X City Report



Content

Introduction - 1

What is a City? -2

What makes a Better city? - 3

Why Underground City? - 4

Research & Investigation: Ancient Cities - 5~10

Research & Investigation: Present Cities - 11~14

Research & Investigation: Future Cities - 15~19

The "X city" - 20~23

Hidden Hope: Now revealed - 24~33

Process and Progress - 34~37

Conclusion - 38

References & Citations -39~40



Introduction

As for one of our subjects, Elements of Natural Built Environment (ENBE) in Foundation in Natural and Built Environment (FNBE), we were required to propose and plan a future city - The "X-City". The student were structured in groups and discuss on which environment that they would want their cities to be such as Underground, Underwater, Floating on water, On air or combination of any of the two elements and thus clarify why.

Firsthand, I have done thorough exploration upon the term "city" itself to comprehend the aim of this project well enough to propose a perfect city for my people. Then, I looked up references from the Internet on sustainability, liveable city, renewable resources, urban planning to know more details on how to enhance the lifestyle of the people and at the same time advance the city's sustainable living infrastructure, transportations and environment.

Through this assignment, it exposed me a lot on how the cities should focuses on The needs of the people Zoning & structure of the city Implementation of sustainability & walkability The facilities & infrastructures Uses of renewable resources Transportation linkages

1


What is a City?


Urban Definition

The city is a part of our lives and our language: we might say, "I live in a city" or "I live near a city" or "I am moving to a city". We know what we mean when we make these statements because we have certain ideas about the city: A large town with bright lights, tall buildings and the traffic jams.

Urban Evolution

Cities have been called the highest forms of social organization. Think of the complexity of road systems, transportation, building laws, markets, food distribution, educational systems, etc., and you get an idea of what is meant by that statement. But that complexity didn't spring up over night. It is the result of long years of human development.

What makes a city a City?

Cities have been called the highest forms of social organization. Think of the complexity of road systems, transportation, building laws, markets, business centre, sports events, food distribution, educational systems, sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing and etcetera. But that complexity didn't spring up over night. It is the result of long years of human development. A .city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex system for

sanitation utilities land usage housing transportation

The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_town


What makes a Better City?


A good city is the capital that is able to SUSTAIN itself thus creating a great stability between the city and its people, thus ensuring a brighter prospect for the future generations to come.

• Improved energy efficiency

• Renewable-energy installation

• Embrace smart technology

• Modernized sewage system and water supply/ sanitation system

• A solid and growing economy

• Fast and safe low-emission public transportation network system

• Tackle traffic congestion and pollution problems

• Strong tax base

• Great education system

• Powerful and organized police and army force protection

• Affordable housing

• A built in art and culture environment

• Affordable medical, social services, sanitation and fire protection.

• Community spirit, a Love Thy Neighbor attitude

• Planning and management that is pro-active and not re-active

• Carbon-neutral, energy efficient neighborhoods, density and walkable streets

• Have residential, offices, retail, hospitality all adjacent to each other and buildings are built with negligible or zero car parks.

• Investment in improving existing infrastructure that reduces emissions, waste production and water use

3


Why Underground?


The greatest appeal for most is the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of underground dwellings. When combined with renewable energy sources, energy cost can be greatly reduced.

Factories and office buildings can benefit from underground facilities for many of the same reasons as underground dwellings such as noise abatement, energy use, security, and community aesthetics.

Earthquakes would be only about one-fifth as damaging beneath the surface.

• To minimize the negative impact on the environment.

• Resistance to severe weather

• Quiet living space

• An unobtrusive presence in the surrounding landscape

• Nearly constant interior temperature due to the natural insulating properties of the surrounding earth

4


Research & Investigation: Ancient City


Derinkuyu Underground City

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Long ago, in the region surrounding Nevsehir and Kayseri, in central Turkey, an ancient people built, or rather dug, over 200 underground cities.

The deepest of these, under the present day town of Derinkuyu, delves over 250 feet below the Earth’s surface, and boasts numerous tunnels, halls, meeting rooms, wells and passages because the city was carved from existing caves and underground structures that had first formed naturally, there is no way to discern, with traditional archaeological methods of dating, when exactly Derinkuyu was built. As such, and with ties to the Hittites, Phrygians and Persians, Derinkuyu presents a fascinating riddle for ancient mystery enthusiasts.

