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Transcript of WWMT-D1S1-Wastewater treatment technologies by Cindy Wallis-Lage
8/3/2019 WWMT-D1S1-Wastewater treatment technologies by Cindy Wallis-Lage
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OPPORTUNITIES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
m b e r 1 1
EXECUTIVE MANAGING DIRECTOR, TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSCINDY WALLIS‐LAGE 1
7 N o v
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CORE TECHNOLOGIES
DOMESTIC LIQUID
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PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
SCREENING
SEPTAGE PUMPOUTS ACCEPTANCE
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SCREENING
T
• Purpose:
Removal of solids, typical 6 – 9 mm but
T M E
,
downstream
• Options:
T
R E Selection depends on need and
hydraulics; often
coarse
followed
by
Bar Screen
I N A R
E L I M
P
Step Screen
Rotary Drum
In‐channel
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TStep Screen In‐channel Screen Rotary Screen
T M E
Advantages
Large flow capacity
Advantages
Large flow capacity
Advantages
Large flow capacity
T
R E
ase o nsta at on
maintenance
Low energy
ase o nsta at on
and maintenance
Low energy
Low ea oss
No headroom
I N A R Limitations
Needs headroom
Low headroom
Limitations
More power than
others
E L I M
Possible malodour Possible malodour Requires large
channel/pit
P
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DEGRITTINGAerated Grit Tank
T
• urpose:
(1) prevent excessive abrasion of mechanical equipment;
T M E
(2) prevent deposition
of
grit
in
pipes
and
channels;
T
R E
units such as settling basins and digesters.
I N A R
Vortex Grit Removal
‐ Horizontal flow (square or rectangular configuration)
E L I M
‐
‐ Vortex‐type (now becoming most popular)
P
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DEGRITTING
T
Aerated Grit Removal
Advantages
Vortex Grit Removal
Advantages
T M E
Popularity
Good at peak flows
Low energy
Compact design
T
R E
oo a mes an
larger grit removal
Adjustment of air
r t remove to
outside unit
Compatible with BNR
I N A R determines grit size
fraction for removalLimitations
• 50 mesh (0.3 mm) 95+%
E L I M Needs space
Needs air supply
remova• 70 mesh (0.24 mm)
85+% removal
P BNR compatibility
Possible malodour
• 100 mesh (0.15 mm)
65+% removal 7
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SEPTAGE PUMPOUT ACCEPTANCE
E N T
• Purpose
Most Asian cities have large numbers of septic tanks
E A T M
.
should incorporate
septage receival facilities
R Y
T R • Options
1. Dedicated septage treatment plants
M I N A 2. Septage receiving areas at WWTPs
P R E L I
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Dedicated Septage Treatment Plants
(design proposed for an Asian city)
Dedicated Septage Treatment Plants
(example of design proposed
for an Asian city)
Solids Loading Area
Treatment/Solids Dewatering Area
Backup Power
Lime Tanks
Weigh Bridge
m n g
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Incorporate Septage Acceptance into Inlet Works6000
2500 2800 2000
300
2000
8003mmSTEP
MUNCHER
4‐20 m3 SEPTAGE
PUMPOUT TRUCK
Areas Not to Scale
(ChannelsSimilar Size;
Grit Removal Larger)
H
E N T
4000 COVERED
FLOW CONTROL
STRUCTURE
SCREENS
STAGE 1+2
(Duty)
3mm STEP
SCREENS
STAGE 1+2
(Standby)
H
SewageA B
A
B
GRIT CLASSIFIER
To Primary or
Secondary Treatment
E A T M
2500
4005500
STEP
SCREENS
STAGE 3
ALL
WALLS
GRIT
REMOVAL
STAGE 1+2
(14 MLD)
GRIT REMOVAL
STAGE 3
(NOT SHOWN)
R Y
T R
4000
mm nu
Bar Screen
ELEVATED INLET WORKS (AS REQUIRED)
>3ADWF bypass
to River
Grit Classifier M I N A
300
2060 1060
1000 ‐1760
E
D
M
Elevated Channel (depending on Final Hyd. Profile)A
P R E L I
1000
> A W ypass
to River
10
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PRIMARY
TREATMENT
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• Purpose:
Removal of solids to reduce downstream pollution and
For treatment plants <20 MLD it is often more
economical to not have primary sedimentation.
