X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of...

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X-Ray X-Ray Intensify Intensify ing ing Screens Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology

Transcript of X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of...

Page 1: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

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George DavidAssociate ProfessorMedical College of GeorgiaDepartment of Radiology

Page 2: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Convert x-rays to light many light photons created per x-

ray photon absorbed in screen Light photons have much less

energy

light from screen exposes film film much more sensitive to light

than to x-rays screens substantially reduce

patient dose Factor of 100’s

screen use virtually universal

Photon

Light

Screen

Page 3: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

light tight container for film

holds film in tight contact with screens over entire surface gaps drastically increase

image unsharpnessAll non-mammo

cassettes use two screens One above film One below film

Cassette

Screens

Film

Page 4: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Two screens produce more light

Less radiation required to achieve a given optical density

Requires two emulsions on filmOne above one below

Cassette

Screens

Film

Page 5: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

easier to manufactureemulsion shrinks when it driesHaving two emulsions minimizes curling

photographic advantagefaster system

two screens usedeach emulsion optimally captures light

produced by “its” screen

double emulsion film screens

Page 6: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

screens require regularly cleaningDust, dirt, paper, hair,etc prevent

screen light from reaching filmCauses white dots on image

Page 7: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Light emitted by crystalsinorganic salts called phosphors

older phosphor materialscalcium tungstate

original phosphor material used in radiology

emits blue lightzinc cadmium sulfide

Page 8: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

image tubescesium iodide

• film screens–barium strontium

sulfate

–yttrium

–rare earths» gadolinium

» lanthanum

» tantalates

Page 9: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Advantages over direct film exp.Drastically decreased patient dose (X

100’s)Shorter exposure times

Configurationcassette sandwiches

film between 2 screens

Page 10: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

plastic protective coatphosphor layerreflecting layerbase support layer

Onescreen

Page 11: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Protective Layerapplied over phosphormade of plasticapproximately .7 - .8 mils thickFunctions

prevents static electricityprovides physical protectionprovides surface suitable for cleaning

Phosphor Layercontains phosphor crystalsapproximately 1 - 4 mils thick

Page 12: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Reflecting Coatreflects light emitted toward back

of screenphosphors emit light in all directions

not all screens have reflecting coatReduces resolution

made of white substance (titanium dioxide)1 mil thick

Base LayerMechanical supportcardboard or polyester plastic

approximately 7 - 10 mils thick

Page 13: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Photon must be

absorbed by a

screen

Screen must emit

light

Light must

reach film

Light must

expose film

Each step above has an associated efficiency

Page 14: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Efficiency of energy conversion from x-rays to light

5% for calcium tungstate850 light photons per x-ray photon

absorbed

up to 20% for newer phosphors such as rare earth

Can be as high as 45% for direct digital DR systems

Page 15: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

ability of light emitted by phosphor to escape screen & expose film

typically half of light emitted by screen does not reach film

Page 16: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

exposure required without screen---------------------------------------------exposure required with screen

for calcium tungstate intensification factor increases with kVp thicker body parts cause increase

filtering raises effective kVp

small number of x-ray photons interact directly with film negligible film darkening contribution

Page 17: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

phosphor layer thickness thicker screen

fasterpoorer detail because of light spread or diffusion

light produced further from film

size of phosphor crystalspresence or absence of light-absorbing

dye dye reduced lateral light diffusion

better resolutionpoorer efficiency (lower speed)

phosphor efficiency

Page 18: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Thicker phosphor increases absorptionIncreases speedReduces patient exposure

Diffusion of light causes unsharpnesslight travels further from point of origin

in screen to film

Film

Screen

Page 19: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Why use 2 thin emulsions rather than 1 thicker one?light produced closer to emulsion

less light spread

X-Ray X-Ray

Page 20: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

light from one screen exposes opposite emulsion

TopScreen

BottomScreen

BottomEmulsion

TopEmulsion

Film

X-Ray

Page 21: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

poorer resolutionlight travels further,

spreads morecaused by incomplete

absorption of light by adjacent emulsion

X-Ray

Page 22: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Maximum number of line pairs (line & space) per millimeter resolved by screen-film systemline & space have equal width

