of multi-wall carbon nanotubes filled with ferromagnetic nanoparticles by the high temperature pyrolysis of fluid hydrocarbon (p-xylene [С8Н10]) in a mixture with volatile catalyst (ferrocene [Fe(C5H5)2]) using Ar as the gas-carrier. The properties of the obtained material were investigated by SEM, TEM, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, Ponderomotive method, and Mössbauer Spectroscopy. As a result, the vertically aligned tightly packed CNT arrays composed of the individual CNTs filled with nanoparticles allocated in the channels, walls and tips of CNTs were obtained. TEM showed that the CNT diameters are in the range of 10÷80 nm, and the diameters of the nanoparticles are in the range of 5÷20 nm. X-ray Diffraction Analysis and Mössbauer Spectroscopy revealed that the synthesized CNT arrays represent a complex nanocomposite, C–Fe3C–Fe5C2–Fe. An analysis of the temperature dependences of the specific magnetization σ=f(T) obtained by ponderomotive method demonstrates that, in the temperature range 78 K≤T≤1060 K, the magnetic properties of CNTs are governed by the properties of iron carbides (in the form of Fe3C and Fe5C2) and iron. The inference made from the Mössbauer spectroscopic data that a certain number of filler particles in CNTs are in the superparamagnetic state is also of particular importance.

50

CONTRIBUTIONS

DIRECT LASER INTERFERENCE PATTERNING. THEORY AND APPLICATION.

Y. Zabila1, M. Perzanowski1,2, A. Dobrowolska1, M. Kąc1, A. Polit1, and M. Marszałek1

1The H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences,Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland

2AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland e-mail: Yevhen.Zabila@ifj.edu.pl

Recently it has been demonstrated [1-5] that interferometric lithography is a rapid and

economical way to fabricate nanostructures with periods of a few hundreds nanometers. This paper presents the calculations of laser light intensity coming from interference of 2, 3

and 4 coherent light beams which will be used for direct laser interference patterning. We have calculated the influence of the optical system geometry on periodicity, linearity

and contrast of interference images. These calculations allow us to choose the optimal configuration demanded for carrying out the laser patterning. The position inaccuracy of optical elements generates the perturbation of light interference intensity and this effect was also investigated.

In fig. 1 the results of calculations for interference images created using 2, 3 and 4 laser beams are presented. It is seen that in the simplest case of 2 interference beams the transition between maxima and minima intensity is not sharp and the optical contrast is weak. The increase of number of laser beams results in the greater variety of nanostructures and in the contrast improvement.

The experimental setup for direct laser patterning was designed and mounted on the optical table. It consists of laser beam splitters, mirrors and lenses, and it can be configured for number of laser beams not greater than 4. The preliminary experimental results of direct laser patterning will be also shown.

Fig. 1. Simulated images resulting from an interference of 2 (a), 3 (b, c) and 4 (d, e, f) laser beams (700 nm wavelength). [1] N. I. Polushkin, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 81, 5478 (1997) [2] M. Zheng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2606 (2001) [3] L. Gao, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7311 (2002) [4] N. I. Polushkin, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 92, 2779 (2002) [5] N. I. Polushkin, et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 258–259, 29 (2003)

51

CONTRIBUTIONS

SHORT RANGE ORDER IN POLYMERS WITHIN NEUTRONS’ EYESHOT

W. Zając

The H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland

Although most often macroscopically amorphous, polymers are by and large far from random ensembles of their building units. Understanding short range ordering phenomena in these materials is of fundamental importance to polymer science and technology. They can influence miscibility, control phase separation in metastable glassy states or affect properties of novel polymer composites. A variety of neutron scattering techniques can be used to probe the structure of polymers over a wide range of correlation distances. This review is focused on a few less common issues with special emphasis on the opportunities offered by wide angle scattering of polarized neutrons with polarization analysis or small angle scattering on bulk samples. A combination of both will be used to understand a most unexpected influence of neutralizing counterion on properties of sulphonated polystyrene. An example will be shown of how WANS can turn short range order in an elastomer into a residual stress gauge in a polymer-ceramic composite. The review will conclude with a story of how extremely demanding small angle scattering under zero contrast conditions can reveal self-organization of polymer zwitterions.