Wastewater is
screened
and
degritted and
immediately subjected to biological treatment
12
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OPTIONS ALSO INCLUDE THE ADDITION OF
CHEMICAL COAGULANTS
T• Conventional primary clarifiers remove on average 50 to
T M E
N
the incoming
wastewater
• Use of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT)
T
R E A minimizes footprint by reducing size of primary clarifiers
and aeration basins.
M A R
It can efficiently remove 60 to 90% of TSS, 40 to 70% of COD or BOD, 70 to 90% of phosphorus, and 80 to 90% of bacteria loadings
P R I
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OPTIONS INCLUDE VARIOUS
CONFIGURATIONS
AND/OR
THE
ADDITION
T
T M E
N
T
R E A
M A R • Circular, rectangular, stacked, plate
& tube (saves space)
P R I
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ENHANCED PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
T
T M E
N
T
R E A
M A R
P R I
Feadditionat MalabarSTPinSydney(~450MLD)was“moth
balled”asit wastoosuccessfulandSydneyWatercouldnot managea o t eso s…
15
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
Circular Rectan ular CEPT Advantages
Relatively trouble free as
Advantages
Larger tanks are
Advantages
Smaller tanks
ear ngs are not un er
water
Can use thinner walls
more e c ent t an
circular
Good with space
Further reduce
downstream
aeration reqmts
More widely used
Plate & tubes can be
constrained sites
Can be stacked
Limitations
Cost / availability of .
Limitations
Requires more yard
Cost
Corrosion of
P is chemically
bound and hard to
piping
Requires more space
internal elements if steel
access y p an sSolids handling
system may be
undersized
16
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SECONDARY
TREATMENT
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• Biological removal of carbon, nutrients, toxicity, some pathogens
R P O S
• Lagoons
• Traditional activated sludge
P U • Aerobic fixed film
• Anaerobic
18
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18 November 2011
LAGOONS
Western Treatment Plant in Melbourne, Australia (ca. 3.8m people) treats 52% of Melbourne’s sewage or 485 MLD on 11,000 ha. The WTP provides a haven for tens of thousands of birds and is recognised as one of the World’s most significant wetlands.
S 55E
O
O N 25W
115E
L A
19
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Lagoons can offer some advantages for Asian cities just putting in wastewater
S
O
O N
• Effluent BOD < 50 mg/L difficult
• Supplemental disinfection required
• Low capital and operating expenses
• Low labor requirements
L A • Large land requirement
• Odor can be an issue if anaerobic la oons used and overloaded
• Not complex
• Low maintenance
• Slud e mana ement minimized
and/or uncovered
• Large land area preserved for future upgrades
• Anaerobic la oons can be covered to collect biogas
• Potential water foul habitat 20
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U D G E
T E D
S L • High Rate: SRT of 1 to 3 days
Small footprint; no nutrient reduction; high sludge
ield; additional solids stabilization.
C
T I V A
• Medium Rate: SRT of ca. 10 days
Medium footprint;
nitrification;
reduced
sludge
O N A L
y e ; a ona so s s a za on
• Extended Aeration (SRT of ca. 20 days)
R A D I T
I
may produce
stable
sludge
that
can
be
directly
dewatered and reused or disposed
T
Options:
Continuous
&
Intermittent
Systems 21
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BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL
U D G E
Nitrogen PhosphorusCarbon
Termed BNR
Processes
T E D
S L • Biological
and/or Chemical
• Mostly
Biological
• Mostly
Biological
C
T I V A
• Suspended
growth
Growth or
Suspended
Growth or
Suspended
O N A L • VFA for
biological
•
• Mostly using internal carbon
• Oxidative (e.g. O3 but
R A D I T
I
sources• External carbon
uncommon)• Membrane
T
trimming
• Membrane22
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BNR: CONFIGURATION BASIS IS
ANAEROBIC ANOXIC OXIC ZONES
U D G E
Nitrate RecycleCarbon
O tional
T E D
SInfluent
Effluent
FCAX OX
C
T I V
RAS
O N A L
Effluent QualityBiological Phosphorus Removal
A D I T
INH3-N < 1 mg/LTN = 6 - 10 mg/L
–
Carbon in VFA form is required
External carbon may be required
T
TN control is required