Extending to a depth of approximately 60 m, it was large enough to shelter approximately 20,000 people together with their livestock and food stores. It is the largest excavated underground city in Turkey and is one of several underground complexes found across Cappadocia. It was opened to visitors in 1969 and to date, about half of the underground city is accessible to tourists.

In Derinkuyu Turkey there is an underground city with 18 levels. It's able to hold up to potentially 20 THOUSAND people. The openings to each level are guarded by a huge circular rock door that can be shut by a single person from the inside to keep people out. The opening in the center acts as a peep hole. It also has an air ventilation and pluming system. The largest vent also acts as a well.

Derinkuyu is the deepest known underground city and goes down to 18 stories (85 meters) in the ground.

Derinkuyu was created as a refuge in times of war and later served as a safe place for Christians facing persecution by the Roman Empire.

According to 2010 census, population of the district is 2 of 2,114 of which 10,679 live in the town of Derinkuyu.[3][4] The district covers an area 445 km2(172 sq mi),[5] and the average elevation is 1,300 m (4,265 ft), with the highest point being Mt. Ertaş at 1,988 m (6,522 ft).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia

https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=map+derinkuyu&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x152a1a7c88ccbe8d:0xb45b687d85add5c1,Derinkuyu,+Turkey&gl=us&ei=IYU0UvKyJLHl4APX-IDACQ&ved=0CC4Q8gEwAA




The underground city at Derinkuyu has 18 stories that descend far into the Earth. Sophisticated shafts, some as long as 180 feet, provide ventilation to the complex’s multitude of residences, communal rooms, tunnels, wine cellars, oil presses, stables and chapels. The city also has numerous wells to provide fresh water. So many, that most scholars agree that Derinkuyu could have easily supported as many as 20,000 people.

From here, I've extracted a few characteristics from Derinkuyu as my city's design which are:Air ventilation shafts

TunnelsWells to provide fresh water

This is because the few main problems that should be highlighted for an underground city are the air ventilation system and as well as the lighting system.

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http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/turkeyderinkuyu.htm




Burlington Underground City

Many people in the UK will know about and even have visited the Cabinet War Room and Paddock in London, the government emergency war headquarters up until the end of World War II but very few people will know anything about the secret bunker which took over from these sites in the early 60s.

In the late 40s the cabinet started drawing up plans for an emergency war headquarters outside of London, sat directly under JSU Corsham (formerly known as RAF Rudloe Manor) the northern part of Spring Quarry made the perfect secure location for the site.

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The bunker’s storeroom had racks of metal shelves with everything from butter-pat makers to glass ashtrays; from toilet brushes to teapots. The bunker was also packed with tinned food, office equipment and enough fuel to run the large generators for 3 months. The bunker is so large that all the main corridors are signposted using American-style names such as First Avenue.

The Government once safely inside Site 3 could run the country as normal with help from the MI5 and MI6 from the Prime Minister's map room. The bunker's primary role was to act as a hub and maintain communications within the UK and with the outside world, there was a huge GPO telephone exchange to keep them in touch with various parts of the country. The giant wooden switchboards are from the 1950s, but the directories were updated as recently as 1989. In the teleprinter room stacks of unused swivel chairs remain in their original plastic wrappers, roughly 100 in total.

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The bunker’s facilities were kept ticking over until the early 90s and the 50-strong staff was reduced to a skeleton crew of just four.

By 1991 the cabinet refused a £40 million upgraded and the bunker was wound down, it was slowly emptied of fuel and food supplies and the reservoir was drained. The bunker did however remained part of the MOD estate and on the care and maintains books costing the country on average £500,000 a year to maintain and was still an integral part of government's war plans for this reason the site remained classified. The site was kept on stand-by, ready to put back in to action in the event that the government required it due to a threat to the UK.

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Research & Investigation: Present City


Singapore

To support this growing larger population, Singapore needs to reclaim additional land, develop the reserved land, intensify new developments, recycle land with lower intensity such as old industrial areas to achieve higher land productivity. By 2030, more than half of the Singapore's land will be allocated to uses which enables us to live, work and play in a higher quality environment. This include housing, services and manufacturing jobs, facilities and amenities, as well as green spaces such as parks and nature reserves, essential services and utilities like water and electricity.

