XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS · XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS...

7

C/C++ & Databases

Mohsin Ahmed Khan Ghori

(Lecturer)

Pakistan Shipowners Govt. College

XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS

XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS C/C++:Language Databases

[MOHSIN AHMED KHAN GHORI: Lecturer], Pakistan ShipOwners’ Govt. College www.Pak-ShipOwnersGC.Com Page 2

Preface

We take refugee to ALLAH from the saitan the repelled. In the name of ALLAH the MOST BENEFICIENT

and the MOST MERCIFUL. Let me say about this book, actually I was trying for very long period to

write a book in English and Urdu (i.e single book with English and Urdu.). I have had various topics like

in my mind to write a book e.g. MS-Word/MS-Excell/Power Point/Access, Programming language, Guide

for intermediate students. As I hadn’t have any experience of writing any book. So , I spent lots of time,

once I started I just went into the depth of each and every topic in this way I failed several time to

conclude the topic, as knowledge has no limit. My major problem was composing I wasn’t only behind the

concept I was composing(typing) the text to the book my-self in English and Urdu, so typing was also

wasting my enormous amount of time specially in Urdu typing. Finally, I cope up with the solution that I

must not go into the depth of topic and suspend my Urdu Chapter to limited time, with this idea I alhamdo

LILLAH succeed in writting, this book as resultant of my solution. I am hopeful that this book will be

helpful not only for the intermediate(second year) students but will also be helpful to the beginners of

Computer Science and Information Technology field.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The basic idea for creating this Practical book was taken from my friend’s

(Prof. Syed Imran Ali )Practical Book, he introduced this sort of book in his university for the ease of his

students. So, I am following this concept for my students. I am thankful to Mr. Asher Saeed Alam, Mr. Ali

Akber for their support for reviewing this book as an English and Urdu experts. I am also thankful to

Mr.Asif Ali Sanghi and Mr.Shahzada Waseem Shahid for providing me moral support for writing the

book. I am grateful to all those people whom directly or in-directly supported me during the period of

writing this book may ALLAH provide all of us the righteous way and show HIS blessing upon all of us

(ameen).



Contents

Flow chart

Algorithm / Pseudo code, installation of C/C++,

Structure of C/C++,

Essential Elements of C/C++,

I/O Statements

Control Structure in C/C++,

Comments in C/C++,

first program in C/C++,

C/C++ data types,

Escape Sequences

Format specifiers,

Arithmetic Operator,

Relational Operators,

Logical Operators,

Bitwise Operators,

Loops,

Practicals (1-20) with output.



FLOW CHART FIGURES, THEIR NAME AND PURPOSE

SNO. SHAPES NAME PURPOSE

1 OVAL START / STOP

2 PARALLELOGRAM DISPLAY/PRINT

3 RECTANGLE PROCESS/CALCULATE

4 DIAMOND DECISION/CONTROL

5 CIRCLE LINE CONNECTOR

6 PENTANGULAR PAGE CONNECTOR

7 ARROW FLOW DIRECTION



ALGORITHMIC/PSEUDOCODIC NOTATIONS

C-Language Program Statement Algorithmic /Pseudocode Notations

{ // Begin of main body:

printf(); puts(); putch(); cout() ; etc.

scanf();getch();getche();getchar(); gets(); etc.

sum= total + 5;

if ( sum = 536 && percentage >= 33)

{

printf(“Pass”); getch();

}

Else

{

printf(“Fail”); getch();

}

for( variable =1; variable



Structure of C/C++

Element1 Preprocessor Directive #include

#include

Element2 Public/Global variable/functions

declaration.

void hilal(void);

int Ali(void);

void kashif_1(char,int);

char Husain_Gul(int,char);

Element3 Main function void main(void) / char main(int)

Element4 Body of main function {

clrscr();

printf(“Body of main function”);

getch();

}

Element5 Definition of Element2 declared

functions

void shipowners(void)

{ clrscr();}

int psgc(void)

{return 957;}

void kashif_1(char c,int i)

{printf(“C= %c, i= %d”,c,i);}

char Husain_Gul(int ii,char cc)

{printf(“C= %c, i= %d”,c,i);

return ‘t’;}

Essential elements in Structure of C/C++

Element1 Preprocessor Directive #inlcude

#include

Element3 Main function void main(void) / char main(int)

main() / int main(char)

Element4 Body of main function {

clrscr();

printf(“Body of main function”);

getch();

}



Three Control Structure in C

Sequential

Control

Top-Down approach

Statements are executed in

sequence. Top given statement is

executed first then next given

statements then next given

statement then so on till last

statement.