Multiple BNR configurations available 23
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BNR: UCT AND MODIFIED UCT PROCESS
Primary
Effluent VFA1Q Recycle UCT Process
McDowell Creek MLR
A n o x i c
Oxic
RAS WAS
Features
U D
G E
RAS denite
RAS Nitrate Conc. = 4 to 8
Effluent VFA
i c i c
MLR1Q
rocess
I V A T E D
S L
Influent VFA preserved for
PAOs, but
A n o x
Oxic
RAS WAS
A n o x
I O N A L A C
Low MLSS in Anaerobic zone
– requires larger volume24
Effluent Quality
TP = 0.5 to 1 mg/LTN = 6 to 10 mg/L T R
A D I T
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BNR: FIVE STAGE BARDENPHO – PROVIDES LOW N&P LEVELS
U D G E Primary
EffluentVFA
MLR
Methanol (Optional)
Effluent Quality
TP = 0.5 to 1 m L
T E D
S
n o x i c
Oxic
d ‐
A n o x i c
‐ a e r a t i o n
TN = 2 to 3 mg/L
C
T I V RAS WAS
2 n
R e
O N A L
Features
Low Effluent and RAS
Nitrate = 1 to 1.5 m /L
A D I T
I
Very little VFA lost to
RAS Denitrification ‐ no
T
25Bayou Marcus
WRFPensacola, FL
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D G E
E D S
L Disadvantages
• Biological process
Advantages
• Operate w/ or w/o
C T
I V A • Multiple tanks
• Required solids • Manage flow and load
variation to some
N A L A
• Requires solids stabilization
degree
• Continuous process
A D I T I • Energy consumption
large due to aerobic operate
• Good nutrient reduction
T
• Peak
wet
weather
flows
can be challenging
• Simplified overall
treatment train 26
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INTERMITTENTLY AERATED PROCESSES: SBR –CASS™ ‐ IDAL PROCESSES
U D G E
T E D
S L
C
T I V A
O N A L
Ottawa County, Ohio
R A D I T
I ‐
T
Thesecan
also
be
configured
in
BNR
processes 27
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–
D G E
CASS™ ‐ IDAL PROCESSES
E D S
L Disadvantages
• Settling characteristics
Advantages
• No clarifier (smaller
C T
I V A
settling MLSS problematic
• Nitrification /
Denitrification
N A L A • High instrumentation
• Can impact downstream
automatic during settling/decanting
•
A D I T I
discharge
• Larger blowers
configured for BNR optimization
T • Good operator skills
necessary 28
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Advantages:
F I L
• Compact
• Ease of operation
F
I X E
,
• Can add filters for nitrogen
removal as it becomes
R O B I
• Low to medium capex,depending on filter material
Disadvantages:
• Requires primary treatment
A E
• Odour control may be required
• Further sludge treatment required
29
• to remova , ow remova
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ROTATING BIOLOGICAL FILTERS
v :• Low operating costs
F I L
media
• Supplemental air not
F I X E
• Ease of operation
(automated) Disadvantages:
R O B I • Small footprint
• Can add filters for N and dNremoval as it becomes
• Primary Treatment required
• Designs most for smaller plants (<15 MLD
A E
necessary• Good effluent quality
• Maintenance higher as equipment is rotating (lots of moving elements)
to number of treatment
trains 30
• urt er s u ge treatment requ re
• Multiple train
designs
are
needed
for
larger flows
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M E N T (UASB) REACTORS
T R E
A T
construct (“Upthane” from Biothane design shown in lower right); UASB reactor design
O N D A R typ ca y capa e o 60‐80 remova o
organic load (at ca. 30 C) with biogas
roduction.
B I C S E C
N A E R O
31
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UASB REACTORS
M E N T
• No moving parts
• Net ener roducer
T R E
A T
• Small footprint• No need for primary
O N D A R
rea men or s u ge ges er
• Low capital cost
• Low solids roduction
• Long startup times
• ~
B I C S E C
• Removes 70 to 80% of influent BOD & TSS
treatment potentially
• Will not remove N & P
N A E R O • ec no ogy or sewage as
advanced since 1980s; now
over 70 systems
• Corrosion & toxicity
can
be
problematic
• Skilled operators required
• ma er systems or available
32
• Best for higher strength wastes
• Odor control imperative
11/18/2011
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11/18/2011
E N T Large Land Areas in many cities are not available…
The UASB reactor can reduce land requirements
T R E
A T
CambuiWWTP
O N D A R
Campo
Largo,
B I C
S E C ,
N A E R
O
CylindricalUASB
reactors 33
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.
