WWI Overview
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Transcript of WWI Overview
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The Great War
WWI:A New Type of War
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M.A.I.N. Causes
Militarism
By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe
had adopted policies of aggressively building
up armed forces and giving the military more
authority over government and foreign policy.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/images/wwi.jpg&imgrefurl=http://thefirstworldwar.blogspot.com/&usg=__QdI-8s9xB2xMHNOT7hvUVsXtSxE=&h=303&w=225&sz=16&hl=en&start=3&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=fyR-e4fCJD6joM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=86&prev=/images?q=WWI&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7ADRA_en&tbs=isch:1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://brokenworld.wikispaces.com/file/view/militarism.gif/30629688/militarism.gif&imgrefurl=http://brokenworld.wikispaces.com/13.1+Stage+is+Set&usg=__SjQ-VzIAXl2c91k-bjdiP_pIKwk=&h=338&w=422&sz=134&hl=en&start=17&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=EC23RYXAFLY3HM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=126&prev=/images?q=What+is+militarism&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7ADRA_en&tbs=isch:1 -
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M.A.I.N. Causes
Alliances
In a complicated system of
alliances, different groups
of European nations hadpledged to come to one
anothers aid in the event
of attack.
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M.A.I.N. Causes
Imperialism
Competition for colonial lands in Africa and
elsewhere led to conflict among the major
European powers.
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M.A.I.N. Causes
Nationalism
One type of nationalism inspired the great
powers of Europe to act in their own interests.
Another emerged as ethnic minorities within
larger nations sought self-government.
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Spark that Ignites WWI
The immediate cause of the Great War was theassassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand inSarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914.
At the time of his assassination, FrancisFerdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had been visiting Bosnia, anew Austro-Hungarian province. He was shot by
Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalistwho believed that Austria-Hungary had no rightto rule Bosnia.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/Images/Archduke-Franz-Ferdinand.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/pages/Police-close-Adam-Walsh-case-delighting-serial-killers-worldwide-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html&usg=__DV1tTqLy11mL9Gq1fU_t5AXsC8I=&h=306&w=250&sz=11&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=MEJiNEmyhsicDM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=96&prev=/images?q=Archduke+franz&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7ADRA_en&tbs=isch:1 -
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American Response
Because many Americans wereEuropean immigrants or the childrenof European immigrants, many feltpersonally involved in the escalatingwar.
Most Americans supported the Allies.
Did not approve of one ruler withunlimited power (Germany)
Anti-German propaganda, orinformation intended to sway publicopinion, turned many Americansagainst the Central Powers.
To protect American investmentsoverseas , President Wilson officially
proclaimed the United States aneutral country on August 4, 1914.
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Stalemate
By September 1914, the warhad reached a stalemate, asituation in which neither sideis able to gain an advantage.
When a French and British
force stopped a Germanadvance near Paris, both sidesholed up in trenches separatedby an empty no mans land.Small gains in land resulted inhuge numbers of human
casualties. Both sides continued to add
new allies, hoping to gain anadvantage.
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Events that Draw the US into WWI
1. Submarine warfareangered the U.S.German U-Boatstorpedoed American
ships trading with theAllies.
2. The Lusitania, a Britishpassenger ship, was
sunk by the Germans.1200 people were killed,including 128Americans.
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WWI Weapons
Machine Guns
Machine guns needed 4-6 men to
work them and had to be on a flat
surface. They had the fire-power of 100
guns.
Large field guns had a long range and could deliver devastating blowsto the enemy but needed up to 12 men to work them. They firedshells which exploded on impact.
Poison Gas
Chlorine gas causes a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains.Death is painful - you suffocate!
Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon used. It was fired into thetrenches in shells. It is colorless and takes 12 hours to take effect.Effects include: blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal andexternal bleeding. Death can take up to 5 weeks.
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Events that Draw the US into WWI
3. Zimmerman Note
Britain intercepted thetelegram. Germany tried toconvince Mexico to declarewar on the U.S. Mexico would
receive part of the U.S. if theywon the war.
4. Russian Revolution
Czar Nicholas II was removedfrom power in Russia. The
new government promiseddemocratic reforms whichmade it easier for the U.S. tocome into the war on Russiasside.
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WWI Weapons
Airplanes
Planes were also used for the first time. At first
they were used to deliver bombs and for spying
work but became fighter aircraft armed withmachine guns, bombs and some times cannons.