Decision/Selection

Control

If , else if, else

Switch/case

Iteration/

Repetitive Control

Loops

1 For loop

2 While loop

3 Do-While loop

How to comment in C/C++

Two(02) ways/methods to comment in C/C++

1.First Method double slash ( // comment ):

// comments single comment/ remarks/ descriptions

2. Second Method Slash Staric ( /* comment */ ):

/*

************************************************

Comments single and more than single line comments/remarks

***********************************************

*/



/***( enter date here) **********************************

This program is for learning C/C++ programming from scratch/zero.

Enter your Task/Practical Object here: Following program(Code) is for displaying/printing Welcome

message on screen.

***************************************************/

#include

void main(void)

{

printf(“Assalam Alykum from Pakistan Shipowners Govt. College”);

}// eof program.

/***( 31-12-2017) ************************************

Task2: This program is for printing/display welcome message with the use of format specifier %s.

***************************************************/

#include

void main(void)

{

printf(“%s”,Assalam Alykum from Pakistan Shipowners Govt. College”);

}

// eof program.



I/O Statements

Statements that are used for reading/inputing data/information from input devices (keyboard, mouse,

scanner etc.) are called input statements

e.g. scanf(), getch(), getche(), getchar(), gets() etc.

Statements that are used for printing/displaying/writing data/information on output devices

(Screen/Printer/Projector etc) are called Output statements

e.g. printf(), putch(), puts() etc



Data Types:

Following are the data types(Variables) used in c/c++ language with their size/sign qualifiers, format

specifiers, ranges and size.

Data Type Size

qualifier

Sign

qualifier

Denoted

by

Format

Specifier

Range Size

in

bytes

Size

in

Bits

Character n/a signed char %c [0 to 255] 1 8

n/a unsigned unsigned

char

%c [-128 to 127] 1 8

Integer(Whole

Number)

short signed short %d [-128 to 127] 1 8

short unsigned unsigned

short

%u [0 to 255] 1 8

n/a signed int %d [-32768] to

[32767]

2 16

n/a unsigned unsigned

int

%u [0 to 65535] 2 16

long signed long int %ld [-2147483648

to

2147483647]

4 32

long unsigned unsigned

long int

%lu [0 to

4294967295]

4 32

Float n/a signed float %f [3.4x10e-38

to

3.4x10e+38

4 32

Double Float double signed double %lf [1.7x10e-308

to

1.7x10e+308]

8 64

Long Double long signed long

double

%Lf 3.4x10e-4932

to

3.4x10e+4932

10 80

Character Data Type:

Character is an English alphabet, it occupies one(01) byte, with range mentioned above

It is denoted by the keyword/reserve word char. Format specifier %c is used to represent character

Explicit declaration of signed char is required whereas unsigned qualifier implicitly added to it when not

declared as signed.



Character data type: char is the keyword used in C-Programming language to define variables of

character data type. Char data type can store a single alphabet or digit or special characters like (*,$,;.’)

etc. the size of char data type is 1byte.

Integer Data Type:

Integers are whole numbers, it occupies two(02) bytes, with range mentioned above

It is denoted by the keyword/reserve word int. Format specifier %d, %u, %ld, %lu are used to represent

integer numbers.

Explicit declaration of sign qualifier unsigned int is required for declaration of unsigned integers,

whereas no need for specify signed qualifier as it is implicitly added to it.

Two more integer data types that are available in C/C++ are short and long.

For declaring short and long integers size qualifier short/long must be declared before integer i.e.

short int shortNum;

long int longNum;

or

Only short/long can also be used to declare data types of short and long integers respectively

short shortNum,

long longNum;

Same format specifier %d %u is used for signed and unsigned short. But for long %ld and %lu is used to

mention signed and unsigned long.

Float Data Type:

Float are real numbers, it occupies four(04) bytes, with range mentioned above.

It is denoted by the keyword/reserve word float. Format specifier %f is used to represent float.

No declaration of unsigned/signed is required for float point number, because they are always treated as

signed numbers. The calculation made on float data type is comparatively slower as compare to integer

data type.



Double (double float) Data Type:

Double are real numbers same like float with larger capacity and precision, that’s why they are also

called double float, it occupies Eight(08) bytes, which is double in size of float, with range mentioned

above.

It is denoted by the keyword/reserve word double. Format specifier %lf is used to represent double

numbers.

No declaration of unsigned/signed is required for double number, because they are always treated as

signed numbers.