Large Land Areas in Most Cities are not available…
The UASB can reduce land requirements
UASB followed b La oons Alternative 3(42 MLD)
34
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ANAEROBIC FILTERS
M E N T
T R E
A T
O N D A R
B I C S E C Effluent of Tibagi Plant,
Parana,Brazil
N A E R O
COD:40
to
100
mg/L
TSS:4to10mg/L
35
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•Use as retreatment before aerobic la oons or other
COVERED ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
M E N T
aerobic treatment
• 60 to 80% carbon removal
T R E
A T • ogas capture
O N D A R
B I C S E C
N A E R O
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COMPARISON OF PURE AEROBIC VERSES
+
N T
• Take a basis of 1000 kg BOD in tropical environment
A T M
EActivated Sludge >40% ends up as waste biomass Primary sedimentation required
Y
T R E
1,200 kg O2 (@3 kWh/kgO2 = 3600 kWh) Sludge digester required Biogas produced
N D A
Land take 100% UASB+Activated Sludge 25% ends u as waste slud e
S E C
Primary sedimentation NOT required 450 kg O2 (@3 kWh/kgO2 = 1350 kWh) Sludge digester NOT required
Biogas produced Land tank <67% 37
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TERTIARY
Removal and/or inactivation of pathogenic organisms
Disfinection
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DISINFECTION OPTIONS
• Gaseous chlorine still widely used in Asia
• Some Australian and US municipalities have replaced Cl2 with
M E N
T
• ClO2 is a stronger disinfectant but not widely applied (chlorate issues one problem). It can be generated on site
T R E A T • New UV systems have been developed, particularly for smaller
systems
• Emerging strategies include peracetic acid C2H4O3, made with
E R T I A R H2O2 + CH2COOH. Formerly used mostly in the food industry
but is a power disinfectant, stronger than Cl2 or ClO2. Good for biofilms
• Ferrate (FeO4
2‐), iron (VI) is more powerful than O3. It is the
most powerful for water and wastewater. Ferrate is synthesized at the point of use using caustic, sodium or
produced.
39
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RECENT TECHNOLOGY
FOR UPGRADING TREATING A
DOMESTIC LIQUID WASTE STREAM
40
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• Tightening Discharge Standards
• Land Restrictions
• Resource Recovery
• Reuse to offset potable usages: agriculture, industry,
IPR
• Energy: enhancements to increase energy
• Solids: agricultural, fuel,
41
REGULATIONS AROUND THE GLOBE
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REGULATIONS AROUND THE GLOBE REQUIRE HIGHER DEGREE OF TREATMENT
A R D S • Whole
Effluent
S T A
N Toxicity
• Receiving
C
H A R G Stream
Water
I N G
D I
• Reuse Increasin
I G H T E
Ammonia\
Nitrogen&
Phosphorus 42
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SMALL FOOTPRINT
• Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
• Biological Aerated Filters (BAF)
• Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
MBBR• Integrated Fixed‐Film Activated
u ge
43
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TECHNOLOGY
I N T
F
O O T P
S M A L L
Zenon
44
MBR
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MBR
• High effluent quality
• Smallest aerobic footprint
Siemans
I N T
• Stable process
• W/ or W/O PC Zenon
F
O O T P • Install membranes as
needed
• Neighbor Friendly
S M A L L
• Retrofit options
Disadvantages:
• High operating cost: pumping and aeration
45
Kubota
MBR AND BNR
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MBR AND BNR
O O T P R I N T
Anoxic Recycle-
S M A
L L F
Solids Recycle(solids, high DO)
(high NO3-N, lower DO)
, 3
EffluentInfluent
WAS
Anaerobic(for bio-P)
(CBOD5 and NH3-Nremoval)
(for NO3-Nremoval)
Membranes
46
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,
,
49,000 M3/D AA, 96,000 M3/D PEAKMEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
PEORIA SITE PLAN
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PEORIA SITE PLAN49,000 M3/D ON 4.9 – 6 HA
I N T Aeration Basins
F
O O T P
Membranes
S M A L L
Solids DewateringHeadworks
Operations
48
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JURONG WRP, SINGAPORE: 68,000
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JU O G , S G O : 68,000m3/d RETROFIT MBR
E N T
S
Q
U I R E
A N D
R E
Flexiblenutrient removaloperatingstrategy
Complicateddesign
due
to
industrial
component
50
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Advantages:
F I
L• Modern TF
