X-ray sources for user-applications at ELI Beamlines · 1 ELI Beamlines project, Institute of...
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Date: Page:
X-ray sources for user-applications at ELI Beamlines
J. Nejdl,1,2 O. Hort,1 D. Mai,1 U. Chaulagain,1 M. Kozlová,1,2
V. E. Nefedova,1,3 K. Boháček,1,3 M. Albrecht,1,3 O. Finke,1,3 N. Nowak,1
S. Sebban, 1 J. Gautier, 1and G. Korn,1
1 ELI Beamlines project, Institute of Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
2 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
3 FNSPE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Outline
• Brief overview of the ELI Beamlines facility
• Laser driven XUV/X-ray sources
• HHG beamline
• Correlation of HHG properties with IR laser spectral
features
• Plasma X-ray source
• Betatron/inverse Compton beamline
• Laser Undulator X-ray Source/ Laser-driven FEL (A. Molodozhentsev, S24)
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Facility layout and laser drivers for X-ray sources
Laser L1 L2 L3 L4
Energy (J) 0.1 > 20 30 1200
Pulse duration (fs) < 20 20 - 30 30 120
Wavelength (nm) 850 850 820 1060
Rep. rate 1 kHz >10 Hz 10 Hz 1/min
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L1 laser system
Laser hall with ALLEGRA laser8 June 2018
Available for experiments:
September 2018 12 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHzApril 2019 30 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHzEnd 2019 110 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHz
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L3 laser system10 Hz, 1 PW (30 fs)
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Experimental halls
E1:HHG+ PXS
E2: Betatron/Compton
E5: LUX/FEL
L4 compressor
E3: Plasma & HEDPE4:ion
acceleration
E5: electron acceleration
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Laser-driven x-ray sources : several approaches
Betatron/ComptonPlasma X-ray source
6 mJ laser
(35 fs)
100 mJ laser
(20 fs)
photon energy 3 - 40 keV 3 – 80 keV
photons/(4π sr line or
1keV @10keV)> 1E7 > 1E9
Source size < 100 µm < 100 µm
pulse duration < 300 fs <300 fs
L1 driver1 kHz, 100 mJ, 20 fs
L3 driver10 Hz, 30 J, 30 fs
High-order harmonic beamline
6 mJ, 35 fs
from 2018
L1: 100 mJ, <20fs
from late 2019
Wavelength 10 -120 nm 5 -120 nm
Photons/shot 1E7 to 1E9 few 1E9 -1E12
Duration < 20 fs < 10 fs
Polarization Linear Lin./Circ./Eliptic.
Betatron Compton
photon energy 10- 100 keV 50 – 5000 keV
photons/shot > 1E8 > 1E8
Source size < 10 µm < 10 µm
pulse duration < 30 fs < 30 fs
Astrella backup1 kHz, 6 mJ, 35 fs
7+ Laser undulator X-ray source/ FEL (see A. Molodozhentsev’s talk, S24)
E1 E2/E3
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E1 experimental hall
Experimental hall E1 (June 2018 status): applications of optical, VUV and X - ray light sources, area ready for use
HHG source of VUV photons
PXS + TREX: hard X-ray diffraction + spectroscopy
SRS station: optical spectroscopy
MAC station:AMO science + coherent imaging
ELIps:VUV ellipsometry
L1 laser beam transport
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High-order harmonic (HHG) beamline in E1
GOAL: high flux ultra-short pulses of tunable coherent XUV radiation
• High energy kHz laser driver (L1: 100mJ in 20fs)
long focusing big generating volume high energy output (eff. 10-4-10-6)
and/or two color driver (50 mJ IR, ~20 mJ blue)
Focusing chamber f-number 40-1000
Interaction chamber
IR rejection+ diagnostics
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Output of HHG beamline achieved & expected
• System verified with 1 kHz, 5 mJ, 40 fs laser
• L1 laser design parameters: 1 kHz, 100 mJ, < 20 fs
10
Laser system Gas λXUV, nm Driver F#
XUV pulse
energy, J
XUV divergence,
mrad
5 mJ, 40 fsXenon ≥51
280 0.05 0.6
100 mJ, 20 fs 1430 2 0.1
5 mJ, 40 fsArgon ≥32
120 0.005 0.8
100 mJ, 20 fs 625 0.2 0.15
5 mJ, 40 fsNeon ≥13.5
87 5×10-4 0.48
100 mJ, 20 fs 444 0.02 0.09
5 mJ, 40 fsHelium ≥10
75 5×10-4 0.4
100 mJ, 20 fs 380 0.02 0.07
L1 rump-up schedule:
30 mJ- December 2018 >50 mJ - June 2019 100 mJ – February 2020
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HHG beam diagnostics
1. Wavefront sensor:
Hartmann type
Accuracy < l/5
2. Absolute off-line energy meter:
calibrated Si photodiode
3. Relative on-line energy meter:
photocurrent from filters
signal without amplification:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 10-7
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Xe, f=5000 mm, 3.5 cm, 12 mbar
time (s)
U (
V) ][,
][ , )(1 2
1
JRes
QE
C dttUR
Q
XUV
t
t
=
=
20 40 60 80 100 1200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
l (nm)
Responsiv
ity (
A/W
)
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x 10-7
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
x 10-4
time (s)
U (
V)
PV=1.9l
RMS=0.37l
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HHG beam diagnostics
1. Spectrometer: toroidal mirror and spherical VLS grating
+ variable slit (for spectral resolution vs. sensitivity)
- Spectral range: 5-120 nm (two gratings: 600 l/mm and 1200 l/mm)
Spectra with 5 mJ, 40 fs, 1 kHz laser driver (Coherent Astrella):
Ne
∆𝜆
𝜆< 10−2
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September 2018: first L1 – E1 run
• L1 laser frontend (1 mJ) compressed to 15 fs
• Test of the Beam Transport system
• HHG in Ar and Ne
• Broader harmonicshigher cutoff
13
Astrella: l=810 nm, t=40 fs, L1: l=830 nm, t=15 fs
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Efficiency control of HHG using driving laser spectral features
Correlation of IR spectral shift
and XUV Conversion efficiency
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lc=807 nm lc=804 nm lc=801 nm
HHG far-field HHG far-field HHG far-field
Efficiency control of HHG using driving laser spectral features
Ionization degree fullfilling phase-matching is critical for efficient generation
Effect on the fieldsMediumLaser
Proper intensity Proper ionization degreePhase-matching
IR spectral shift
V. E. Nefedova et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 191101 (2018)
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HHG spectral variation
Correlation of IR and XUV
spectra simultaneously
V. E. Nefedova et al., Phys. Rev. A 98 033414 (2018)
Microscopic effects (Intensity dependent phase) X Macroscopic effects (laser blueshift during propagation)Short X Long trajectory
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Plasma X-ray Source (PXS): femtosecond X-ray tube
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Table 1: X-ray source
parameters
Phase I (M0) (M1)
5 mJ laser pulse
energy
Phase II (M2)
100 mJ laser pulse
energy
User operation
milestone (UOM)
Minimum hard x-ray
photon energy3 keV 3 keV 3 keV
Photons per shot
(photons/(4π sr line) or
photons/(4π sr 1keV)
@10keV)
> 107 > 109 > 109
Source size Less than 100 µm Less than 100 µm Less than 100 µm
Hard X-ray pulse duration
(FWHM)Less than 300 fs Less than 300 fs Less than 300 fs
Collimated No No Focusing optics
4π sr emission, 3 – 30 keVline + continuous spectra100s femtosecond pulses10s μm spot size
Characteristics
Time-resolved X-ray diffractionSmall- angle X-ray scatteringX-ray Absorption SpectroscopyX-ray ImagingPulsed radiolysis
Applications
E1
Plasma X-ray Source
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Plasma X-ray source
polychromatichigh fluxsmall spot sizeOR point source
Diffractionmonochromaticlow divergence
ImagingRadiolysis
SpectroscopyPXS-BL2
PXS-BL1
10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV
HHG
LUX
PXS
Betatron
X-ray diagnostics included:
– Single photon counting spectrometer (multi-shot)
– Shot-to shot X-ray pulse energy monitor
106 photons/shot on sample
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ELI Beamlines experimental halls
E1:HHG+ PXS
E2: Betatron/Compton
E5: LUX/FEL
L4 compressor
E3: Plasma & HEDPE4:ion
acceleration
E5: electron acceleration
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Betatron / inverse Compton in E2/E3
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Characteristic Parameters of Betatron radiation
10/12/2018
Source size: 1-5 m
Critical Energy: 20 -50 keV
Number of Photons: 109 - 1010/shot
Pulse duration ~ 30 fs
Beam divergence < 20 mrad
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L4 beam
L3 b
eamExperimental hall E3Plasma Physics platform (P3)
• Betatron/Compton source (driven by 1 PW)
for plasma and WDM diagnostics
• Focusing (f# = 20) with spherical mirror
• Operational from mid 2019
Experimental hall E2
• Independent beamline
for ultrafast X-ray science, imaging etc.