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The zoning system with residential with commercial area at 1st storey. These are areas used or intended to be used mainly for residential development with commercial use at 1st storey only. Examples of development such as offices, cinema, hotel, flats, convention centre, commercial school, bank, market, recreational club, and clinic are subject to control on the type and quantum of commercial uses as determined by the competant authority. As for the white zoning, these are area used or intended to be used for commercial, hotel, residential, sports & recreational and other compatible uses, or a combination of two or more of such uses as a mix-used development.

This shows how well the thought-out and plans have been made to Singapore's zoning system so that it would be convenient for the citizen to live in to achieve a higher quality of life.

Travelling can be a hassle, especially when you do not own a car. However, with the help of public transport it has made travelling so much easier. Though Singapore is among the 20 smallest countries in the world, with a total land area of only 682.7 square kilometers which is 15,000 times smaller than USA but we have a total population of 5,183,700 (reference from Department of Statistic Singapore).

The public transport system in Singapore consists of:

1. MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) system 130km 85 stations which plies the main stretches across the island

2. LRT (automated Light Rapid Transit) system 29km 43 stations acts a feeder to the MRT network

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3. Public Buses/Premium Buses 4000 buses 330 routes which reaches out to almost every part of

Singapore making it the most extensive form of transportation locally

4. Taxis• 24,000 taxis• Provides a faster and more comfortable ride at

a slightly higher price


To add on, the public transport system are designed to meet the diverse needs by implementing barrier-free accessibility such as wheelchair accessible buses and installation of lifts and tactile guidance system in MRT stations.

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Singapore is considered one of the countries in asia with relatively good public transport system. Some of the most important attributes that affect the commuting experience are:

waiting time safety and security reliability customer service comfort travelling time and bus interchange/bus stop/MRT station accessibility

Therefore, the elements I would used for my Hidden Hope city would be the:

Well-structured and organized zoning system Reliable and fast public transportation Local Catchment Water method

These are essential to build a city as it concerns the well-being of the citizen who lives in the city to go anywhere within a short ride and avoid consume too much time.

Water supply and sanitation used to be the main problem faced by Singaporeans but methods such as Local Catchment Water where rainwater is collected through drains, canals, rivers etc. and later treated for safe drinking water supply has turned Singapore into one of the Potential Future City examples due to its capability to supply enough water supply for its people.


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Research & Investigation: Future City

Copenhagen


It is a city surrounded by water, with many parks and green spaces. An integrated public transport network and the bicycle paths that line most streets make it as easy as possible for residents to choose environmentally friendly ways to get around. And in 2008, transport experts named the city’s urban train system as ‘The best metro in the World’

The most popular way to get around Copenhagen is by bicycle. Copenhagen has around 400 kilometres of designated cycle tracks and more than a third of Copenhageners commute by bike every day.

Copenhagen has an extended bus network as well as a local train network, the “S-train”, with 84 stations throughout Copenhagen and its suburbs. Around 360,000 people use the S-train every day.

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The goal was firmly set by a unanimous city council as an integral part of the vision of Copenhagen as an Environmental Capital. Above par conditions for cycling are also an important element in Copenhagen’s goal of having a good city life and making Copenhagen C02 neutral by 2025. Good conditions for cycling are also part of the city’s official health policy.

In other words, cycling is not a goal in itself but rather a higher-prioritized political tool for creating a more liveable city. Copenhagen is already a fine bicycle city. Every singe morning hundreds of thousands of Copenhageners choose the bicycle as the most natural thing in the world. It is amazing to see foreigners, and the source of great interest for the journalists, researches, politicians and urban planners from every corner of the world.


(Source: http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/823_Bg65v7UH2t.pdf)

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What makes Copenhagen special?Copenhagen has the ambition of becoming the first carbon neutral capital by 2025. The goal is supported by a municipal strategic climate action plan in which 50 initiatives are described. Each initiative meets the 2015 midterm goal of a 20% CO-2 reduction.Many cities are trying to achieve sustainable growth without underperforming on environmental and economic indicators. Sustainable city solutions are bringing Copenhagen close to squaring that circle. Studies show that Copenhagen's growth in the green sector has increased turnover by 55% over the course of five years.Examples of sustainable city solutions in Copenhagen;

Increased mobility through integrated transport and cycling solutions has reduced congestion significantly and improved citizens' health.