• Uses mineral or structured media with high O2 uptake
F I X E • Ease of operation
(automated) Disadvantages:
R O B I
• Neighbor friendly
• C, N or DN filters
• Primary Treatment required
• Supplemental air required
A
E• Good effluent quality
• Medium to high capex,
• ac was ng requ re
• Thin sludge concentration
•
51
• High level of instrumentation
• Designs are proprietary
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I N T
F
O O T P
More BAF S M A L L
Details…
01/17/03‐ 53
R k VA BIOFOR C N
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Roanoke, VA : BIOFOR C + N
Degremont
159 MLD
SUBMERGED AERATED
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SUBMERGED AERATED FILTERS SAF
Advantages:
• Typically uses mineral or
plastic structured media• Ease of operation N
T
(automated)
• No backwashing required Disadvantages:
O
O T P R I
removal as it becomes necessary
• r mary rea men requ re
• Supplemental air required
• Further slud e treatment re uired M A L L
• Medium to high capex,depending on filter material
• Media can block and with it deteriorated performance
54
• Requ res so s separat on step
STATIC MEDIA PROVIDERS
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STATIC MEDIA PROVIDERS
I N T
AccuWeb
F
O O T P WesTech STM
S M A L L
Ringlace
Others - SAF, SBC, FAST
55
IFAS / MBBR
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/
• Can be used to upgrade existing tank
I N T
• Small footprint
• Uses plastic media
F
O O T P • C & N oxidation in same
reactor
• Ease of operation
Sieves used to contain
free‐floating media
S M A L L
• Coarse bubble diffusers
• Anoxic & anaerobic Disadvantages:
• Good effluent quality
• O&M similar to traditional
• creen ng own to mm pre erre
• Supplemental screens within AB required
AS
• Medium capex 56
• Further sludge treatment required
• Foaming potential
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IFAS – RAS return
InfluentClarifier
Anoxic Aerobic AerobicWAS
F I L
RAS
F I X E
Clarifier
– no re urn
R O B I
In uent
A
E
WAS57
IFAS FOR BIOLOGICAL N&P REMOVAL –BROOMFIELD CO
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BROOMFIELD, COMixed Liquor Recycle
PrimaryEffluent
I N T
Mixed Liquor Recycle
RAS from
To SecondaryClarifiers
FEQReturn
F
O O T P
Clarifiers
Flow Junction/Splitter Box
Anaerobic andAnoxic Basins
(mixed liquor only)
IFAS Aeration Basins(media and
mixed liquor)
Broomfield, CO – IFAS Basins
S M A L L
Process Schematic ofBroomfield BNR/IFAS Facilities
Final Effluent P
Broomfield, CO
8
9
/ L )
3
4
56
e n t r a t i o n
( m
0
1
2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
C o n
58
MBBR/DAF PROCESS FOR NIT/DENIT(MOVE TO SMALL FOOTPRINT)
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(MOVE TO SMALL FOOTPRINT)
SludgeIR Pumping
I N T Disk
ewa er ng
Dissolved
Air Flotation
Influent
F
O O T P
MBBR Basin
S M A L L Me a Retent on S eves
MBBR Media
59
POST MBBR SOLIDS SEPARATION 75 000 3 D
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75 000 m3 D
DAF – ACTIFLO VERSES CONVENITIONAL
I N T
F
O O T P
90ft.Sand
RecirculationPump Section
Saturator and
Recycle Pumps
Flotation Flotation FlotationFlotation
100 ft Dia. 100 ft Dia
S M A L L 80ft.
59ft.
47ft.
60ft.
Flocculation FlocculationMaturationMaturation
90ft
80ft.
Flocculation Flocculation
21ft.
x
.
AquaDAF - 16 gpm/sq ft Actiflo – 50 gpm/sq ft
100 ft Dia 100 ft DiaActifloAquaDAF
Footprint of Conventional Clarification
60
PARADIGM CHANGE: RAW WASTEWATER IS A WASTE
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RAW WASTEWATER IS A WASTE
E Non‐Renewable
Y : R
E U Energy
E
C O V E
EffluentTreatment
Plant
U R C E
Influent Organic
= Energy
R E
S Waste Material
61
PARADIGM CHANGE:
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RAW WASTEWATER IS A VALUABLE
E
RESOURCE!
Renewable Renewable
Y : R
E U EnergyEnergy
E
C O V E
ResourceResource
PlantPlant
ReuseReuse
U R C E
Influent Organic Influent Organic
= Energy= Energy
R E
S Beneficial WasteBeneficial Waste
SolidsSolids
NutrientsNutrients
Drivers:•Water scarcity
• –
62
•Nutrient recovery
•Asset recovery
REUSE CAN DRIVE HIGHER LEVELS OF TREATMENT
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TREATMENT
E
• Purpose: The use of treated wastewater to offset potable water usage. Becoming particularly
Y : R
E U important in these times of decreasing water
supplies.•
E
C O V E
standards that require removal of specific virsus. Victoria in Australia is one such state. Every new
U R C E
.