• Focusing by OAP (f# = 20)
• Designed for high rep. rate (10 Hz)
• Operational from end 2019
Betatron/Compton beamline in E2/E3
23
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Radiation shielding in E2
4 hours operation at 10 Hz (e-beam 200 pC, 1 GeV) 0.1 to 1 µSv per day outside E2
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Electron dynamics in molecules. Structure of non-reproducible biological particles.
X-ray Imaging. Movies of transient effects in large specimens
Initiate and study transient processes in molecular dynamics and material sciences
Sub-ps resolution of atomic scale structural dynamics (time resolved protein crystallography)
Properties in new surfaces and interfaces, charge and spin dynamics (electronic and magnetic properties)
SRS +pumps
PXS
HHG betatron1E10 ph10 fs1 kHz
1E13 ph300 fs1 kHz
1E8 ph20 fs10 Hz
LUX 1E6 ph5 fs5 Hz
10 keV
1 keV
100 eV
10 eV
1 eV
100 keV
1 MeV
Compton
5 mrad 4πsr
20 mrad
Secondary photon sources
Photon in/photon out experiments in the THz to Hard X-ray range-fs to ms dynamics
1 mrad
We are at your disposal as a user facility!
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Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v. v. i. Na Slovance 2
182 21 Praha 8 [email protected]
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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niz
atio
npro
babili
ty
1.5 2
Intensity (1014
W/cm
Io
4 5
Intensity (1014 W/cm 2)
6 7 8 9
Intensity (1015
W/cm2)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
niz
atio
np
robabili
ty
0.06
6 50
Io
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
niz
ation
pro
ba
bili
ty
0.07
30
Io
2.52)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
10
Neon Helium
Argon
b
c d
0 0.02 0.04 0.060
Ionization probability
a
5
10
15
20
25
30Ar
He
Ne
L,
cm
coh
I II III
II IIII IIIIII
IR laser spectral shift vs HHG conversion efficiency
• Phase-matching on the rising edge
• Spatio-temporal distortions of the driving
field by plasma (1D model fails)
ηpeak ≥ ηPM
▪ Phase-matching at the peak of the pulse
▪ Keeping initial spatio-temporal pulse properties
during HHG
ηpeak = ηPM
ηpeak < ηPM
V. E. Nefedova et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 191101 (2018)
ηPM
Ionization degree fullfilling phase-matching is critical for efficient generation
• Phase-matching hasn’t reached (low ionization)
I II III
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HHG spectral variation
Model: Dldip at time with ionization suitable for phase-matching
𝐀𝐫𝐠𝐨𝐧: 𝒂 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬
Dipole phase contribution
𝑞 × ∆λ𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑞 × ∆λ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
Measurement vs. model
∆λ𝑞= 𝑎 × ∆λ𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 1 − 𝑎 × ∆λ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 + 𝑘∆λ𝐼𝑅𝑞
𝑘 …effect of long medium length
V. E. Nefedova et al., Phys. Rev. A 98 033414 (2018)