Cleaning the harbour has lead to attractive urban areas with better quality of life, improved local business life, created jobs and generated revenue in the area.

Landfill from waste has been reduced to 1,8% of total while heating 98% of the city through district heating.


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Copenhagen City Council adopted a mandatory legislation to increase the number of green roofs such that from now on, any flat roof with a pitch of 0-30° will be planted with green vegetation as much as possible.

The City will also encourage financially projects to grow green roofs on existing buildings. There are already a few green roofs in Copenhagen, but the city wants to increase the pace of change in order to get ever closer to achieving its 2015 climate plan.

The City of Copenhagen approves of the green roofs if they meet at least two of the following requirements, all of which can be achieved by a green roof:

absorb 50-80% of the precipitation falling on the roof area create a cooling and insulating effect on the building and minimise the reflection contribute to making the city greener in order to reduce the so-called ”heat island effect” and in this way

counteract increased rises in urban temperature contribute to a visual and aesthetically pleasing architectural variation which will have a positive effect

on citizens’ quality of life double the roof life since the roof membrane will be protected against the destructive effect of UV rays

Vegetated roofs, or green roofs, provide several benefits for buildings and their surroundings. They can absorb as much as 80% of rainfall, helping to reduce stress on storm water systems. They help reduce urban temperatures (the “heat island effect“). And, they protect roof membranes from the sun’s UV rays and the greatest temperature swings, such that roof membrane life is extended as much as double that of an unprotected membrane.


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From now until 2015, the city is focusing on four priorities: developing a walking culture, creating pedestrian routes and meeting places, and making shopping streets and traffic nodal points – such as stations and bus stops – more pedestrian friendly. The aim is to make it easier and safer for walkers to get around, with clean pavements and seating areas, plus spaces where people can enjoy interesting experiences such as street theatre.

Moreover, despite Copenhagen’s population having grown by 8% in the period 2005-11, carbon emissions have fallen by more than 21%, or slightly less than this if the figure is adjusted for the relatively mild weather in 2011, with consequential low district heating consumption. This is the result of a wide range of initiatives both within and outside the municipality.

The carbon emissions avoided because electricity is produced from renewable energy sources in Copenhagen have been credited, i.e. deducted, from the carbon emissions from electricity consumption in Copenhagen. Crediting electricity produced from biomass, wind and other renewable sources means that carbon emissions from electricity consumption in 2011 were reduced from 1.049 mill. tonnes to 0.782 mill. tonnes. Without this credit, total carbon emissions in 2011 fell by more than 16% compared with the 2005 base year.


From Copenhagen, I'd like to extract elements such as:

The uses of renewable resources

Implementation of green roofsWell-structured cycling facilities

Walkability

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The "X City"

Just like any living creature, the city is unique and very alive. It grows, it populates, it requires food, it requires energy, it needs to move, it needs shelter, and it needs protection and defense system, which are very similar to the natural environment. Each student will have to imagine as if they are the mayor of the “X” City. The people in “X” city require a new city because of reasons that it no longer liveable such that:

Increasing population growth Pollution Traffic congestion Natural disaster Spreading of sickness and diseases

As a mayor we will need to propose a new layout of for the new “X” City very quickly.


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The "X City"

Underground Cities Inspirations


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The "X City"


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The "X City"


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Hidden Hope: Now Revealed

As for my city, I named it to be "Hidden Hope" because it represents the city of Hope which is hidden underground and can't be seen above the ground. In the future, natural disaster such as Tornado, flood, lightning, earthquake etc are mainly occur above ground which cause fatal tragic death in many countries. To prevent this, the mayor decides to go underground ground as it shall serve the citizen the most vital need that is to be protected from the severe weather and minimize the negative impact on the environment such as continuing thinning of ozone layer, global warming etc.

In Hidden Hope, renewable resources such as hydro, geothermal, solar and wind turbine are used to run the city's electricity smoothly without needing to fear used up the energy. Furthermore, the renewable energy will reduce the carbon emission rate being spread throughout the city and the citizen's health rate would increase. The city also provide sufficient green spaces such as recreational areas and parks for the citizen to carry out outdoor activities and interactions. The main transportation system in Hidden Hope would be the Underground bullet train subway and cycling. Within the city, the residents are encouraged to cycle anywhere without using any cars nor buses. The well-structured and reliable subway is available around the city as it shall convenient the residents to go anyway within a short frame of time.

