SOL Review

WWI and New Deal

People

Bull Moose Party

• Name taken by the Progressive Party

• Led by Theodore Roosevelt

• Important in the 1912 election against Taft and Woodrow Wilson

• Bull Moose Party came in second

William Jennings Bryan

• 3 time presidential candidate, lost all 3 times

• Leader of the Populist Party

• Gave the “Cross of Gold” speech to promote silver use

• Prosecutor in the “Scopes Monkey Trial”

Flappers

• Stereotype of the “new” woman of the 1920s Jazz Age

• Slim, bobbed hair, short skirt, make up and smokes

Hobos

• Nickname for the homeless men of the Great Depression who often traveled the trains illegally, criss-crossing the country looking for work

Langston Hughes

• Leading poet and writer during the Harlem Renaissance

Ku Klux Klan

• Secret society organized by whites after the Civil War

• Organized by Nathan Bedford Forrest

• Used violence against Blacks, carpetbaggers

• Anti-Jew and anti-Catholic

John Lewis

• Leader of the United Mine Workers Union

Okies

• Nickname for farmers who migrated west to California because of the dust bowl conditions during the Great Depression

• Fictionalized in John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath

Eleanor Roosevelt

• First lady of the United States when FDR was in office

• Niece of TR• Was the social

conscience of FDR’s White House– Civil Rights

– Women’s Rights

– Human Rights

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• 32nd President, 1932-1945

• Only president elected to a 3rd and 4th term

• New Deal Program– Social Security– Tennessee Valley

Authority

• WW2• Democrat

Woodrow Wilson

• President from 1912-1920

• Last progressive president

• Defeated Teddy Roosevelt in the 1912 election

• Domestic policy called New Freedom

Time Periods

Dust Bowl

• Nickname for terrible weather conditions for farmers in the Mid-West during the 1930s and Depression

• Caused by over-farming during the boom years of WWI

• “Okies” left for California

• Grapes of Wrath

First Hundred Days

• Refers to FDR’s first 100 days as President creating the New Deal

• Most productive congressional session in history

Great Depression

• Began with the Stock Market crash, Oct. 1929

• Made worse by bank failures, unemployment, and farm failures

• FDR creates the New Deal to end the Depression

• WW2 ends the depression by 1943

Harlem Renaissance

• 1920s • Growth of African-

American culture• Art, literature, song• Jazz Age

isolationism

• Term for US withdrawal from international scene after WW1

• Ends when US enters WW2

Jazz Age

• 1920s• Prosperity, fun, dance,

sport• Cars• Greater opportunities

for women

New Deal

• FDR’s domestic plan to help lift America out of the Great Depression in the mid 1930’s

• Broken into the First New Deal and the Second New Deal, both which were broad programs regulating business and industry, providing employment through public work programs, and aiding farmers.

• Permanently changed the role of government in American Society.• First New Deal was broader in scope but not as ambitious in

government spending.• Second New Deal was more Liberal and included more government

spending.• After the Supreme Court struck down key parts of the First New Deal,

Roosevelt tried to pass his “Court Packing” plan.

Prohibition• A movement begun in the 1800s

to ban alcohol in the United States• Became law with the 18th

Amendment in 1920 and then repealed in 1933 with the 21st amendment

• Generally seen as a failure for two reasons:– Enforcement was impossible– Gangsters

• However, drinking was reduced

Roaring 20’s

• Nickname given to the decade of the 1920s due to the new, energized life of the 20s and new found freedoms found, especially with teenagers and women

Events

Free Silver

• Populist Party platform

• Base US money on silver, instead of gold, to help farmers

• William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech is famous for promoting Free Silver

New Freedom

• The name for Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive domestic agenda when he was elected in 1912.

World War One, 1914 - 1918• Causes:

– Nationalism– Militarism– Imperialism– Alliance Systems– Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• US gets involved in 1917– Germany kept sinking US ships that were supposed to be

neutral

• A stalemate war until US involvement• Begins US involvement in European affairs• Woodrow Wilson

– 14 Points– League of Nations

• US returns to isolationism somewhat after WWI until WWII

Lusitania

• British ship sunk by a German submarine during WW1

• 1200 died, 128 US died• Almost brought the US

into WW1, but it didn’t

Zimmerman Telegram

• A letter sent from Germany intended for Mexico

• Intercepted by the British and given to the US

• Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico

• If Germany won WWI with US involvement, Mexico could receive all lands lost to the US in the Mexican-American War