Long double (long double float) Data Type:

Long Double are real numbers same like float,double float with larger capacity and precision, that’s why

they are called long double, it occupies ten(10) bytes, which is two more bytes as compare to the size of

double, its range mentioned above.

It is denoted by the keyword/reserve word long double. Format specifier %Ld is used to represent

double numbers.

No declaration of unsigned/signed is required for long double number, because they are always treated

as signed numbers.



Escape Sequences

Some English alphabets and punctuating character, which are used with back-slash( \ )within the output

statements of C/C++ language, are called Escape Sequences, these Escape Squences have special

purpose, whose description is given below in the table.

Escape

Sequence

Purpose Example Output

\n It is used

for new line

Printf(“ My name is Ali \n and my

college is ShipOwners College”)

My name is Ali

And my college is ShipOwners

College

\t 8-spaces

vertical gap

Printf(“ My name is \t Wali”)

My name is Wali

\b One Space

Back

Printf(“ My name it\bs Mohsin”) My name is Mohsin

\r Start of

Current line

Printf(“My name is\r and my college

name is ShipOwers College”)

and my college name is

ShipOwners College

\a Produce

Beep/Sound

Printf(“ Enter your name ? \a”) Enter your name ?

\v Vertical tab Printf(“Enter \v name ? “); Enter name?

\f Next line Printf(“ your name is \f Mohsin”); Your name is

Mohsin

\” Prints

double

Quotation

Printf(“\”S\”hipOwners College”) “S”hipOwners College

\\ Prints back

slash

Printf(“\\ Mohsin \\”) \Mohsin\

\xdd Prints

Hexa-

decimal

ASCII

value

Keywords



The following list shows the reserved words in C. These reserved words may not be used as constants or

variables or any other identifier names.

auto else long switch

break enum register typedef

case extern return union

char float short unsigned

const for signed void

continue goto sizeof volatile

default if static while

do int struct _Packed

double

Assignment operator (=)

The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.

x = 5;

This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable x. The assignment operation always takes place

from right to left, and never the other way around:

x = y;

This statement assigns to variable x the value contained in variable y. The value of x at the moment this

statement is executed is lost and replaced by the value of y.



Assignment operations are expressions that can be evaluated. That means that the assignment itself has a

value, and -for fundamental types- this value is the one assigned in the operation. For example:

y = 2 + (x = 5);

In this expression, y is assigned the result of adding 2 and the value of another assignment expression

(which has itself a value of 5). It is roughly equivalent to:

x = 5;

y = 2 + x;

With the final result of assigning 7 to y.

The following expression is also valid in C++:

x = y = z = 5;

It assigns 5 to the all three variables: x, y and z; always from right-to-left.

Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, % )

Five (05) arithmetical operations

supported in C and C++ are given below

Description

+ addition

- subtraction

* multiplication

/ division

% modulus

Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division correspond literally to their respective

mathematical operators. The last one, modulo operator, represented by a percentage sign (%), gives the

remainder of a division of two values. For example:

x = 17 % 5;

results in variable x containing the value 2, since dividing 17 by 5 results in 3, with a remainder of 2.



Compound assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=,



In Example 1, the value assigned to y is the value of x after being increased. While in Example 2,

it is the value x had before being increased.

Relational and comparison operators ( ==, !=, >, =, Greater than

= Greater than or equal to

Here there are some examples:

1

2

3

4

5

(7 == 5) // evaluates to false

(5 > 4) // evaluates to true

(3 != 2) // evaluates to true

(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true

(5 < 5) // evaluates to false

Of course, it's not just numeric constants that can be compared, but just any value, including, of

course, variables. Suppose that a=2, b=3 and c=6, then:

1

2

3

4

(a == 5) // evaluates to false, since a is not equal to 5

(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true, since (2*3 >= 6) is true

(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false, since (3+4 > 2*6) is false

((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true

Be careful! The assignment operator (operator =, with one equal sign) is not the same as the

equality comparison operator (operator ==, with two equal signs); the first one (=) assigns the

value on the right-hand to the variable on its left, while the other (==) compares whether the

values on both sides of the operator are equal. Therefore, in the last expression ((b=2) == a),

we first assigned the value 2 to b and then we compared it to a (that also stores the value 2),



yielding true.

Logical operators ( !, &&, || )

The operator ! is the C++ operator for the Boolean operation NOT. It has only one operand, to

its right, and inverts it, producing false if its operand is true, and true if its operand is false.

