Chloride Binding Capasity of Mortars Made With Various Portland Cements and Mineral Admixtures
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EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity for atmospheric composition in Europe being
compatible with local and global initiatives
Conventions and Directives: user requirements
Atmospheric Chemistry Applications Workshop,ESTEC, The Netherlands, 20-21. January 2004
Kjetil Tørseth, NILU/EMEP-CCC
www.nilu.noEMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre www.emep.int
Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
1972 - 1977, OECD - LRTAP, 1972 - 1980, SNSF
1979, Convention on LRTAP (entry into force 1983)
1984, Protocol on Financing of EMEP 1985, 1st. SO2-protocol (-30%, 1980-1993) 1988, 1st. NOx-protocol (0%, 1987-1994 (-
30%, 12 countries) 1994, 2nd. SO2-protocol (differensiated
reductions based on critical loads and IAM) 1998, Heavy metals protocol 1998, POPs protocol 1999, 1st. Multi protocol; SOx-NOx-VOC
(differencated reductions)
CLRTAP -> about 50 Parties EMEP -> about 40 Parties
Topics addressed by EMEP
Acidification and Eutrophication
Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations
•Photochemical oxidants
Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC)
•Heavy metals
Pb, Cd, Hg, +++
•Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane, DDT/DDE...
•Particulate matter
PM mass, chemical speciation, physical characterisation
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UN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionUN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
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The EMEP vision;
To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe
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CCE CIAMMSC-WMSC-E
CCC
Countries
WGSRWGSR
Information fluxes within CLRTAP
Assessment of effects
Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes
Critical loadStock at risk
Critical load maps
Proposed strategies
Source-receptor relationships
Scenarios Costs, technologies
Transportfluxes
Emissions
WGE EMEP
Monitored data
ImplementationCommittee
ImplementationCommittee
Emission data
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Monthly values – SO4A ”Accumulated time series plot” – SO4A
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Emitter-receiver calculations (Lead)
Depositions to Germany
Depositions from Germany
Transboundary transport, 2001
MSC-E
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Intercontinental transport of Hg
Annual deposition of Hg in the Northern Hemisphere (without
European sources)
Relative contribution of external sources to mercury deposition in
Europe
MSC-E
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Intercontinental transport of Hg
Deposition to Europe Deposition from Europe, t/y
MSC-E
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Europe120 t/y
Asia30 t/y
Equator8 t/y Oceans
23 t/yNorth Africa5 t/y
America10 t/y
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Soot(Nov-Feb)
NO2
(Oct-Mar)
Lead(µg/m3)
Lead(Feb)
Air quality in NorwayTrends
1980 19901985
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EMEP monitoring strategy, 2004-2009
Considerations;
•Long term operation of atmosperic chemistry monitoring is essential•Process understanding, model development for cost efficient abatement and for documenting changes
•Several requirements •Funding, Competence, Ovnership and user involvement, Transparency, Comparability,
•Foundation in Conventions or legislation is important to ensure long-term operation
•It is in the interest of the Parties that framework monitoring is cost-efficient and have a multi-purpose application
•Make of use existing infrastructure and avoid duplication•Integration of scales•Integration of topics
•How to make use of ”best science” and new technologies•But at the same time conserve consistency
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Regional monitoring programmes on atmospheric chemical composition
•Various national programmes
•European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)
•CLRTAP Working Group on Effects (ICP-F, ICP-IM, ICP-V…)
•World Meteorological Organisation - Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO-
GAW)
•Marine Conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM)
•Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
•EC AQFD (EiO, EIONET)
•UNEP Global POPs network
•EANET
•Research networks, EUROTRAC, FP4,FP5,FP6 campaigns, CALVAL etc.
•Formal links are established with most international organisations
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The strategy addresses;
EMEPs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in relation to its objectives, and the requirements of the CLRTAP
How can EMEP contribute to a monitoring capacity for other purposes
The need to establish more formal monitoring requirements for those participating in order to improve the compliance
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Key elements in the new strategy
Requirements with respect tosite location, representativity, network densityparameters to be requestedtemporal resolutionmethods to be usednew opportunities
Describes the various topics, current status and monitoring requirements
Level 1 requirementsProposal for level 2Level 3 activities required
Financial constraints
Network densityReflect phenomenon of interestResolve geographical gradientsCorrespond with model resolution users request higher resolution”All” Parties should participateLower density at level 2 and level 3
Temporal resolutionCorrespond with model resolutionCorrespond with relevant processesAllow the study air mass originData qualityNew use; intercont., EO, data assimilation...
Parametersrequired to adequately understand...having an effectPrecursors, indirectly influencing,..Use other data where existing and relevantNew substances
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Objectives of monitoring programme•establish pollutant concentrations and depositionfluxes on the regional scale, including intercontinental transport and boundary conditions for urban air quality; the trends with time; and sensitivity to European emission reductions,
•assess the success of international abatement strategies for atmospheric pollutants,
•improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical and physical processes and provide data for the validation of models
•provide data which in conjunction with models are the basis for the assessment of environmental problems related to air pollution including comparison with effect thresholds and exposure levels
•provide measurements required to assess the effects of atmospheric pollutants
•serve to explore the distribution of new substances and support the development of cost-effective abatement strategies
Level 1Parameters of general interest for all EMEP themes; major inorganic compounds in precipitation and in air, heavy metals in precipitations,ozone, PM10 mass concentration, meteorology, permanent monitoring at about 125 sites (80 sites for heavy metals)
Level 2 (supersites)Topic specific; acidification and eutrophication, photochemical oxidants, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, particulate matter, should in addition include level 1 parameters. Permanent monitoring at about 15-25 sites with proper regional distribution.
