X-ray Diagnostics and Their Relationship to Magnetic Fields
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Transcript of X-ray Diagnostics and Their Relationship to Magnetic Fields
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X-ray Diagnostics and Their Relationship to Magnetic Fields
David CohenSwarthmore College
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If we understand the physical connection between magnetic fields in massive stars and X-rays, we could use X-ray observations to identify
magnetic massive stars.
e.g. Which of the stars in this Chandra X-ray image of the Orion Nebula Cluster are massive magnetic stars?
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But we’re not there yet…
X-ray behavior of known magnetic massive stars is diverse.
We don’t understand enough about the physical mechanisms of X-ray production in them.
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The Sun: X-rays <-> Magnetic Fields
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TRACE
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low-mass stars high-mass stars
Stellar rotation vs. X-ray luminosity
No trend
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Massive star X-rays are not coronal
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X-rays in massive stars are associated with their radiation-driven winds
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Power in these winds:
€
12 M
•
v∞2 ≈ 3×1036
≈ .001L∗
erg s-1
while the x-ray luminosity
€
LX ≈10−7L∗
To account for the x-rays, only one part in 10-4 of the wind’s mechanical power is needed to heat the wind
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Three models for massive star x-ray emission
1. Instability driven shocks
2. Magnetically channeled wind shocks
3. Wind-wind interaction in close binaries
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Three models for massive star x-ray emission
1. Instability driven shocks
2. Magnetically channeled wind shocks
3. Wind-wind interaction in close binaries
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What are these “X-rays” anyway?
…and what’s the available data like?
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XMM-Newton
ChandraLaunched 2000: superior
sensitivity, spatial resolution, and spectral resolution
sub-arcsecond resolution
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XMM-Newton
Chandra
Both have CCD detectors for imaging spectroscopy:
low spectral resolution: R ~ 20 to 50
And both have grating spectrometers: R ~ few 100 to 1000
300 km/s
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XMM-Newton
Chandra
The gratings have poor sensitivity…We’ll never get spectra for more than two dozen hot stars
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XMM-Newton
Chandra
Astro-H (Japan) – high spectral resolution at high photon energies…few years from now
International X-ray Observatory (IXO)… 2020+
The Future:
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First, imaging (+ low resolution) spectroscopy with Chandra
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q1 Ori C
Chandra ACISOrion Nebula Cluster (COUP)
Color coded according to photon energy (red: <1keV; green 1 to 2 keV; blue > 2 keV)
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Stelzer et al. 2005
q1 Ori C: X-ray lightcurve
not zero
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s Ori E: XMM light curve
Sanz-Forcada et al. 2004
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XMM EPIC spectrum of s Ori E
Sanz-Forcada et al. 2004
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z Pup
1 Ori C
Chandra grating spectra: 1 Ori C and a non-magnetic O star
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thermal emission
“coronal approximation” valid: electrons in ground state, collisions up, spontaneous emission down
optically thin
lines from highly stripped metals, weak bremsstrahlung continuum (continuum stronger for higher temperatures)
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thermal emission
“coronal approximation” valid: electrons in ground state, collisions up, spontaneous emission down
optically thin
lines from highly stripped metals, weak bremsstrahlung continuum (continuum stronger for higher temperatures)
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thermal emission
“coronal approximation” valid: electrons in ground state, collisions up, spontaneous emission down
optically thin
lines from highly stripped metals, weak bremsstrahlung continuum (continuum stronger for higher temperatures)
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thermal emission
“coronal approximation” valid: electrons in ground state, collisions up, spontaneous emission down
optically thin
lines from highly stripped metals, weak bremsstrahlung continuum (continuum stronger for higher temperatures)
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z Pup
1 Ori C
Chandra grating spectra: 1 Ori C and a non-magnetic O star
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Energy Considerations and Scalings
1 keV ~ 12 × 106 K ~ 12 Å
ROSAT 150 eV to 2 keVChandra, XMM 350 eV to 10 keV
Shock heating: Dv = 300 km gives T ~ 106 K (and T ~ v2)
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Energy Considerations and Scalings
1 keV ~ 12 × 106 K ~ 12 Å
ROSAT 150 eV to 2 keVChandra, XMM 350 eV to 10 keV
Shock heating: Dv = 1000 km gives T ~ 107 K (and T ~ v2)
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z Pup
1 Ori C
Si XIIISi XIVMg XIMg XII
H-like/He-like ratio is temperature sensitive
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z Pup
1 Ori C
Si XIIISi XIVMg XIMg XII
1 Ori C – is hotter
H/He > 1 in 1 Ori C
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Differential Emission Measure (temperature distribution)
Wojdowski & Schulz (2005)
q1 Ori C is much hotter
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1000 km s-1
Emission lines are significantly narrower, too
q1 Ori C(O7 V)
z Pup(O4 If)
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Mg XII Ly-a in q1 Ori C compared to instrumental profile
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Ne X Ly-a in q1 Ori C : cooler plasma, broader – some contribution from “standard” instability wind shocks
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Wade et al. 2008
Dipole magnetic field
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Shore & Brown, 1990
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There are Chandra observations at many different phases
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What about confinement?