Fights between two planes in the sky became
known as 'dogfights'
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WWI Weapons
Tanks Tanks were used for the first
time at the Battle of theSomme. They weredeveloped to cope with theconditions on the WesternFront.
The first tank was called 'LittleWillie' and needed a crew of 3.Its maximum speed was 3mphand it could not crosstrenches.
The more modern tank wasnot developed until just beforethe end of the war. It couldcarry 10 men, had a revolvingturret and could reach 4mph.
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WWI Weapons
Trench Warfare Trenches began as simple
ditches that were deepenough for men to take coverfrom gunfire, but soon theybecame very complicated.
Between the two sides, therewas a desolate area called"No-man's Land", because itbelonged to no one. wide. Itwas an area of devastation:with fragments of buildings,
shattered and burnt downtrees and craters and deepholes in the ground left fromintense shelling, which wereoften filled with water.
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Effects of Trench Warfare
Many people lost their lives trying to cross barbed wire. Also trench walls were sometimes unstable,
but trench walls usually only collapsed under heavy shelling, the force of which would kill a soldier,
before he had time to worry about being buried alive under a collapsed wall.
Diseases killed many soldiers in trench warfare and thousands of soldiers died unnecessarily of their
wounds. Standing in cold water for hours on end ruined soldiers feet and lack of
proper toilets, opportunities to wash and sewage removal, allowed typhus
and skin diseases to thrive.
Lice and rats spread fatal diseases, but lice and rats themselves were not
killers.
Trench warfare cost so many lives in WWI
due to the plan of a war of attrition and
because of poor living conditions.
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WWI Death Tolls by Country
Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties
USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8%
Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54%
Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44%
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55%
Austria-
Hungary6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74%
French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75%
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African Americans and Women of
WWI
African Americans fought in WWI but served
in segregated troop.
Many did not see combat.
Women contributed to the war but nursing
was almost the only area where females
experienced the war or front line.
Women were called on, by necessity, to do work
and to take on roles that were outside their
traditional gender expectations.
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Working Towards Peace
President Wilson developed a program for peace around the world
known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions
it contained.
Some of Wilsons Fourteen Points called for:
an end to entangling alliances
reduction of military forces
the right of Austria-Hungarys ethnic groups to self-determination, or
the power to make decisions about their own future.
Although both Wilson and the German government assumed thatthe Fourteen Points would form the basis of peace negotiations,
the Allies disagreed. During peace negotiations, Wilsons Fourteen
Points were discarded one by one.
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Wilson Forced to Compromise
Although Wilson claimedthat he was notinterested in the spoils, orrewards, of war, his Alliedcolleagues wereinterested in making theCentral Powers pay forwar damages.
Wilson was forced to
compromise on his views,especially concerning self-determination for formerGerman colonies.
The League of Nations
One of Wilsons ideas, the
formation of a League of Nations,
was agreed upon at the Paris Peace
Conference. The League of Nations
was designed to bring the nationsof the world together to ensure
peace and security.
Republicans in Congress, however,
were concerned about Article 10 of
the Leagues charter, whichcontained a provision that they
claimed might draw the United
States into unpopular foreign wars.
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Versailles Treaty
The treaty which was
negotiated at the Paris Peace
Conference redrew the map of
Europe to the Allies advantage.
Nine new nations were createdfrom territory taken from
Austria-Hungary, Russia, and
Germany. Although most
borders were drawn with the
division of ethnic minorities inmind, the redivisions created
new ethnic minorities in several
countries.
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Versailles Treaty
France insisted that Germany be humiliated andfinancially crippled. The peace treaty requiredGermany to pay billions of dollars in reparations,
or payment for economic injury suffered duringthe war. Wilson, however, opposed this plan,claiming that these demands would lead tofuture wars.
On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which cameto be known as the Versailles Treaty, was signedat Versailles, outside of Paris.
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Aftermath of WWI
Congress and the Treaty ofVersailles
Despite Wilsons intensivecampaign in favor of theVersailles Treaty, Congress
voted against ratifying it inNovember 1919.
The United States declared thewar officially over on May 20,1920. It ratified separatepeace treaties with Germany,
Austria, and Hungary.However, the United Statesdid not join the newly formedLeague of Nations.
Difficult Postwar Adjustments The war had given a large boost to
the American economy, making theUnited States the worlds largestcreditor nation.
Soldiers returned home to a heros
welcome but found that jobs werescarce.
African American soldiers, despitetheir service to their country,returned to find continueddiscrimination.
Women began fighting for the right
to vote. Many American artists entered the
postwar years with a sense of gloomand disillusionment.