• Suspended solids: For reuse schemes, filtration is now becoming required because of the disinfection
R E
S and delivery requirements.
• Additional nutrient removal: Driven by reuse
• TDS: Some reuse schemes implement RO to reduce TDS.
63
BUNDAMBA ADVANCED WATER
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BUNDAMBA ADVANCED WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
Disinfection (NH4 + NaOCl)
Secondary
EQ/storage
MFMF RORO
Pre‐TreatmentFerric
UV/H2O2UV/H2O2
Effluent
ROC
Polymer
Storage
Gravity
Thickener
ower ants
Wivenhoe Dam
Micro‐constituents
Nutr ents
REUSE OPPORTUNITIES SHOULD MAXIMIZE SYNERGY WITH INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Oct. 2011
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SYNERGY WITH INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
E
Y : R
E U .
E
C O V E
U R C E
R E
S
Membrane FiltrationReverse Osmosis
65
FOR SOLIDS THE GOAL IS TO…
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S Increase Recovery!
Y : S
O L I
E
C O V E R
U R C E R
R E S
66
CONVERT PHOSPHORUS WASTE TO A PHOSPHORUS COMMODITY
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A PHOSPHORUS COMMODITY
N T S
N U T R I er zer ro uc ee s oa s
Reduced chemical
requirements
O
V E R Y :
Reduced energy requirements
Reduced waste
R C E R E Sustainable method to reduce
effluent phosphorus
R E S O
U
Operational benefitsStruvite control
67Courtesy of OSTARA
Nutrient control of
sidestreams
OSTARA PROCESS
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N T S
• Creation of a struvite in
N U T R I a con ro e manner o
produce a sellable product.
O
V E R Y :
• Struvite – Magnesium
Ammonium Phosphate
Hexahydrate
R C E R E • Slow‐release 5‐28‐0
(nitrogen, phosphorus,
R E S O
U
10% magnesium fertilizer
.
68
STRUVITE RECOVERY IN RETURN STREAMS USING OSTARA
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Primary Treatment(Sludge Settles to Bottom)
Secondary Treatment(Bacteria Break Down Organics)
N T S
N U T R I
ThickenerThickenerFermentorFermentorThickening
O V E R Y :
Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestion Chemical Sludge
R C E R E
Dewatering Centrifuge
Solids to Land Application
90% Phosphate Removed
20% Ammonia Removed
Ostara Reactor
R E S O
U
Crystal GreenR
Slow Release Struvite
Fertilizer Pellets5‐28 ‐0 10%MG 69
INSTALLATION AT DURHAM AWWTF
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N T S
N U T
R I E
V E R Y :
R C E R E
R E S O
70
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–
Y
KNOW WHERE TO FOCUSGravity Thickening1% Return Sludge
: E N
E R
Aeration 60%
Chlorination 1%
Belt Press 3%
11%Pump ng 1
E
O V E R
Wastewater
Pumping 12%
Buildings 6%
U R C E
Grit 1%
Screens 1%
R E
S Clarifiers 3%
Typ ca E ectr ca Energy Requ rements or Act vate u ge
Treatment71
DESIGN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND
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G Y
: E N E R Process Selection
• Biggest opportunity
for
C O V E R
Equipment Selection
• Oversized
=
inefficient
U R C E R
Peak Flow/Load Management
R E S O • e uce pea eman s
start/stops
72
PUMP EFFICIENCY
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Y
PROVIDE (DESIGN) & USE (OPERATE):
: E N
E R • Duty for Efficiency
• Two Smaller vs One
E C O V E
• Variable Speed Drives
U R C E R
R E
S
73
AERATION SYSTEM ENERGY OPTIMIZATION
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G Y
Blowers+Piping/Diffusers+Controls=ONE
SYSTEMNeed all components to
: E N E R • High‐efficiency diffusers
Fine bubble; Ultra‐fine bubble
wor toget er or overall system energy
efficiency
C O V E R Understand effects of fouling
• High‐efficiency blowers
U R C E R Single‐stage, integrally‐geared centrifugal
High‐speed turbo gearless centrifugal
R E S O
• Automatic DO/advanced control systemsMost Open Valve; SRT/DO; BNR
simulation
Instrument selection/maintenance7474
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G Y
Invent Mixer for Anoxic ZonesHydro‐disk Mixer for Digesters
: E N E R
C O V E R
U R C E R
R E S O
75Massart et al 2008
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LIFE CYCLE
CONSIDERATIONS
76
PARTIAL LIST OF SUSTAINABILITY/LCM
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Risk Analysis/Management
Decision Support Tools/Systems
Material Flow Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis
Analysis
Design for Environment Total Economic Value Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Ecological Footprint Full Cost Accounting Multi-Criteria Decision
Analysis
Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Cost Analysis Social LCA
B&V ‐ 77
February 17, 2010B&V ‐ 78
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• 30 MLD average design capacity
• Rec aime water or irrigation ‐ eep well injection during rainy season.
