x Comparative Elect 00 Bose u of t

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perimental
demonstration,
before
Electro-
physiology
the con-
simple plant
had
at
CO.,,
and
of
alcohol
vapour—
Natural
current
and
its
variations
Reversal
of
—
cooling .
of temperature
xviii COMPARATIVE
and Ficus
Dillenia
indica
or
pitcher
differential
excitability
of
the
two
surfaces—
Differences
of
excitability
between
condition
of
stimulus
xxii COMPARATIVE
—
of
chemical
reagents
on
plant
nerve
of galvano-
metric modes
plants
—Plant
thus
variation
of
excitability
in
hastening
period
of
recovery
and
diminishing
apparatus
in
sensation
Glan-
dular
Surface
of
fish
one
Contact
xl COMPARATIVE
version at
by
Repetition
ILLUSTRATIONS xliii
inorganic.
If,
then,
we
through
the
galvanometer,
showing
of
these
facts,
we
arrive
at
a
second
means
exact
corre-
have
a
visible
indication
of
the
excitatory
reaction.
It
is
THE ELECTRO-MOTIVE
there
be
seen
that
a
very
considerable
(e)
Responses
in
Biophylum
excitable,
I
shall
proceed
to
demonstrate
good
of
stimulus
enumerated.
responsive
effect
which
results
from
by the induced
electrical'
response
of
Current
of
response
when
28 COMPARATIVE
4t
may
induce
the
right.
Temperature
is
regulated
rotation
of
the
handle.
A
the
current
flowing
through
the
wire
be
maintained
constant,
the
stimuli
also
will
thereby
by
each single
the
former
be
prevented
from
reaching
in
determining
the
of
Mimosa^
the
period
is
six
minutes,
in
winter
the
electro-
motive
effect
CHAPTER V
transmitted
hydraulically.
The
giving
rise
to
diphasic
responses,
66 COMPARATIVE
the
applica-
internal
energy,
on
the
upon
a
second
mirror,
which
is
subject
ways:
(i)
by
the
sub-tonicity
of
the
tissue
itself;
(2)
by
the
depression
con-
sequent
ABSORt>TION
this
process
moderate,
and
its
opposite
inferences.
On
fig.
54,
obtained
from
the
VARIOUS TYPES
to its former erect
two
ever,
continuous
stimulation
may
give
rise
trend
of
the
base-line
downwards.
seen to
be uniform.
characterised
by
any
specific
type
of
response.
All
these
about by
more
excitable
interposing a
a
means
of
qualitative
ii8 COMPARATIVE
the
Side
Effect
of
cooling
from
30°
C.
:
THE NATURAL
of
THE NATURAL
men be subjected
may
ends
A
and
B.
is
a
resultant
negativity.
The
positive
effect
may,
however,
be
unmasked,
as
we
have
reduce the
complete
abolition
of
the
excitatory
factor,
the
vertical plane,
plane, and
In
fig.
100,
a,
are
reproduced
than
that
of
of
the
excitation of
vibration-head being
at the
of
such adjustments that
EXCITABILITY DETERMINED
local
sultant
response
became
converted
to
cylinder
variation
portions,
the
positive
poles
always
in
an
injury
CURRENT OF
and
156 COMPARATIVE
and disappeared
altogether within
twenty-four. The
renewal of
these
questions,
we
have
already
stimulus, the
next series
of fatigue (fig.
found
to
undergo
a
decline.
It
is
in
general
it is
enhancement of
CURRENT OF
cases, the
failure to
injury
is
always
contact, owing
uninjured to
:
fact,
that
the
current
of
that
the
responsive
current,
due
direction
inwards,
towards
the
centre
of
such
a
along a radial line
CURRENT OF
I/O COMPARATIVE
water, the
ten
minutes.
The
specimen
a
storage
cell.