Basically, it returns the opposite Boolean value of evaluating its operand. For example:

1

2

3

4

!(5 == 5) // evaluates to false because the expression at its right (5 == 5) is true

!(6 6) ) // evaluates to true ( true || false )



When using the logical operators, C++ only evaluates what is necessary from left to right to

come up with the combined relational result, ignoring the rest. Therefore, in the last example

((5==5)||(3>6)), C++ evaluates first whether 5==5 is true, and if so, it never checks

whether 3>6 is true or not. This is known as short-circuit evaluation, and works like this for

these operators:

Operator Short-circuit

&& if the left-hand side expression is false, the combined result is false (the right-hand

side expression is never evaluated).

|| if the left-hand side expression is true, the combined result is true (the right-hand side

expression is never evaluated).

This is mostly important when the right-hand expression has side effects, such as altering values:

if ( (i



a = (b=3, b+2);

would first assign the value 3 to b, and then assign b+2 to variable a. So, at the end,

variable a would contain the value 5 while variable b would contain value 3.

Bitwise operators ( &, |, ^, ~, )

Bitwise operators modify variables considering the bit patterns that represent the values they

store.

Operator Equivalent Description

& AND Bitwise AND

| OR Bitwise inclusive OR

^ XOR Bitwise exclusive OR

~ NOT Unary complement (bit inversion)

> SHR Shift bits right

Explicit type casting operator

Type casting operators allow to convert a value of a given type to another type. There are

several ways to do this in C++. The simplest one, which has been inherited from the C language,

is to precede the expression to be converted by the new type enclosed between parentheses (()):

1

2

3

int i;

float f = 3.14;

i = (int) f;



The previous code converts the floating-point number 3.14 to an integer value (3); the remainder

is lost. Here, the typecasting operator was (int). Another way to do the same thing in C++ is to

use the functional notation preceding the expression to be converted by the type and enclosing

the expression between parentheses:

i = int (f);

Both ways of casting types are valid in C++.

sizeof

This operator accepts one parameter, which can be either a type or a variable, and returns the

size in bytes of that type or object:

x = sizeof (char);

Here, x is assigned the value 1, because char is a type with a size of one byte.

The value returned by sizeof is a compile-time constant, so it is always determined before

program execution.

Other operators

Later in these tutorials, we will see a few more operators, like the ones referring to pointers or

the specifics for object-oriented programming.

Precedence of operators (BODMAS / PEMDAS)

A single expression may have multiple operators. For example:



x = 5 + 7 % 2;

In C++, the above expression always assigns 6 to variable x, because the % operator has a

higher precedence than the + operator, and is always evaluated before. Parts of the expressions

can be enclosed in parenthesis to override this precedence order, or to make explicitly clear the

intended effect. Notice the difference:

1

2

x = 5 + (7 % 2); // x = 6 (same as without parenthesis)

x = (5 + 7) % 2; // x = 0

From greatest to smallest priority, C++ operators are evaluated in the following order:

Level Precedence group Operator Description Grouping

1 Scope :: scope qualifier Left-to-right

2 Postfix (unary)

++ -- postfix increment / decrement

Left-to-right

( ) functional forms

[ ] subscript

. -> member access

3 Prefix (unary) ++ -- prefix increment / decrement Right-to-left



~ ! bitwise NOT / logical NOT

+ - unary prefix

& * reference / dereference

new delete allocation / deallocation

sizeof parameter pack

(type) C-style type-casting

4 Pointer-to-member .* ->* access pointer Left-to-right

5 Arithmetic: scaling * / % multiply, divide, modulo Left-to-right

6 Arithmetic:

addition

+ - addition, subtraction Left-to-right

7 Bitwise shift > shift left, shift right Left-to-right

8 Relational < > = comparison operators Left-to-right

9 Equality == != equality / inequality Left-to-right

10 And & bitwise AND Left-to-right

11 Exclusive or ^ bitwise XOR Left-to-right

12 Inclusive or | bitwise OR Left-to-right

13 Conjunction && logical AND Left-to-right

14 Disjunction || logical OR Left-to-right

15 Assignment-level

expressions

= *= /= %= += -=

>>=



which one is evaluated first: either left-to-right or right-to-left.

Enclosing all sub-statements in parentheses (even those unnecessary because of their

precedence) improves code readability.