Recall:
€
η∗≡B2R∗
2
Mv∞
•
q1 Ori C: h* ~ 20 : decent confinement
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What about confinement?
Recall:
€
η∗≡B2R∗
2
Mv∞
•
q1 Ori C: h* ~ 20 : decent confinement
z Ori: h* ~ 0.1 : poor confinement
s Ori E: h* ~ 107 : excellent confinement
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Simulation/visualization courtesy A. ud-DoulaMovie available at astro.swarthmore.edu/~cohen/presentations/apip09/t1oc-lowvinf-logd.avi
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Simulation/visualization courtesy A. ud-DoulaMovie available at astro.swarthmore.edu/~cohen/presentations/apip09/t1oc-lowvinf-logT.avi
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Simulation/visualization courtesy A. ud-DoulaMovie available at astro.swarthmore.edu/~cohen/presentations/apip09/t1oc-lowvinf-speed.avi
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temperature emission measure
MHD simulations of magnetically channeled wind
Channeled collision is close to head-on:Dv > 1000 km s-1 : T > 107 K
simulations by A. ud-Doula; Gagné et al. (2005)
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Differential emission measure (temperature distribution)
MHD simulation of 1 Ori C reproduces the observed
differential emission measureWojdowski & Schulz (2005)
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sim
ulat
ion
EM
(10
56 c
m-3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
θ1 Ori
C A
CIS
-I c
ount
rat
e (s
-1)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Rotational phase (P=15.422 days)
Chandra broadband count rate vs. rotational phase
Model from MHD simulation
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sim
ulat
ion
EM
(10
56 c
m-3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
θ1 Ori
C A
CIS
-I c
ount
rat
e (s
-1)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0 Rotational phase (P=15.422 days)
The star itself occults the hot plasma torus
The closer the hot plasma is to
the star, the deeper the dip
in the x-ray light curve
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sim
ulat
ion
EM
(10
56 c
m-3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
θ1 Ori
C A
CIS
-I c
ount
rat
e (s
-1)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0 Rotational phase (P=15.422 days)
The star itself occults the hot plasma torus
hot plasma is too far from the
star in the simulation – the dip is not deep
enough
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q1 Ori C column density (from x-ray absorption) vs. phase
equator-onpole-on
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Emission measure
contour encloses T > 106 K
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Helium-like species’ forbidden-to-intercombination line ratios – f/i or z/(x+y) – provide information
about the location of the hot plasma
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g.s. 1s2 1S
1s2s 3S1s2p 3P
1s2p 1P
resonance (w)
intercombination (x+y)forbidden (z)
10-20 eV
1-2 keV
Helium-like ions (e.g. O+6, Ne+8, Mg+10, Si+12, S+14) – schematic energy level diagram
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1s2s 3S
1s2p 3P1s2p 1P
resonance (w)
intercombination (x+y)forbidden (z)
g.s. 1s2 1S
Ultraviolet light from the star’s photosphere drives photoexcitation out of the 3S level
UV
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1s2s 3S
1s2p 3P1s2p 1P
resonance (w)
intercombination (x+y)forbidden (z)
g.s. 1s2 1S
Weakening the forbidden line and strengthening the intercombination line
UV
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1s2s 3S
1s2p 3P1s2p 1P
resonance (w)
intercombination (x+y)forbidden (z)
g.s. 1s2 1S
The f/i ratio is thus a diagnostic of the local UV mean intensity…
UV
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1s2s 3S
1s2p 3P1s2p 1P
resonance (w)
intercombination (x+y)forbidden (z)
g.s. 1s2 1S
…and thus the distance of the x-ray emitting plasma from the photosphere
UV
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1 Ori C
Mg XI
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Rfir=1.2 R*
Rfir=4.0 R*
Rfir=2.1 R*
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He-like f/i ratios and the x-ray light curve both indicate that the hot plasma is somewhat closer to the
photosphere of q1 Ori C than the MHD models predict.