ClJRkEKt OF
(2)
the
intermediate,
and
(3)
the
dead
identical
excitatory
reaction
of
the
living
tissue
appears
variation
of
RESPONSE BY
;
that frost
EFFECT OF
response
plant-chamber
was
now
lowered
to
25°
C,
the
force
of
recovery
would
appear
increasing
force
EFFECT OF
later.
tempera-
ture
(say
of
30°
C.)
for
another
Temperature
in
abolishing
excitatory
phenomenon
is
seen
THE ELECTRICAL
a
photographic
record
of
this
place at the
at
specimens
described
I
find
to
answer
admirably
for
the
purpose
of
this
investigation.
200 COMPARATIVE
not
marked
by
fluctuation.
For
any
temperature, had
the
positive
variation
of
turgidity.
In
order
of
to
positive.
As
has
been
said
resistivity,
and
way coincides
with those
to
one
minute.
I
have
also
to
a
Single
Strong
by
a
wave
of
higher
amplitude
but
shorter
period,
which
coincided
with
the
movement
of
Musa
observers in
be
possible,
moreover,
by
follow-
ing
one
constant
RESPONSE OF
148.
In
fig.
149
is
given
a
diagram
of
a
results which
ment in
point,
the
consequence
of
leaf
of
Dillenia
indica^
or
THE LEAF
records
being
taken
photographically
a
resultant
electrical
form
of
to know how much of the latter is actually due
to excitatory action
have K,„
kathode
THE LEAF
CONSIDERED AS
AN ELECTRIC
round
the
however,
and
employing
a
stronger
electrical
stimulus,
the
maximum
effect
was
Fig.
160.
right-hand
the
two
260 COMPARATIVE
of
innervation,
become
disappear
to
explain
phe-
nomenon
type,
say,
a
respon-
sive
current
from
B
to
A.
The
first
is
that
excit-
ability
of
A
was clear that
wire, right
both A and B
THE THEORY
strip
of
lead,
of
pared lead strip,
THE THEORY
doubt
that
here
also
tion
by
kathode-make
or
anode-break.
progress, brings
by
electric
response.
We
observing
the
direction
of
resultant
response,
mechanical
nating
leave their
minus
direction,
we
obtain
an
induction-current
due
to
magnetic
varia-
tions
effect
observed,
by
connecting
it
immediately
afterwards
with
the
Ta
two surfaces
revolution
per
second,
there
will
be
fifty
alternations
of
current
in
a
second.
The
duration
one
minute.
Another
very
effective
means
of
producing
equi-alter-
nating
shocks
is
alternating-
current
dynamo,
driven
by
an
2^2
Ruhmkorff's coil.
When the
able
electrodes
are
second
part
of
similar
between
two
surfaces
accounted
for
outstanding
questions
which
still
remain
open.
Some
thus possible
by
the
differential
excitability
For this
RESPONSE OF
ferent
circumstances.
Thus
a
feebly
conducting
tissue,
under
a
these
two
extreme
types,
taking
vegetable
skins
: that
is
to
say,
the
former
was
point
was
now
stimulated
the
deflection
previously
obtained
was
of
'
an
attempt,
successfully
carried
results
obtained
with
the
skin
of
a
forefinger.
The
responsive
elec-
trical
changes
represented
by
the
down
records,
exhibit
induced
galvanometric
positivity
of
the
excited
surface
(fig.
180;.
I
shall
next
describe
the
results
obtained
RESPONSE OF
in
the
resting^-
FiG.
184.
Photographic
variations
induced
in
capable
of
exhibition
even
185)
clearly
indicate
that
the
relative
turgidities
of
the
two
surfaces
of
an
anisotropic
A/VV^V^
turbance caused
RESPONSE OF
ANIMAL AND
RESPONSE OF
ANIMAL AND
surfaces
cutting
this
into
longitudinal
halves,
take
a
portion
walled
and
excessively
turgid,
and,
from
an
evolutionary
point
of
view,
these
gradual
transitions
from
epidermal
to
epithelial,
and
from
epithelial
effect
of
in
an
experiment
carried
3l6 COMPARATIVE
of its
of
the
glandular
human
subjects.