Level 3 sites (supersites)Topic specific; highly specialised measurements, may include campaign data, do not require all level 1/level 2 parameters to be measured. About 10-15 sites.
Associated sitesUse of data available from other bodies under the CLRTAP (e.g. WGE), monitoring in support of the EU air quality framework directive (and daughter directives)(O3, PM10). ozone soundings,300-500 sites.
Mandatory requirement programme
Voluntary programme
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Status
EMEP has widened its scope without associated funding being
provided
Many Parties have expressed their strong support in introducing
formal requirements
Most countries perform monitoring in excess of EMEP requirements
Development of (joint) supersites is in good progress
Concern by some parties that their EMEP budgets are limited and
strategic discussion nationally on how to put priority between
requirements from different frameworks/Conventions seem difficult
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Large part of the EMEP domaign has insufficient site/parameter density • (South, East, aerosol data, gas-particle resolved chemistry, flux data)
Currently we see a large increase in monitoring efforts made across Europe, but the EMEP programme generally receives reduced resources nationally
1569
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1958 2033
369
114318 316
12328 93 76
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O3 PM10 SO2 NO2
AIRBASE (total#)
AIRBASEBACKGROUNDRURALEMEP
EMEP ozone sites EMEP VOC sites
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Programme Parameters Measurement period/Frequency
Level-1 sites (all parameters are required to be monitored) Inorganic compounds in precipitation
SO4--, NO3
-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl- (cond)
24h/daily
Inorganic compounds in air
SO2, SO4--, NO3
-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, (sNO3, sNH4), Na+, K+,
Ca++, Mg++, NO2 24h/daily
Gas particle ratio NH3, HNO3 (in combination with filter pack sampling) monthly/monthly Heavy metals in precipitation
Cd, Pb (1st priority), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority) weekly
PM 10 mass concentration PM 10 24h/daily Ozone O3 continuous/hourly
Meteorology Precipitation amount (RR), temperature (T), wind direction (dd), wind speed (ff), relative humidity (rh), atmospheric pressure (pr)
continuous/hourly
Level-2 sites (in addition to level-1 parameters); Acidification and eutrophication Gas particle ratio NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3 (artefact-free methods) 24h/daily Ammonia in emission areas (high spatial resolution)
NH3 (low-cost methods) monthly/monthly
Photochemical oxidants NOx NO, NO2 continuous/hourly Light hydrocarbons C2-C7 grab samp. or c/h Carbonyls Aldehydes and ketones 8h/2 days/week Heavy metals Mercury in precipitation Hg monthly Mercury in air Hg (TGM), 24h/weekly Heavy metals in air Cd, Pb (1st priority.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority) weekly/weekly Persistent organic pollutants POPs in precipitation PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE weekly/weekly POPs in air PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE 48h/weekly Particulate matter PM mass PM101, PM 2.5 24h/daily Gas particle ratio NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3 24h/daily Speciation vs. size (PM2.5 and PM10)
SO4--, NO3
-, NH4, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg+ (Cl-) weekly/weekly
Mineral dust Si weekly/weekly elemental carbon (EC) organic carbon (OC) EC, OC
weekly/weekly
PM2,5
Mandatory for all Parties
15-25 sites across Europe (regional collaboration)
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Level-3 sites (do not require all level-1 and level-2 parameters) Dry deposition flux of sulphur and nitrogen species
SO2, NH3, HNO3 (SO4--, NH4
+, NO3-)
Dry deposition flux of O3 O3 Hydrocarbons C6-C12 Vertical profiles O3 soundings, PM lidar, NOy chemistry NO, NO2, PAN, organic nitrates Mercury speciation TGM, RGM and TPM Congener-specific POPs PCBs, PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs Multi-compartment (air, soil, water) POPs and Hg
Size/number distribution dN/dlogDp Light scattering Aerosol optical depth OC speciation water soluble and water insoluble OC “Black carbon” BC
Voluntary (also non-EMEP)
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RECEPTORS/TARGETSRECEPTORS/TARGETSSOURCESSOURCES
Energy
Agriculture& forestry
Traffic
Terrestrial ecosystems
SO2
NH3
CO2
NOx
VOC
CO
CH4
CFC, HFC, SF6….
N2O
ToxinsHM’s, POP’s
TRACE GASESTRACE GASES
Groundwater
Lakes
Terrestrialecosystems
Marine environment
Agriculture& forestry
Humans andanimals
Acidification
NitrogenEutrophication
Climate change
Regional O3
Free tropos.O3
Effects of elevated CO2
Toxicity
ISSUESISSUES
Industry