• Sustainabilit assessment with carbon AX
PS
AX
AX
AX
AX
AX
MLR
footprinting carried out to support process selection:
•‐
MLR
• Alt. 2a ‐ MLE circular basins
• Alt. 2b ‐ MLE rectangular basins
`
Mixed LiquorRecycle Pump
An o x i c Z o n e
Clarifier
110'40'
" '
• Alt. 3a – MBBR DAF Nite Denite
• Alt. 3b
– MBBR/DAF
CBOD
removal
only
Plan
Influent
RAS
cae: =
More details, Technical Session 82 WEFTEC 2010
A New Paradigm: Carbon Footprint and Sustainability Assessment for Process Selection
M. Steichen, A. Kadava, A. Shaw, T. Scanlan, M. Martin, S. Kazemi
EMBODIED VS. OPERATIONAL CO2
February 17, 2010B&V ‐ 79
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7.5 %
.
96.4%
CUMULATIVE CARBON FOOTPRINT
February 17, 2010B&V ‐ 80
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400,000,000
450,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
( k g )
.
200,000,000
250,000,000
t i v e C O 2 e
100,000,000
150,000,000 C u m u l
50,000,000
2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 2043 2048 2053 2058
Years of Operation
LCA OF CONSTRUCTION + EQUIPMENT + O&M
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S$80
n s
R A T I O
$60
$70
M i l l i o
O N S I D
$30
$40
$50
N P V C o s t
O&M
Construction
Equipment
C Y C L E
$10
$20
L I
F E
$0
Conventional IFAS Step-Feed MBR BAF
Process Option
81+0.85 +0
(added to existing)
+0.6 +0.24 +0.45Area, ha:
February 17, 2010B&V ‐ 82
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FOOTPRINT
• Reduce Power Use – Energy Efficiency (Save $$$)
• Use anaerobic
processes
•
• Biosolids for Power → Incineration
2
• Sewer Emissions (not yet accounted for properly)?
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PROJECT & EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT
ENCOURAGE
83
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S To drive innovation ‐
A T E G I E • Performance based bidding vs prescriptive bidding
• Risk sharing
E N T S T To deliver innovation ‐
• Traditional EPC
•
C U R E M
• Alliance
• DBO
P
R • BOT
• BOOT
Preference? Client/project specific 84
WHAT INHIBITS IMPLEMENTATION?
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• RISK!
• Funding
• Regulatory
requirements
for “ roven”
COMPARISON OF EPC & EPCM APPROACHES (BRIEFLY)
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S
A T E G I E
E N T S T
C U R E M
P
R
86
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COMMUNITY SYSTEMS DECENTRALISED
87
18 November 2011
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SYSTEMS
Y S T
E M S
L I Z E D
S
C E N T R A
D E
“A Guide to Decision Making: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India”,Water & Sanitation Program (WSP), Government of India (Sept. 2008).
On‐sitefacilitiesmayprovidemoreappropriate,cost effectivetechnologyand,insomecases,an
inexpensiveoption…
88
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• Sanimas: “sanitation by communities” in Bahasa
(Indonesian)
• Urine Separation
• Use of plants
• Anaerobic
• Solar, co‐gen, etc.