We
have
seen
that
a
protected
sur-
face
and
partly
now from A
by
excessively
strong
stimulus.
Under
moderate
(a)
Series
of
normal
responses,
direction
of
current
being
from
more
excitable
scale.
The
secondary
RESPONSE OF
DIGESTIVE ORGANS
muscular
layer.
a Portion
too
in
the
other,
a
Pitcher
of
Nepenthe,
of
responses.
The
two
following
records
(figs.
206
and
207)
illustrate
this
fact
in
two
a
due
to
preparation.
response
is
open
stomachs,
digesting,
and in
ABSORPTION OF
FOOD BY
greatest obscurity. The
which
will
the
the
evoking
of
true
excitation.
In
this
latter
;
the
latter,
the
inadequate.
the fibro-vascular
into
with
reaction in
the observed
is
now
nothing
distinguishing
to
be
seen,
as
the
solution
sucked
up
by
the
stem
was
colourless.
Dilute
solution
younger,
showing
Normal
Responses
ot
periments
in
arrest
of
pulsation
only
takes
place
after
sufficient
time
has
elapsed
for
the
poison
to
ascend
the
root,
or
the
cut
end
of
a
stem,
need
not
movement
of
was
shown
that
nature
the
passage
direction
of
propagation.
The
next
leaflets,
proceeding
again
negative
response
as
we
have
a
induced
by
physiological
is focussed
by
a
fall,
of
temperature.
A
similar
effect
is
seen
water
solu-
tion,
which
would,
acting
osmotically,
have
retarded
the
normal
rate.
The
physiologically
excitatory
38o COMPARATIVE
which
I
invariably
was
found
to
be
arrested.
But
a
condition
fatigued
by
over-
stimulation.
secretion.
The
electrical
arises,
in
connection
with
the
response
of
living
tissues
to
turn
towards
the
light,
others
perplexity,
inclining
observers
to
the
belief
that
the
if the
of
stimulus
and
on
the
conductivity
of
the
tissue.
If
neither
the
intensity
of
seen,
whether these
this
question,
I
shall
first
briefly
refer
to
certain
from
pul-
response.
to
the
tralised
by
of stimulus.
If this
moderateness
of
this
stimulus
and
variations.
Under
the
stimulus
the
normal
retardation.
On
withdrawal
the
curve
is
seen
the
negative
after-effect,
followed
by
return
so
increased
by
dotted
curve
unmasking
of
the
nega-
tive
element
in
the
Cauliflower,
of
confusion
which
existing
current
ot
ing
questions
of
negativity
comes
to
RESPONSE OF
In experiments on
to
a
misinterpretation
of
observed
results.
It
retino-
motor
fibres.
But
I
shall
show
that
application
of
some
exciting
reagent
normal
responses
—a
current
from
retina
fatigue-decline.
light
427
can
only
be
obtained
in
a
tissue
of
normal
high
excitability,
and
not
in
one
which
has
it
to'
of
a
reversing
force.
I
Plant and
Retinae, during
and after
That
is
to
say,
when
the
eyes
closed
than
open
The
next
problem
that
by
an
observer
Time
response,
whether
contraction
or
ex-
pansion
obscure
for
any
movement
action
of
the
weight
prevailing
view
being
that
it
is
the
expansion
of
the
horizontally.
Hence, during
geotropic stimulation
upper-surface
being
galvanometrically
be
seen
that
when
secondary
disturbing
causes
are
removed,
the
response
and
plant—
Existence
of
two
distinct
nervous
impulses,
positive
and
negative.
When
a
in
common
between
the
two.
to
take
place
the
ap-
to
ensure
the
inner
cells
may
same
transmission
of
excitatory
protoplasmic
changes
reaction
is
always
of
galvanometric
negativity.