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So, in q1 Ori C, the X-rays tell us about the magnetospheric conditions in several ways:
• High X-ray luminosity• X-ray hardness (high plasma temperatures)• Periodic variability (rotation and occultation)• Narrow emission lines (confinement)• f/i ratios quantify location
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What about other magnetic massive stars?
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q1 Ori C has a hard X-ray spectrum with narrow lines
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q1 Ori C has a hard X-ray spectrum with narrow lines
…HD191612 and z Ori have soft X-ray spectra with broad lines
Fe XVII in z Ori
-vinf +vinflo
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1 Ori C
z Ori
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t Sco does have a hard spectrum and narrow lines
Ne Lya compared to instrumental
response: narrow
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t Sco: closed loop region is near the star…
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t Sco: closed loop region is near the star…
…f/i ratios tell us X-rays are far from the star (~3Rstar)
fi
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Do He-like f/i ratios provide evidence of hot plasma near the photospheres of O stars?
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Do He-like f/i ratios provide evidence of hot plasma near the photospheres of O stars?
No, I’m afraid they do not.
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z Pup S XV Chandra MEG
Features are very blended in most O stars: here, the three models are statistically indistinguishable
locations span 1.1 Rstar
to infinity
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s Ori E (h* ~ 107: RRM+RFHD)
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Chandra ACIS (low-resolution, CCD) spectrum
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DEM derived from Chandra ACIS spectrum
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DEM from RFHD modeling
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Observed & theoretical DEMs agree well
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Conclusions
MCWS dynamical scenario explains q1 Ori C well…but, location of hot plasma may be even closer to the star; UV absorption line phase dependence isn’t right.
Most other magnetic massive stars have X-ray emission that is different from q1 Ori C
Some have soft X-ray spectra with broad lines
Closed field regions may not always be associated with the X-rays (t Sco)
f/i ratios, hard X-rays, variability in massive stars…not unique to magnetic field wind interaction
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Chandra
XMM
X-ray flux levels vary over time
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b Crucis (B0.5 V): lines are narrow!
unresolved
best-fitwind-broadened
Fe XVII line
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b Cru: O VIII Ly-a line
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Later-type massive stars with weaker winds… X-ray production is hard to explain…
Not just narrow lines, but also high flux levels: b Cru, q Car, s Ori A
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What about late O and early B stars with big filling factors and
narrow lines?
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Yuri Beletsky (ESO)
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b Crucis aliases:
Mimosa
HD 111123
a massive (16 Msun), luminous (34,000 Lsun), hot (30,000 K) star
…but not quite as hot, massive, and luminous as an O
star: a B0.5 III star
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b Crucis (B0.5 V): lines are narrow!
unresolved
best-fitwind-broadened
Fe XVII line
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b Cru: O VIII Ly-a line
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Later-type massive stars with weaker winds… X-ray production is hard to explain…
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But what about magnetic stars with soft X-rays?
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Pup
Chandra HETGS/MEG spectrum (R ~ 1000 ~ 300 km s-1)
Si Mg Ne OFe
H-likeHe-like
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What about zeta Ori?
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Ori: O9.5
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Mg XII Lyman-: * = 0.1
Ori: O9.5 - less massive
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Rotating tilted dipole
Simulation/visualization courtesy R. Townsend
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Massive star X-rays vs.
Solar-type X-rays
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YOKOH x-rayfew 106 K
SOHO EUVfew 105 K
Optical5800 K
The Sun at different wavelengths
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rotation convection
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Mg XII Ly-a in q1 Ori C compared to instrumental profile
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Ne X Ly-a in q1 Ori C : cooler plasma, broader – some contribution from “standard” instability wind shocks
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q1 Ori C column density (from x-ray absorption) vs. phase
equator-onpole-on
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Chandra HETGS/MEG spectrum (R ~ 1000 ~ 300 km s-1)
Si Mg NeFe
H-likeHe-like
1 Ori C
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Pup
Low-mass star (Capella) for comparison
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Pup
Capella
Ne X Ne IX Fe XVII
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Pupmassive
Capellalow mass
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z PupThe x-ray emission lines are broad: agreement with rad hydro simulations
But… they’re also blue shifted and asymmetricIs this predicted by the wind shock scenario?