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List of participants

Ablett James Upton james.ablett@synchrotron-soleil.fr Albrecht Manfred Chemnitz Manfred.Albrecht@physik.tu-

chemnitz.de Bacior Baszak

Magdalena Jarosław

Kraków Warszawa/Hamamatsu

Magdalena.Bacior@uj.edu.pl jbaszak@hamamatsu.de

Bielecki Jakub Kraków Jakub.Bielecki@ifj.edu.pl Božičević Iva Zagreb ibozicev@irb.hr Bożek Sebastian Kraków sbozek@farmacja.cm-uj.krakow.pl Brancewicz Ewa Białystok ewabran@uwb.edu.pl Budkowski Andrzej Kraków ufbudkow@cyf-kr.edu.pl Cheshko Iryna Bratislava cheshko.iryna@gmail.com Cieplak Marek Warszawa mc@ifpan.edu.pl de Odrowąż Piramowicz

Marzena Kraków marzenapir@gmail.com

Dobrowolska Agnieszka Kraków Agnieszka.Dobrowolska@ifj.edu.pl Domka Ludwik Poznań Domkal@amu.edu.pl Dumas Paul Gif-sur-

Yvette Paul.Dumas@synchrotron-soleil.fr

Dziedzic-Kocurek

Katarzyna Kraków dziedzic@netmail.if.uj.edu.pl

Erbe Artur Konstanz Artur.Erbe@uni-konstanz.de Fiedorowicz Henryk Warszawa hfiedorowicz@wat.edu.pl Fink Rainer Erlangen fink@chemie.uni-erlangen.de Gałązka-Friedman

Jolanta Warszawa jgfrie@if.pw.edu.pl

Gałązka Mirosław Kraków Miroslaw.Galazka@ifj.edu.pl Grime Geoffrey Guildford g.grime@surrey.ac.uk Hahn Horst Karlsruhe Horst.Hahn@int.fzk.de Hrapau Dzmitry Mińsk dimacool@tut.by Huetten Andreas Bielefeld huetten@physik.uni-bielefeld.de Jones Keith Upton kwj@bnl.gov Kapusta Czesław Kraków kapusta@agh.edu.pl Kawaguchi Kenji Tsukuba k-kawaguchi@aist.go.jp Kąc Małgorzata Kraków Malgorzata.Kac@ifj.edu.pl Klymenko Olesya Kraków Olesya.Klymenko@ifj.edu.pl Kowalska Joanna Kraków Joanna.Kowalska@ifj.edu.pl Kozak Maciej Poznań mkozak@amu.edu.pl Krupiński Michał Kraków krupinski.krupinski@gmail.com Krzysztoń Danuta Kraków Danuta.Krzyszton@ifj.edu.pl Kuczumow Andrzej Lublin kuczon@kul.lublin.pl Kwiatek Wojciech Kraków Wojciech.Kwiatek@ifj.edu.pl Leja Anna Kraków annaleja.poczta.onet.pl

Lekka Małgorzata Kraków Malgorzata.Lekka@ifj.edu.pl Lekki Janusz Kraków Janusz.Lekki@ifj.edu.pl Makarewicz Magdalena Kraków Magdalena.Makarewicz@ifj.edu.pl Marcelli Augusto Frascati Augusto.Marcelli@lnf.infn.it Marciniak Agata Toruń marciniak.agata@wp.pl Marszałek Marta Kraków Marta.Marszalek@ifj.edu.pl Miszczak Dorota Kraków z5miszcz@cyf-kr.edu.pl Nahajowski Damian Kraków z5nahajo@cyf-kr.edu.pl Nass Karol Kraków karol_nass@wp.pl Niewiara Małgorzata Kraków Malgorzata.Niewiara@ifj.edu.pl Pallon Jan Lund Jan.Pallon@pixe.lth.se Pełka Jerzy Warszawa pelkay@ifpan.edu.pl Petibois Cyril Bordeaux Cyril.Petibois@u-bordeaux2.fr Podgórczyk Magdalena Kraków Magdalena.Podgorczyk@ifj.edu.pl Polit Aleksander Kraków Aleksander.Polit@ifj.edu.pl Radzik Anna Kraków aniaradzia@poczta.onet.pl Rothermel Martin Leipzig rothermel@physik.uni-leipzig.de Schatz Günter Konstanz Gunter.Schatz@uni-konstanz.de Schmidt Anja Erlangen Schneider Krystyna Kraków kryschna@agh.edu.pl Schubert Christian Chemnitz chriss@hrz.tu-chemnitz.de Stachura Zbigniew Kraków Zbigniew.Stachura@ifj.edu.pl Stos Zofia Guildford Synashenko Oksana Kraków Oksana.Synashenko@ifj.edu.pl Szlachta Karol Warszawa szlachta@list.pl Śladowska Anna Kraków z5sladow@cyf-kr.edu.pl Targosz-Korecka Marta Kraków Marta.Targosz-Korecka@uj.edu.pl Torok Szabina Budapest sztorok@sunserv.kfki.hu Trzupek Dominik Kraków Dominik.Trzupek@ifj.edu.pl Twaróg Dariusz Kraków Dariusz.Twarog@ifj.edu.pl Verleger Simon Konstanz Simon.Verleger@uni-konstanz.de Waligórski Michał Kraków z5waligo@cyf-kr.edu.pl Zabila Yevhen Kraków YevhenZabila@ifj.edu.pl Zając Wojciech Kraków Wojciech.Zajac@ifj.edu.pl Zamboni Mićanović

Ivana Zagreb izamboni@irb.hr

Zieliński Piotr Kraków Piotr.Zielinski@ifj.edu.pl