Fourteen Points

• President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace after WWI

• Created the League of Nations

• Many of the points failed in Europe and in the US Senate

Treaty of Versailles

• The treaty that ended World War One

• Wilson hoped to go easy on Germany, Europe wanted to punish Germany

• The League of Nations is the most important part of the treaty

• The US never accepted the Treaty

• War Guilt Clause was forced on Germany and would become a cause of WW2

• England and France maintained colonies (mandates) which would also cause future problems, e.g. Palestine

League of Nations

• Created by Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

• US never joined

• Created after WW1

• A cooperation of nations dedicated to peace, not war

• Now it’s the United Nations

Women’s Suffrage

• The movement to give women the right to vote

• Official with the 19th amendment

1919-1920 Steel Strike

• One of many strikes during the 1920s where labor and management could not come up with a compromise

• Many feared communist elements in Labor Unions

• 18 people were killed during these strikes

Sacco and Venzetti

• 1920s “Trial of the Century

• Sacco and Venzetti were Italian anarchists which didn’t make them popular in the US in the first place

• Arrested and found guilty of murder

• Trial reflects more of US anti-immigrant and anti-anarchist beliefs than their real guilt

• Sacco was guilty, Venzetti was not

• Both were executed

Palmer Raids

• Government crackdown on suspected anarchists and communists during the 1920s

• Led by Attorney General Robert Palmer

• Part of the Red Scare• 100s of people were

deported out of the US

Red Scare

• 1920s version of the fear of communism in the USA

• Also associated with anarchy

• This fear was a result of the end of WWI and the Communist revolution in Russia

• Enforced by the Palmer Raids

Scopes Monkey Trial

• 1920’s “Trial of the Century”

• Pitted the Bible (creationism) vs. science (evolution)

• William Jennings Bryan

• Clarence Darrow

Business Cycle

• A term used in economics that describes the natural ups and downs of business

• Usually is a 30 year cycle where you’ll see boom years and recession years

Buying on Margin

• When people bought stocks by only paying 10% of the real value and borrowing the rest

• When the Stock Market crashed, people lost their investments while still owing people, who then never received their loan– Instead of buying 10 shares of stock at $10/share and spending

$100, you’d by 10 shares and $10/per share for only $10. The goal was to see your stock rise to $20/share. You’d then pay back the $90 and keep the extra $100 profit. Black Tuesday ruined this “get rich quick” practice

“Black Tuesday”

• Oct. 29, 1929• Date of the Stock

Market Crash• Beginning date of the

Great Depression

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

• A tariff (tax) created in 1930 that ended up causing more economic hardships on post WW1 Europe

• Highest tariff increase in history

• One of the many causes of the Great Depression

Bonus Army• WWI veterans marched on

Washington in 1932 demanding their WWI bonus promised to them early because of the effects of the Great Depression

• Once they were denied, most went home

• Some stayed and riots broke out• Hoover used the army under Douglas

MacArthur to stop the riot, using tear gas which killed an 11 month old boy

• Ruined Hoover’s image and reelection chances in 1932

Hoovervilles

• Nickname for homeless camps in the United States during the Depression

• Herbert Hoover was President of the US at the time

Bread lines/Soup Kitchens

• Charity work during the Great Depression giving free food for the unemployed

Social Security

• New Deal program under FDR

• Gave a monthly salary to people over 64

• Still exists

• Don’t count on it when you retire

New Deal Programs

• Agricultural Adjustment Act: paid farmers not to grow crops

• Tennessee Valley Authority: successful effort to modernize this region with dams, electricity, and better farming techniques, still exists

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: insures your money in banks up to $100,000

• National Recovery Act: an attempt to stabilize business with wages and 40 hour work week

• Securities and Exchange Commission: regulates the Stock Market to prevent “crashes”

• Works Progress Administration: One of many programs designed to get Americans working again with public projects

• Civilian Conservation Corps: program hiring men to build roads and plant trees and other environmental work

• National Labor Relations Act: helps Labor, management, and the government with labor issues

• Fair Labor Standards Act: Creates a minimum wage and children under 16 from working

• Home Owners Loan Corporation: loans money to homeowners to keep up with mortgage payments

“Court Packing”

• FDR plan to increase the size of the Supreme Court when the Court struck down much of his New Deal

• Plan failed, though Court began siding with New Deal

Welfare

• Government assistance to the poor for food and housing

Deficit Spending

• An action taken on by the government that sometimes helps the economy grow

• It’s when the government spends money it doesn’t have, like using a credit card Government borrows money by selling bonds and treasury notes

• In the 1930s and 1980s, the government spent more in public programs than the money it brought in from taxes