Typical valuesFilm

~100 line pairs per mmFilm / screen systems

~ 10 line pairs per mm maximum

Page 23: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

درجه در تشدیدکننده فلورسانسصفحات خاصیت. است بیشتر پایین حرارتهای

دارای است ممکن موضوع این باال حرارتهای درجه در. باشد کلینیکی اهمیت

دمای ای 35در دانسیته ایجاد جهت گراد سانتی درجهدمای در که رادیوگرافی یک با سانتی 21مشابه درجه

بایست می را اکسپوژر شرایط است، شده انجام گراد. %25حدود افزایشداد

Page 24: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

یک اند، شده نصب کننده تشدید صفحات آن در که کاستی . نماید می ایجاد فیلم برای نور ضد تنگ محفظه

با محکم تماس در سطحش تمامی در را فیلم کاست همچنین. دارد می نگه کننده تشدید صفحات

یک باشد، کامل کننده تشدید صفحه و فیلم بین تماس که هنگامیثبت فیلم روی بر را خود نظیر ای نقطه صفحه، در نوری نقطه

. نماید می از قبل نوری نقطه باشد، ضعیف تماس این که صورتی در

تصویر درنتیجه و شود می منتشر و پراکنده فیلم به رسیدن. گردد می ناواضح آن رادیوگرافیک

Page 25: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

وجود صفحه و فیلم تماس آزمایش برای ای ساده روشدارد.

شود می داده قرار کاست روی بر سیمی صفحه از تکه یک. آید می عمل به رادیوگرافی آن از و

هم با فیلم مختلف نواحی در سیمها تصویر وضوح میزانو صفحه بین اتصال آن در که ای ناحیه و گردد می مقایسهتصویر بودن ناواضح طریق از باشد، می ضعیف فیلم

. گردد مشخصمی ناحیه آن در سیمها ،باشند مس یا برنج آهن، جنس از بایستی سیمی صفحه

پرتو کافی میزان به پالستیکی یا آلومینیومی صفحات چونX . کرد نخواهند جذب را

Page 26: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

از مانع خون، یا کاغذ مانند صفحه روی بر خارجی ماده هرگونهایجاد خود، شکل و اندازه به بسته و شده نوری فوتونهای عبور

. نماید می فیلم روی بر نشده اکسپوز ناحیه یک صفحات حد از بیش پوسیدگی منابع ترین عمده از مزبور نقاط

. باشند می کننده تشدید آنتی ترکیبات از استفاده با بایست می صفحات نمودن تمیز

با مالششدید بدون و ارامی به چنین هم و کننده پاک و استاتیکدرب آنها شدنم خشک تا و گیرد صورت پرز بدون و نرم پارچه یک

. باشد باز باید کاست

Page 27: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

increase thickness of phosphor layerChange to different phosphor material

with higher absorption efficiencyMore absorption for given thickness

Change to different phosphor material with higher conversion efficiencyMore light per absorption

Page 28: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Par Speed Calcium

Tungstate

20%

High Speed Calcium

Tungstate

40% Thicker screen, poorer resolution

Rare Earth 60%

Page 29: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Atomic Numbertungsten of calcium tungstate higher than

rare earth, more photoelectric interactionK-Edge

tungsten: 69.5 keVYttrium: 17 keVBarium: 37 keVLanthanum: 39 keVGadolinium: 50 keVLower K-edge greatly increases

absorption in diagnostic energy rangePhoton Energy

Absorption

Page 30: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Screen’s light spectrum must match film’s color sensitivity

optimize speed by matching film response to screen light

Page 31: X-Ray Intensifying Screens George David Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia Department of Radiology.

Calcium TungstateSomewhat continuous blue spectrum

(430 nm wavelength)Gd2O2S:Tb

narrower green spectrum(544 nm wavelength)

most but not all rare earth screens emit predominantly green light