Loops

Three types of loops in c/c++

1-For-loop 2-While-loop 3-Do while loop

(Must Run atleast 1 time)

For(initial value;condition(s);

step up/down)

While(condition(s))

{

Statement(s);

}

Do

{

Statement(s);

} while(condtion(s));

for( a=1;a



} } while(a



3. Find the factorial of an inputted number.

4. Write a program that finds out the greatest number among three input numbers.

5. Write a program which uses arithmetic operators to calculate the area of triangle and volume of sphere .

6. Write a program ,that convert upper case letter to lower case letter and vise versa (using function ) .

7. Write a program to draw a check-board using if-else statement and nested for loops.

8. Write a program that generate characters corresponding to ASCII codes from 32 to 127 (using any loop).

9. Write a program that reads and prints the data using escape sequence (asking the name, age ,height and gender of student using scanf() and printf() statements).

10. Write a program that input a number and then check it whether it is prime or not . 11. Write a program which print a text of four lines consisting of characters, integers

value and floating point value using printf() statement and escape sequences.

12. Write a program ,which uses Switch and break statement . 13. Write a program using nested for loop to print the following output . *

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

14. Write a program that input any two number and then pass these numbers as arguments a function sum1 and then print their sum.

15. Write a program to calculate a pay roll of employees .Read the Basic pay from key board .Calculate medical allowance as 25% of basic pay , conveyance allowance as

20% and house rent 45 % of basic pay and deduction of GP fund 7% of basic pay .

Calculate gross pay and net pay .



/* ************************************************************************

Object: Write a program that input a year and then check whether its leap year or Not

*************************************************************************/

#include

#include

int givenYear; // variable declaration.

void main(void) // main function.

{ // start of-(sof) body of main function.

clrscr();

// below code is for showing heading of the output

printf("\n\t\t______________________________");

printf("\n\t\tThis is sample Practical No.01");

printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter any year to check wether it's LEAP year or NOT? ");

scanf("%d",&givenYear);

if(givenYear%4==0)

{printf("\n\t Given year %d is LEAP year",givenYear);}

else

{printf("\n\t Given year %d ISN'T leap year",givenYear);}

getch(); // pause screen till any button is pressed.

} // end of-(eof) body of main function.

/************************** OUTPUT ***************************************

_______________________________



This is sample Practical No.01;

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter any year to check wether it's LEAP year or NOT? 1999

Given year 1999 ISN'T leap year

**************************************************************************

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL02:Write a program that read marks of 5 subjects, calculate the

total marks, percentage & state whether candidate is Pass or Fail.*****/

#include

#include

int marks[5],total,counter;

float percentage;

// varible declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

total=0;percentage=1.0;

for(counter=0;counter



percentage=total*100.0/500;

for(counter=0;counter



**************************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL03: Write program to generate the table of any inputted

number *****/

#include

#include

int inputtedNumber,multiple; // variables declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter any number to generate it's table? ");

scanf("%d",&inputtedNumber);

// for-loop to generate table till 12.

for(multiple=1;multiple



5 * 5 = 25

5 * 6 = 30

5 * 7 = 35

5 * 8 = 40

5 * 9 = 45

5 * 10 = 50

5 * 11 = 55

5 * 12 = 60

**************************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL04: Write a program that finds the factorial of an inputted

number.*****/

#include

#include

int inputtedNumber,factorial;

// variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter number to find it's factorial ? ");

scanf("%d",&inputtedNumber);

printf("\n\t Factorial of [%d]",inputtedNumber);

factorial=1.0;

for(inputtedNumber=inputtedNumber;inputtedNumber>=1;inputtedNumber--)

{factorial*=inputtedNumber;}

printf(" is [%d]",factorial);





/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________

This is sample Practical No.04

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter number to find it's factorial ? 6

Factorial of [6] is [720]

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL05:Write a program that finds out the greatest number among

three inputted numbers.*****/

#include

#include

int number1,number2,number3; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter Number1 ? ");

scanf("%d",&number1);





if(number1>number2)

{ // body of outer-most if statement.

if(number1>number3)

{ // body of inner if statement.

printf("\n\t\t number1=[%d] is GREATEST among all three inputted Numbers",number1);

}

else

{ // else of inner if.


}



}

else if(number2>=number3)

{ // else-if of outer-most if statement.


}

else

{ // else of outer-most if statement.