The
distinct
characters
of
these
true
excitatory
the
animal,
that
1
have
actually
been
able
to
isolate
certain
found
that
the
velocity
of
VELOCITY OF
was
27
mm.
comparison,
these
are
more
or
less
of
the
each
relatively
good
conductors.
Conductivity
important
method
by
will
be
found
work
describe
new
QUANTITATIVE STIMULATION
of
relative
galvanometric
negativity
at
shall
be
strictly
independent
an electro-magnetic
as
one
of
great
value,
yet
it
is
impossible
to
variations
of
different
meter.
The
heating
the
desired
amount
of
excitation.
The
thermal
variation,
it
will
be
seen
in
fig.
291.
I
shall
of
cauliflower
and
the
tuber
of
potato
(figs.
47,
48).
We
there
saw
that
where
excitatory
efficiency
of
transmitted
stimulus
was
sufficiently
great,
it
gave
rise
to
the
normal
negative
response.
When
this,
how-
altogether
feeble
as
regards
this
power,
excitation
in
unkilled
portions
of
the
specimen
higher
up.
In
order
to
ensure
be
applied
in
precisely
the
a
metro-
nome
for
case
of
ordinary
action of
sub-tonic,
will
give
a
at
will,
be
point.
UUJ^'
WV^-
\}^]^WWVW\.\
Fig.
286.
Photographic
RESPONSE OF
between conductivity
the addition
of the
the
far
to
the
right.
More
careful
be desired
a balanced
We
shall
next
take
up
reagent
applied
at
e'
and
C
simuhaneously.
The
formula
is
E'kiCki-
Record
shows
greater
depression
excitabilities,
the
that the
keeps it damp, and
a
point
on
the
at
the
section
itself
it
tions
of
two
by
balance
from
giving
rise
to
any
response,
contact
the
in
gecko
normal
contractile
change is
produced in
employed
without
misgiving.
The
second
limitation
the differ-
ential character
tissues.
This
apparatus,
arm
of
optic
from mirror
of optical
regulated
by
clock-work.
vary
according
in the
of
nerve
response,
under
tetanisation.
On
arriving
at
this
under
similar
circumstances.
That
is
the
non-
where,
owing
to
of
plate-glass,
coated
with
We
contacts.
In
the
second case
sub-
enough
effects
in
the
response
occur in
the mechanical
other
nerve.
On
excitation
of
In
my
^second
series
CHAPTER XXXVII
but
would
also
induce
in
series
in
the
detailed
description
of
the
induce
similar
excitatory
have
death-response
is
a
true
physiological
response
by
Method
of
Mechanical
Response
in
Filament
of
Passi/lora.
Critical
as
to
include
a
certain
length
of
the
specimen.
On
carrying
out
the
experiment
in
this
manner
action
of
stimulus
feeble
conductivity,
orientation
has
become
perfect
there
is
no
further
movement,
because
the
sides,
under
which
there
could
been any com-
as
in
fig.
333,
to
FUNCTIONS OF
excitatory
effect
of
still
more
clearly
seen
in
the
a
to
stem
through-
out
its
whole
of
apparent
anomalies.
latter,
z.e.
it
increases
when
it
is
becoming
algebraically
more
results, which
the
current
on
conductivity,
apart
from
when
the
excitatory
re-
action
of
galvanometric
of polentiaH,
to
the
polarising
current.
When
here
also
opposite
ELECTROTONUS 57
was the range of E.M.F., within
which
this
law
might
led-ofif
is
to
the
left
and
kathode
to
the
right.
This
is
of
electro-
tonic
and
responsive
currents,
galvanometrically
351,
352.
The
inner
and
thin
arrows
represent
the
direction
of
the
polarising
current,
and
place
by
the
enhanced
galvanometric
negativity
and owing
induces
a
of
when
does
it
fail
to
make-action
of
the
kathode.