The mayor also extracted sustainable methods used by the reputable countries and cities such as Copenhagen's bike-friendly utilities, green roofs implementation and advance usage of renewable resources, Singapore's iconic desalination and filtration of water, well-planned grid line zonning system to improve thus develop the city's facilities and infrastructures to make sure that the citizen would have the best , green experience in the city.


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Hidden Hope: Now revealed

Zonning of the City


The main city tower is where the tourists and outsiders will come in through the tube highways to go through the security checkpoint. All the residential area are placed next to a public services area which will ensure the safety

of the citizen as the fire department, clinics etc are available to the residents just in case of any emergency happens. Most of the rooftop are green because of the implementation of green roofs are apply throughout the

buildings in Hidden Hope. Green spaces such as parks are also occupied 60% of the city for the citizen to carry out activities and held concert or announcement for the community in public. The industrial area is separated from the outside of the city area to prevent noise and air pollution in contact with the city area. Each religious area are planned as such that each place has its own praying spaces and cultural activities can be carried out separately without any hindrance. The government area is situated in the middle of business area to establish

partnership between both parties. Education area is placed below the residential area to convenient the parents and students to go to school easily

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Main City Tower

SECURITY CHECKPOINT & MILITARY ARMY FORCESCOMMUNICATION & NETWORK CENTRE

BANK AND FINANCE AREA

TOURISM AREA

INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING AREA

COMMERCIAL AREA

The security checkpoint will be at the 1st floor of the Main City Tower to allow the outsiders to be checked before accessing into the City area to guarantee the safety of the citizen. Then, the communication area would be placed below the military forces to allow the satellite to attach the networks stable around the city. Next would be tourism area to allow tourists have an eagle's eyes view on the Hidden Hope city and convenient for them to go in and out of the city. The International shipping area is connected to the tunnel that leads to the industrial area and for the cargo to be shipped out of the city. Last but not least the commercial area is linked to the tunnels of

each residential area to do their grocery shopping there by walking fast and handy.

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Industrial Area

AGRICULTURE

FACTORIES

LIVESTOCK

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WATER SUPPLY

ELECTRICTY MANAGEMENT

The industrial area is attached to the Main City Tower's International Shipping Area such that it is easier for the workers to transport food and distributed to the citizen through commercial area.

The factories are situated in between the agriculture and livestock area so that the harvested props and food will be manufactured in the factories as food supply for the citizen.

The waste management would be divided into 2 sections such that garbage that can be recycled and waste that is to be disposed into the ground as biomass.

The water supply is extracted from the underground water and go through pre treatment such as coagulation to kill the bacteria and fungi that is present within the water. Then, the water will be sent for filtration,

sedimentation and regulates the water pH value then the water is allowed to drink and used safely by the residents through the highway tubes.

The electricity in the city is powered only by renewable resources such as hydro, wind turbine, geothermal and solar energy. The energy will be converted into electricity through a generator then it is used to power the whole

city without waste any electrical energy.FOO SHI-KO | 0318262 | FNBE FEBRUARY 2014 | TAYLOR'S UNIVERSITY

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Transportation


Tube Highways

LEFT GATE

RIGHTGATE

HEAVEN'S GATE

NORTHGATE

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Cross-section of Tube Highway


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Subway linkages

NORTH WEST

NORTH EAST

EASTWEST

SOUTH EAST

EAST

SOUTH WEST


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Perspective of Hidden Hope

The inner wall of the city is designed slanted to avoid land slide nor soil erosion to take place and assists stabilize to hold the ground in place.

The holes above the residential area allow the light from the outside to shines through the residential area and allows the circulation of air within the cave.

The semi-circular toughened glass above the city accommodates the city as a bullet-proofed shield such that it will protects the city from external attacks and from the severe weather.


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Cross-section of Semi-circular Shield

The metal holes on the shield acts as air ventilation shafts which allows circulation of air within the city. It can be closed or opened depends on the weather outside the city.