89
SANIMAS
D fi iti f ilit t
d
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• Definition: facilitate andassist poor urban communities to plan
Y S T
E M S
sanitation systems of their
choice• ‐
L I Z E D
S
source
• Components: toilet,
C E N T R A , disposal
• Purpose: Society Slide from H.B. Legowo from 5th Meeting of Kitakyushu Initiative Network, 10‐11 Feb
D E ,
of health and improvement of environmental degradation, in an affordable
, a yus u, apan
manner, or t ose areas are poorly served by public infrastructure 90
SANIMAS TREATMENTS
• I l l t i f th t li d t
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• Involve lower cost versions of the centralised systems
Y S T
E M S
L I Z E D
S
C E N T R A
D E
91Slide from H.B. Legowo from 5th Meeting of Kitakyushu Initiative Network, 10‐11 Feb 2010, Kitakyushu, Japan
COMMUNAL SEPTIC TANKS
• Multi chambers increase
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• Multi‐chambers increase effectiveness
Y S T
E M S
L I Z E D
S
http://www.ferrocement.com/casa ‐ca8/ch8.en‐ferroHouse‐web.html
C E N T R A
• D E
Q
<
500
m3/d
Dewats handbook
(1998)
92
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• Vigorously promoted by the Stockholm
Environmental InstituteUrine separation devices
[Right photo
from
WHO
with
permission
(2006);
left
from Kvarnstrom et al., 2006]
• Urine contains 70 of nitrogen and 65% phosphorus from human and animal waste
• Urine is mostly sterile and when standing for a month or two kills all bacteria and viruses
• z u
half the world population•
long way to solve hunger
BACKYARD GARDEN – KAMPALA
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94
USE OF PLANTS
18 November 2011
• “Low tech” solution
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• Low tech solution• Still require regular
Y S T
E M S
• Dimensioning
based
on O2 demand
L I Z E D
S
wetland – better for warmer climates..
Figure from Hoffman, H., C. Platzer, M. Winker and E. von Muench. “Technology Review of Constructed
Wetland: Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment”,
Deutsche Gesellschaft f ür, Internationale Zusammenarbeit GIZ GmbH, ublishers Feb. 2011 .
Wetland in Dubai for WWT;
reeds reached 6m in height
C E N T R A
• TSS and organic matter removal is
D E
90 to 99%
• Almost complete
95
n r ca on a
ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS
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• Imhoff tanks – still used
for smaller communities.
Y S T
E M S
• Construction costs ‐ are slightly higher than the costs
for a septic tank (SANIMAS 2005).
L I Z E D
S• Costs for desludging ‐
motorised or manual must be considered.
C E N T R A
• Im o is a pre‐treatment facility and in many cases connected to further treatment installations such
D E
, , horizontal flow, vertical flow
or free‐surface constructed wetlands, lagoons or other. Open Imhoff tank in Las Vegas, Honduras. Source: MIKELONIS (2008
96
ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS
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• Integrated anaerobic – aerobic treatment – still used for smaller communities.
Y S T
E M S
• Model used in Brazil.
L I Z E D
S
C E N T R A
D E
97
ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS
• Integrated anaerobic –
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Integrated anaerobic DHS (downflow hanging
Y S T
E M S
Purported to be low cost and
easy maintenance
L I Z E D
S
and minimal withdrawal of excess sludge
HRT of ca. 8.3 hours (7 hrs in
C E N T R A UASB),
81
‐84%
COD
removal,
73‐78% nitrification, 94‐97%
unfiltered BOD removal in
550 d test*
D E
98
Kobayashi, T. (ed.). Recent Progress of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering in
Japan, Vol 90 (2004)
ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS
• Integrated anaerobic – DHS (downflow hanging sponge
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Integrated anaerobic DHS (downflow hanging spongecubes):
Y S T
E M S
L I Z E D
S
C E N T R A
D E
99
Harada, H. “India‐Japan International Collaboration for an Innovative Sewage Treatment Technology with Cost‐
effective and Minimum Energy Requirement” Asian Science & Tech. Seminar, Thailand (9March2008).
CO‐GENERATION
‐
big way in Australia to offset carbon
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g
y
510 kWh/h 200 kWh/h
Y S T
E M S
other)
operation)
L I Z E D
S
2081
kWh/h
(biogas to
engines)
710 kWh/h
(electricity
to grid)
C E N T R A
661
kWh/h
(water)
D E
247
kWh/h
(used)
414
kWh/h
(lost)
100
Jor o, E.P. Cogenerat on o e ectr ca an t erma energy rom ogas n wastewater treatment p ants: t e case
for Brazil, Conference in Venice (2010).
CO‐GENERATION
• Smaller scale
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Y S T
E M S
L I Z E D
S
Plants are for providing household gas
C E N T R A Sometimes also used for lighting
Tropical to subtropical temperatures better (otherwise too big)
D E
It is estimated that there are 50,000 anaerobic digesters in Nepal and >8m in China
101
Bisschops, I, E. Schuman, K. Kujawa and H. Spanjers. “Technical background on small scale anaerobic digestion
of food waste”. http://www.slideshare.net/RembrandtK/technical‐background‐small‐scale‐biogas‐
production *One piece moulding with no leaks
*Above or below ground installation
*UV stabilized plastic
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102