In
the
second
case,
similarly,
the
break
of
the
anode,
which
is
now
INADEQUACY OF
PFLUGER'S LAW
reversal
of
slightly
1*5
may
be
complicated
as
THE MOLECULAR
vexity.
Down-curve
The dotted
curve shows
of
response
the
expan-
sive
be
the other
tissues,
THE MOLECULAR
other by
a
to
S,
there
would
of the
6o8 COMPARATIVE
a
proper
direction,
intensities
of
the
polarising
force.
It
is
easy
to
understand
that
moderate
K-tonus,
inducing
an
incipient
CHAPTER XLII
occur in
decline
the responsive
inorganic substance
the question of
U
under Cyclic
succeeding
series,
but
tetanisation
the
base-line
antecedent
chemical,
but
by
molecular
action,
though
positive
response
of
responsive
modifications
due
to say, during
the ascent of
quence
of
abnormal
positive,
diphasic,
and
increasing
normal
frog's
nerve
reversed
to
the
positive
or
expansional,
after
tetanisation.
with
special
reference
to
the
fact
Normal
CYCLIC MOLECULAR
molecular
quality of
the sensation
of a
of
lend
course of
applied
propagation,
we
have
seen
that
the
central
apparatus
induced
(i)
by
ments
of
flexion.'—
Schafer,
Text-Book
of
in
this
respect
not
only
the
fluctuation
of
sensitiveness,
owing
to
changes
in
the
properties
of
the
tone,
and
this,
growing
in
intensity,
is
pleasurable.
This
positive
tone,
however,
afterwards
under-
goes
a
question
that
arises
is
graduated
manner
by
fixing
further,
the
of
stimulation
We have
DISSOCIATION OF
It follows
that, in
668 COMPARATIVE
only
positive
or
soothing,
but
also
strikingly
discontinuous.
In
to
the
normal,
characteristic
of
a
becomes
converted
other
hand,
which
exalted
the
negativity
of
coal
with-
out
pain,
the
resultant
perception
being
entirely
positive.
From
and
galvanometric
positivity.
We
have
also
and
the edges of the
an
intense
stimulation
of
nerve
is
liable
to
recur
spontaneously,
become
dominant,
and
persist
in
of memory
to
this
residual
effect,
acid,
on
any
point
the
to
diffuse
stimulation.
The
revival
of
—
after-effect
at a
By
strikingly
REVIEW OF
galvano-
and others
be
under certain
circumstances, is
found to
electro-motive
response,
then,
it
is
necessary
REVIEW OF
which this
found
in
Chapter
XXXVII.,
where
it
will
be
seen
restrain-
ing
con-
tractile
movement,
the
excitatory
the
For
when
the
responding
of
the
death-point,
the
REVIEW OF
excitatory
19°
C.
The
response
of
contraction,
initiated
at
the
death-point,
isotropic
tissue,
con-
traction
and
negativity,
while
the
peculiar
—Response
of
intact
human
tongue
current
is
reversed,
and
has
become
it
is
possible
to
employ
(i)
the
Vibratory
Stimulator;
(2)
the
Rotary
proving
exposed
upper
to
upper,
proving
that
the
protected
lower
is
the
more
excitable
of
But definite
motive
be
to
demonstrate
the
phenomenon
of
materials
by
the case.
delicate means
by the
Hence
the
current
of
response
is
from
the question
to the
to
the
lower
nerve
is
more
excitable
than
be
mentioned
the
response
of
of
a
horizontally
laid
shoot
was
not
seen
to
induce
any
effect
on
the
response,
while,
when
and animal
better against
to
algebraical
The
opposite direction.
RESPONSE OF
RESPONSE OF
the
universal
assumption
that
the
nerve
gives
peculiar relation
animal
nerve,
has
been
seen
in
the
fact
that
vegetal
nerves

x Comparative Elect 00 Bose u of t

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Transcript of x Comparative Elect 00 Bose u of t