Section 4: End of the

War

Armistice• Factors leading to German surrender:

• The arrival of America changes the tide of the war in favor of the Allies

• Revolution arose splitting Austria-Hungary in to 3 independent countries

• The Ottoman Empire had surrendered in the East• German citizens rebelled & forced William II to

abdicate• November 11, 1918 – At 11 o’clock German signed an

armistice• Armistice – Agreement to end fighting

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Fourteen Points:• Wilson’s plan for peace• Proposed free trade, disarmament,

freedom of seas, & open diplomacy • Self-Determination

• Right of people to determine their own government

• Called for the creation of the League of Nations

Some felt the League of Nations would not work

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Who were the “Big Four” & what did they do?• The four leaders of the victorious Allied

nations in charge of peace negotiations• President Wilson of the U.S.• British Prime Minister David Lloyd George• French Premier Georges Clemenceau• Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando

• Germany wasn’t invited to the negotiations

Treaty of Versailles • Allied powers felt Wilson’s plan was too lenient on

Germany• Treaty was signed by Germany on June 28, 1919

• What is this the anniversary of?• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Germany was demilitarized & forced to pay reparations • Reparations: payment for war damages • $33 Billion dollars to the Allies

• Germany forced to return Alsace-Lorraine to France

Questions….

• What do you think the harsh reparations caused throughout Germany?

• How do you think things could have been different if the allied counties went with Wilson’s 14 points?

• Why do you think the harsh conditions in Germany help give rise to Hitler?

Treaty of Versailles• War-Guilt Clause

• Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the outbreak and devastation caused by the war

• Treaty established League of Nations• Why did the U.S. reject the Treaty?

• U.S. felt the League of Nations was an a ”entangled alliance” that would supersede the power of Congress to declare war

• League may force the U.S. in foreign conflicts

GERMAN WAR GUILT

CLAUSE

The Allied and Associated Governments confirm and

Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to

which the Allied and Associated Governments and their national have

been subjected as a consequence of the war

imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and

her allies.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN, THE LEAGUE BECAME INEFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING FUTURE WARS

Size of Armies

Countries in First World WarStanding Armies

& Reserves inAugust 1914

MobilizedForces in1914-18

Russia 5,971,000 12,000,000

France 4,017,000 8,410,000

Great Britain 975,000 8,905,000

Italy 1,251,000 5,615,000

United States 200,000 4,355,000

Germany 4,500,000 11,000,000

Austria-Hungary 3,000,000 7,800,000

Turkey 210,000 2,850,000

CountriesTotalMobiliz

ed

Killed&

Died Wounded

TotalCasualt

ies

Casualties % of

Mobilized

Allied Powers          

Russia12,000,0

001,700,00

04,950,00

09,150,00

0 76.3

France8,410,00

01,357,80

04,266,00

06,160,80

0 76.3

British Empire8,904,46

7 908,3712,090,21

23,190,23

5 35.8

Italy5,615,00

0 650,000 947,0002,197,00

0 39.1

United States4,355,00

0 126,000 234,300 364,800 8.2

Central Powers

         

Germany11,000,0

001,773,70

04,216,05

87,142,55

8 64.9

Austria-Hungary

7,800,000

1,200,000

3,620,000

7,020,000

90.0

Turkey2,850,00

0 325,000 400,000 975,000 34.2

Effects of the War • Food Shortages

• Due to the destruction of farmland during war

• Economic Depression• Europe was

deeply in debt due to war

Aftermath of the War• World War I brought to an end four

major world empires:• Germany (1871-1918)• Austro-Hungarian (1804-1918)• Ottoman (1299-1924)• Russian (1721-1917)

Aftermath of the War• Middle East• Britain & France controlled division of Ottoman

Empire• Britain supported creation of Jewish state in Middle

East • Most Arab states opposed the creation of a Jewish

state, • Creation of Israel resulted in attack of new nation • Arab felt betrayed & this set the stage for the anti-

western views that still dominate many Arab nations.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS

BROKEN APART AND SEVERAL

NEW INDEPENDENT

COUNTRIES EMERGED:

SYRIA, JORDAN, SAUDI

ARABIA AND IRAQ

Aftermath of the War

• End of war resulted in great instability in Europe• Creation of new nations & new governments

• Rise of dictators, aided by poor economic conditions, began to spread• Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany,

WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF WWI IN AMERICA?

•U.S. BECAME A WORLD SUPERPOWER

•U.S. ECONOMY GREW DURING THE WAR, ALTHOUGH IT DID GO INTO A RECESSION SHORTLY THEREAFTER

•BIRTH OF AN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT

•BIRTH OF ANTI-AMERICANISM WITHIN THE COUNTRY

•U.S. CULTURE WAS STARTING TO SPREAD ABROAD

•BIRTH OF BLACK EMPOWERMENT MOVEMENT

•WOMEN WORKED OUTSIDE THE HOME IN HUGE NUMBERS

•BIRTH OF ANTI-COMMUNISM