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Synergistic Approach of Asteroid Exploitation and
Planetary Protection
From Threat to Action
9-12 May 2011
Joan-Pau Sanchez
2011 IAA Planetary Defense Conference
Introduction
Possible synergies between space systems capable of deflecting realistic impact threat and, at the same time, gravitationally capturing small asteroids for later resource exploitation.• Low-thrust tugboat model as a space system.• Tugboat system attaches to the
asteroid surface and provides continuous thrust.
1. Assessment on the capability of such a system to deflect realisticimpact threats.
2. Statistical population that could bemanoeuvre into Earth-bound orbits.
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
9-12 May 2011 2Joan Pau Sanchez
Source: ESA
Deflection: Procedure
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
9-12 May 2011 3Joan Pau Sanchez
Earth orbit
NEO orbit
Rendezvous Trajectory
17,518 impactors.
Deflection Action
1. Baseline Design• 5,000 kg wet mass• v∞ of 2.5 km/s•Medium-to-large mission
The objective is to compute the mass of the largest object that the tugboat system could deflect from each one of the impacting orbits.
Deflection: Set of Virtual Impactors
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
9-12 May 2011 4Joan Pau Sanchez
Set of virtual impactors plotted as dots of size and colour as a function of the relative frequency that should be expected for each impactor.
<p>=1%
<p>=0.2%
<p>=0.05%
<p>=0.01%
<p>≤0.005%
Complete set of weighted impactors:
Deflection: Planetary Protection
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
9-12 May 2011 5Joan Pau Sanchez
Type of Event Approximate range of Impact Energies (MT)
Approximate Range Size of
Impactor
Airburst 1 to 10 MT 15 to 75 mLocal Scale 10 to 100 MT 30 to 170 m
Regional Scale 100 to 1,000 MT 70 to 360 mContinental Scale 1,000 MT to 20,000 MT 150 m to 1 km
Global 20,000 MT to 10,000,000 MT 400 m to 8 km
Mass Extinction Above 10,000,000 MT >3.5 km
Table 1: Impact hazard categories
Type of Event Lead Time
1 year 2.5 years 5 Years 10 Years 20 years
Airburst 51% 93% 99% 100% 100%
Local Damage 0.01% 1.6% 18% 78% 98%
Regional D. 0% 0% 0% 0% 6%
Continental D. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Global D. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Table 2: Levels of Planetary Protection
Asteroid Capture Concept
9-12 May 2011 6Joan Pau Sanchez
On the possibility of moving small near Earth asteroids and inserting them onto Earth bound trajectories for later utilization.• How much material could a 5000 kg low thrust spacecraft
transport back to Earth? Low Thrust is a very limiting constraint.
• The final Earth orbit insertion needs to be ballistic or unaided by the propulsion system.
Ballistic capture may be possible for objects with relative velocities v∞ below 1 km/s.
Grazing aero-assisted trajectories may be possible to capture objects with relative velocities v∞ above 1 km/s.• Only aero-braking trajectories are designed so that
maximum dynamical pressure does not exceed material Strength.
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
Asteroid Capture Concept
Type of Capture
Lead Time
1 year 2.5 years 5 Years 10 Years 20 years
Ballistic >60t(12)
>105t(21)
>220t(44)
>385t(77)
>590t(118)
Dustball Str./10
>170t(34)
>290t(58)
>610t(122)
>1,060t(212)
>1,675t(335)
Dustball Strength
>520t(104)
>915t(183)
>2,130t(426)
>3,820t(764)
>6,420t(1284)
Stony Strength
>2,955t(591)
>4,200t(840)
>8,200t(1640)
>13,140t(2628)
>22,965t(4593)
Iron-Nickel Str.
>6,965t(1394)
>11,490t(2298)
>25,585t(5117)
>40,745t(8149)
>64,710t(12943)
Introduction
Deflection: 1. Procedure
2. Impactors
3. Protection
Asteroid Capture
9-12 May 2011 7Joan Pau Sanchez
Table 3: Largest mass returned to Earth - parenthesis: fraction returned mass compared with the initial wet mass of the spacecraft
How much material could a 5000 kg low thrust spacecraft transport back to Earth?
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