It is opened daily to allow air circulation whereas it will be shut once natural disaster such as Tornado, storm and lightning, then it will automatically shut to prevent destruction of the cities.


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Conclusion for Hidden Hope

The city of Hidden Hope is the ideal city for people to live in in terms of sustainability, green spaces, infrastructure, zonning of the city and usage of renewable resources. I believe that Hidden Hope shall be the representation of future city development.

Hidden Hope uses renewable resources which reduces the amount of energy wasted and the bike-friendly infrastructure and facilities reduces the carbon emission within the city as the years come by. The green spaces provided in Hidden Hope are also essential to higher quality environment to the citizen and as beautiful scenery for the public to enjoy during their leisure time.


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Process and Progress

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35




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Conclusion

After weeks of research and findings on the Internet on about the structure and needs of a city, I've learnt many things about the relationship between the city and the environment. When designing a city, not only we have to consider the zonning system and structure of the city, we have to remember and highlights the needs of the people to make a better city for everyone.

A sustainable city will take care both the people and the environment itself to prevent further destruction of mother nature and balanced the relationship between human and the environment. A better city leads to higher quality of life for the citizen who lives in that city.

Sustainable approaches such as the usage of renewable resources and convenient transportation have to be prioritize before planning or design a city. These would reduce the amount of carbon emission being spread and harm the nature yet at the same time it will reduce the amount of energy wasted.

These green approaches and the importance of sustainability should be taught by the parents and educators since early age such that the future generation would be inheritors of our lands and lead the city to a brighter future.


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References and Citations

http://gizmodo.com/inside-the-intriguing-ancient-underground-city-of-derin-1382324256

http://blogs.howstuffworks.com/brainstuff/how-to-bring-natural-sunlight-into-a-residential-or-commercial-building/

http://www.humantransit.org/basics/page/2/

http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-02/news/vw-1165_1_cities-earth-plants

http://www.dawn.com/news/1103272

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/solutions/technologies/geothermal.html

https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/future-cities-special-interest-group/feasibility-studies

http://www.archdaily.com/77103/bigs-proposal-for-the-audi-urban-future-award/

http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/city-plan-a-daft-proposal-20130523-2k3sm.html

http://scribol.com/anthropology-and-history/britains-secret-underground-city?image=0

http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring12articles/singapores-sustainable-development-of-jurong-lake-district.html

http://crcresearch.org/case-studies/case-studies-sustainable-infrastructure/land-use-planning/what-makes-a-city-liveable

http://www.nyc.gov/html/oer/html/voluntary-cleanup-program/green-sustainable-remediation.shtml

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/24/sustainable-nyc_n_4886443.html

http://www.burlingtonbunker.co.uk/maps/

http://www.uxconsulting.com.sg/articles/more-than-just-travelling

http://www.stateofgreen.com/en/Profiles/City-of-Copenhagen/Solutions/Wind-Turbines-in-Copenhagen

http://www.engineering-timelines.com/why/lowCarbonCopenhagen/copenhagenPower_04.asp

https://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/LivingInCopenhagen/ClimateAndEnvironment/CopenhagensGreenAccounts/EnergyAndCO2.aspx


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References and Citations

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/ENV-13-004_Copenhagen_EN_final_webres.pdf

http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/823_Bg65v7UH2t.pdf

https://www.stateofgreen.com/en/Profiles/City-of-Copenhagen

http://denmark.dk/en/practical-info/work-in-denmark/transport-infrastructure-in-denmark/

http://therecord.blogs.com/take_the_lane/copenhagens-bicycle-infrastructure-bike-lanes-.html

http://ozsoapbox.com/cycling/fitzroy-street-st-kilda-dual-copenhagen-lanes/

http://brisurbane.wordpress.com/category/cycling/

http://www.voleospeed.co.uk/2013/05/lessons-from-copenhagen.html

http://www.burlingtonbunker.co.uk/history/

http://brisurbane.wordpress.com/category/going-green/

http://www.ura.gov.sg/MP2008/ims/TABLE%201%20-%20Zoning%20Interpretation.htm

http://www.singaporeofficespaces.com/guide/singapore-land-zoning/

http://www.harrylau.com/basic-real-estate-knowledge-you-must-know/singapore-land-use-plan/

http://inhabitat.com/copenhagen-adopts-a-mandatory-green-roof-policy/


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