}



/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter number1 ? 6

Enter number2 ? 7

Enter number3 ? 5

number2=[7] is GREATEST among all three inputted Numbers

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL06:Write a program which uses arithmetic operators to calculate

the area of triangle and volume of sphere.

area of a triangle=(1/2)Base x Height

volume of sphere=(4/3 x pi x radius x radius x radius) *****/

#include

#include

#include

#define pi 3.14

float areaOfTriangle,volumeOfSphere; // variable declaration.

int radius,base,height;



clrscr();




printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter Base of a triangle? ");

scanf("%d",&base);

printf("\n\t Enter Height of a triangle? ");

scanf("%d",&height);

areaOfTriangle=(1.0/2.0*base*height);

printf("\n\t Enter radius of an sphere? ");

scanf("%d",&radius);

volumeOfSphere= 4.0/3*pi*pow(radius,3);

printf("\n\t Area of Triangle[base=%d height=%d] is %.2f",base,height,areaOfTriangle);

printf("\n\t Volume of Sphere[radius=%d] is %.2f",radius,volumeOfSphere);



/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter Breath of a triangle? 4

Enter Height of a triangle? 6

Enter radius of an sphere? 3

Area of Triangle[base=6 height=4] is 12.00

Volume of Sphere[radius=3] is 113.04

***********************************************************************/



/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL07:write a program to draw a check-board using if-else statement

and Nested for loops. *****/

#include

#include

int rowCounter,columnCounter; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\n"); // printf two line gap on screen.

for(rowCounter=1;rowCounter



█ █ █ █

█ █ █ █

█ █ █ █

█ █ █ █

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL08:Write a program that generate characters corresponding to

ASCII codes from 32 to 127 (using any loop). *****/

#include

#include

int asciiCode; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

for(asciiCode=32;asciiCode



/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL09:Write a program that reads and prints the data using escape

sequence (asking the name, age ,height and gender of student using scanf() and printf()

statements) *****/

#include

#include

char name[20],gender[10]; // variable declaration.

unsigned int age;

float height;



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter Student name? ");

scanf("%s",name);

printf("\n\t Enter Student age? ");

scanf("%u",&age);

printf("\n\t Enter height (5.4/6.0 etc)? ");

scanf("%f",&height);

printf("\n\t Enter Student gender(male/female)? ");

scanf("%s",gender);

printf("\n\t Name of Student is %s",name);

printf("\n\t Age of Student is %u",name);

printf("\n\t Height of Student is %f",name);

printf("\n\t Gender of Student is %s",name);





/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter Student name? Hasan

Enter Student age? 3

Enter height (5.4/6.0 etc)? 3.25

Enter Student gender(male/female)? male

Name of Student is Hasan

Age of Student is 3

Height of Student is 3.25

Gender of Student is male

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL10:Write a program that input a number and then check it whether

it is prime or not . *****/

#include

#include

int number,divisor,flag; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter Number to check whether is PRIME OR NOT? ");

scanf("%d",&number);

flag=0;

for(divisor=number/2;divisor>=2;divisor--)



{

if(number%divisor==0) {flag=1;printf("%d absolutely divide %d",divisor,number); break;}

}

if(flag==0) printf("\n\t Given Number %d is PRIME number",number);

else

printf(",Hence given Number %d is NOT a prime number",number);



/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter Number to check wheter its PRIME OR NOT? 7

Given Number 7 is PRIME number

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL11:Write a program which print a text of four lines consisting

of characters, integers value and floating point value using printf() statement and escape

sequences. . *****/

#include

#include

char name[30],favoriteAlphabet; // variable declaration.

unsigned int age;

float height;



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

printf("\n\t Enter your name? ");

gets(name);

printf("\n\t Enter your favorite English alphabet? ");

favoriteAlphabet=getchar();



printf("\n\t Enter your age (5-100 etc)? ");

scanf("%u",&age);

printf("\n\t Enter your height (5.4/6.0 etc)? ");

scanf("%f",&height);

printf("\n\t Your Name is %s,",name);

printf("\n\t you like English alphabet %c,",favoriteAlphabet);

printf("\n\t you are %u years old,",age);

printf("\n\t and %.2f feet tall.",height);



/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter your name? Muhammad Omar Khan Ghori

Enter your favorite English alphabet? M

Enter your age (3-100 etc)? 3

Enter your height (5.4/6.0 etc)? 3.25

Your Name is Muhammad Omar Khan Ghori,

you like English alphabet M,

you are 3 years old,

and 3.25 feet tall.

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL12:Write a program ,which uses Switch and break statement

.*****/

#include

#include

int rowCounter,columnCounter,result; // variable declaration.



clrscr();




printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");





/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL13:Write a program using nested for loop to print the following

output

*

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

**********************************************/

#include

#include

int rowCounter,columnCounter; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");





/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL14:Write a program that input any two number and then pass

these

numbers as arguments to function sum1 and then print their sum.

****************************************************************/

#include

#include

void sum1(int,int); // function sum1 declaration.

int number1,number2; // variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");






sum1(number1,number2); // calling sum1 function & passing number1 & number2 to it.



// below is the definition of function sum1.

void sum1(int digit1,int digit2)

{ // start of sum1 function body.

printf("\n\t Sum of %d + %d = %d",digit1,digit2,(digit1+digit2));

return;

} // end of sum1 function body.



/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter Number1 ? 7

Enter Number2 ? 6

Sum of 7 + 6 = 13

***********************************************************************/

/* ***PSGC***|PRACTICAL15:Write a program to calculate a pay roll of employees .Read

the

Basic pay from key board .Calculate medical allowance as 25% of basic pay , conveyance

allowance as 20% and house rent 45 % of basic pay and deduction of GP fund 7% of basic

pay

. Calculate gross pay and net pay .

****************************************************************/

#include

#include

float percentageCalculator(float,int); // function sum1 declaration.

float basicPay,medicalAllowance,conveyanceAllowance,houseRent,gpFund,grossPay,netPay;

// variable declaration.



clrscr();


printf("\n\t\t______________________________");


printf("\n\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");




printf("\n\t Enter Basic Pay ? ");

scanf("%f",&basicPay);

// calling percentageCalculator function & passing values to it.

medicalAllowance=percentageCalculator(basicPay,25);

conveyanceAllowance=percentageCalculator(basicPay,20);

houseRent=percentageCalculator(basicPay,45);

gpFund=percentageCalculator(basicPay,7);

grossPay=basicPay+medicalAllowance+conveyanceAllowance+houseRent;

netPay=grossPay-gpFund;

printf("\n\t BASIC PAY= %.2f",basicPay);

printf("\n\t MEDICAL ALLOWANCE= %.2f",medicalAllowance);

printf("\n\t ConveyanceALLoWANCE= %.2f",conveyanceAllowance);

printf("\n\t House Rent= %.2f",houseRent);

printf("\n\t Gross PAY= %.2f",grossPay);

printf("\n\t Deduction of GPFund= %.2f",gpFund);

printf("\n\t NET PAY= %.2f",netPay);



// below is the definition of percentageCalculator function.

float percentageCalculator(float amount,int percent)

{ // start of function body.

return (amount*percent/100.0);

} // end of function body.

/************************ OUTPUT *************************************

_______________________________


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Enter Basic Pay ? 1000

BASIC PAY= 1000.00

MEDICAL ALLOWANCE= 250.00



ConveyanceALLoWANCE= 200.00

House Rent= 450.00

Gross PAY= 1900.00

Deduction of GPFund= 70.00

NET PAY= 1830.00

***********************************************************************/

ALGORITHMS https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-algorithm-in-programming-definition-examples-

analysis.html

https://www.edrawsoft.com/explain-algorithm-flowchart.php

Definition of Algorithm

To WRITE a logical step-by-step method to solve the problem is called algorithm, in other

words, an algorithm is a procedure FOR solving problems. In order to solve a mathematical or

computer problem, this is the first step of the procedure. An algorithm includes calculations,

reasoning & data processing. Algorithms can be presented by natural languages, pseudo code

and flowcharts, etc.

Definition of Flowchart



A flowchart is the graphical or pictorial representation of an algorithm with the help of different

symbols, shapes and arrows in order to demonstrate a process or a program. With algorithms,

we can easily understand a program. The main purpose of a flowchart is to analyze different

processes. Several standard graphics are applied in a flowchart:

ALGORITHM-01(Create a simple Form to display Bio-data using label & textbox ,which

includes

IdentIFication No.,Name ,Father name,Address & Qualification etc)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE name,fatherName,address,qualIFication as TEXT

Step3: WRITE "Enter name? "

Step4: READ name

Step5: WRITE "Enter Father name? "

Step6: READ fatherName

Step7: WRITE "Enter Address? "

Step8: READ address

Step9: WRITE "Enter qualification? "

Step10: READ qualification

Step11: WRITE "Your Entered Name is ",name

Step12: WRITE "Your Entered Father Name is ",fatherName

Step13: WRITE "Your Entered Address is ",address

Step14: WRITE "Your Enter Qualification is ",qualification

Step15: END

ALGORITHM-02(Create a simple Form to add and multiply three numbers. Display the result

separately using Labels, Textboxes and Buttons)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE number1,number2,number3,result as INTEGER

Step3: WRITE "Enter number1? "

Step4: READ number1


Step6: READ number2


Step8: READ number3

Step9: SET result=(number1+number2+number3)

Step10: WRITE "The Result of addition of ",number1,"+",number2,"+",number3,"=",result

Step11: SET result=(number1*number2*number3)



Step12: WRITE "The Result of Multiplication of

",number1,"+",number2,"+",number3,"=",result

Step13: END

ALGORITHM-03(Create simple FORm to perform arithmetic operation using Labels and

Textboxes, each

operation should be performed by the buttons in the single Form.)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE number1,number2,result as INTEGER

Step3: DECLARE

INTEGER:onClickAddition(INTEGER,INTEGER),

INTEGER:onClickSubraction(INTEGER,INTEGER)

INTEGER:onClickMultiplication(INTEGER,INTEGER),

INTEGER:onClickDivision(INTEGER,INTEGER)

Step4: REPEAT

Step5: IF clickedAdditionButton THEN

result=onClickAddition(number1,number2)

WRITE "Result=",result

Step6: IF clickedSubtractionButton THEN

result=onClickSubraction(number1,number2)


Step7: IF clickedMultiplicationButton THEN

result=onClickMultiplication(number1,number2)


Step8: IF clickedDivisionButton THEN

result=onClickDivision(number1,number2)


Step9: UNTIL NOT-onClickExit()

Step10: END

FUNCTION INTEGER:onClickAddition(number1,number2)

BEGIN

RETURN (number1+number2)

END_FUNCTION onClickAddition

FUNCTION INTEGER:onClickSubtraction(number1,number2)

BEGIN

RETURN (number1-number2)

END_FUNCTION onClickSubtraction



FUNCTION INTEGER:onClickMultiplication(number1,number2)

BEGIN

RETURN (number1*number2)

END_FUNCTION onClickMultiplication

FUNCTION INTEGER:onClickAddition(number1,number2)

BEGIN

RETURN (number1/number2)

END_FUNCTION onClickAddition

ALGORITHM-04(Create a Form to generate & display numbers from 1 to 10 using do-

WHILE/FOR loop)

REM 'do-WHILE loop of VB is equivalent to REPEAT-UNTIL loop of algorithm

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE number as Integer

Step3: FOR number=1 to 10

Step4: WRITE number

Step5: NEXT number

Step6: Set number=1

Step7: REPEAT

Step8: WRITE number

Step9: UNTIL number



ALGORITHM-06(Find factorial of number by using any loop statement, READ values from

Textbox &

Write its factorial in the other Textbox)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE number,factorial as INTEGER

Step3: WRITE "Enter Number Whose Factorial is Required ? "

Step4: READ number

Step5: WRITE "Given Number ",number

Step6: SET factorial=number

Step7: FOR number=(number-1) to 2 STEP=-1

Step8: SET factorial=(factorial*number)

Step9: NEXT number

Step10: WRITE " Factorial = ",factorial

Step11: END

ALGORITHM-07(Create a function,which returns area of a circle of a given radius)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE GLOBAL PI as 3.142

Step3: DEFINE radius as INTEGER

Step4: DEFINE area as REALNUMBER

Step5: DECLARE REALNUMBER:areaOfCircle(INTEGER)

Step5: WRITE "Enter radius of Circle whose AREA is Required ? "

Step6: READ radius

Step7: SET area=areaOfCircle(radius) REM calling FUNCTION areaOfCircle(integer)

Step8: WRITE " AREA of a Circle = ",area

Step9: END

FUNCTION REALNUMBER:areaOfCircle(INTEGER rad)

BEGIN

RETURN (2*PI*rad)

END_FUNCTION areaOfCircle

ALGORITHM-08(Create a program to input users salary from a Textbox & calculate its tax

depending

upon the income & allowances,using nested if-else)

Step1: BEGIN

Step2: DEFINE basicSalary,medialAllowance,travellingAllowance,taxPayable as

REALNUMBER

Step3: WRITE "Enter Basic Salary of User ? "



Step4: READ basicSalary

Step5: SET medicalAllowance=(basicSalary*25)/100

Step6: SET travellingAllowance=(basicSalary*20)/100

Step7: SET grossSalary=basicSalary+medicalAllowance+travellingAllowance

Step8: IF grossSalary>=70000 THEN

taxPayable=(grossSalary*12)/100

ELSE IF grossSalary>=50000 and grossSalary



Step4: WRITE oddNumber

Step5: NEXT oddNumber

Step6: END

Increment and decrement (++, --)Relational and comparison operators ( ==, !=, >, =,

XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS · XII (Intermediate-2nd year) COMPUTER PRACTICALS...

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