WWI 2nd Infantry Division

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K)Ki The D ir ector , fjecond *ea r u lKga, 19 30 -3 1 , Ocmm/md andGeneral staff School, Port Leavenworthj, Kansas.

11 study of the r e l i e f of the *d d iv is io n on 19 du ly,1 918 ,reasons, and conditions*

1 # A bibliography for this study#

2* A copy of report (letter) from oommandinp; «eneral,fcd division, touatanandinfr ^ereral,lJOth Army Uorps, dfcj^d 19 duly,1918* Appendedbecause of its direct bearing on nnswors to the questionscontained in the subjeot of the study•

3* Maps*Idap No 1 wrtteneral map of the bat T* area and the ftpproaohes thereto

Map No 2 - yhowing tho pl*n of advmoe of ?.d i / iv i s ion*Map ho 3 - allowing s i t u a t i o n a s of 11:00 JM,18 duly*1918«Map )io * - yhovdng si t u a t i o n as of 7j00 Afc,19 d u ly ,1 9 18 .Map No 6 - shoe ing si tu a t io n *s of 11*00 Fid, 19 du ly,191 8*

11 • TliisfcTUDi KisbawTJijj." wh> was the 2d Division relieved 19 'July,!!918?and thereasons?* Was the relief besed on normal conditions?*

ill* lUM'UttlUi^i r A U W K K L A T I U G TO THK STU DY* — In order to understand thereasons for the relief of the 2d Division on 19 0uly,1918, and theconditions upon which the relief was based, it is neoessary tooonoider the movement of the division to the battlefield and theoperations during 18 and 19



The division oommander and the chief of staff preceded the division,going via 10th Army Headquarters to the headquarters of the 20thArmy Corps and there received copies or tho oorpw orders .for the

attack on the 18th and sane maps. At that time,night 16-17 July,the division commander did not know when,where,or in what orderthe division would arrive in the trucks and debuos* Then the divisioncommander and chief of staff went to the headquarters of the III Corps(US) arriving there about midnight (night 16-17 duly) where they fouijuiGeneral Bullard end part of his staff with scow office facilities*Here General harbord received a brief description of the ground overwhich the attack was to be made from a French officer with lii Corpsheadquarters* This description together with the maps was the onlyinformation available from whioh to prepRre the division orders forthe attaok* Reconnaissance by division commander and staff couldbe made in time* ueneral harbord and his chief of staff,ColonelPreston Brown, spent tho remainder of the night studying the maps,and preparing ahd mimeographing the division attack order• They hadno information as to the occupied areas,enemy strength,roads,trafficoontrol, or arrival of the division* They started back about; daylighton the 17th in a motor car to find the division end distribute the

orders* They found the 2d irield Artillery Brigade,whioh had arrivedsome time before,near carrefour - d e - Nemours ready for the attack*They met part of the troops on tha road and sent out officers to finlothers, iunued orders to concentrate units on their battle positionsThe assembly and attack had to be nade to fit an order prepared ata time when the location and order of arrival of the division werenot known to the division commander* Th^ remainder of the 17th v/agspend by the division commander and staff in locating elements of

the division,directing their movements to positions,getting ammuniti|3nfor the troops )

After debus sing on the morning of 17 July the troops learned that theywere to participate in the attack of the 10th inrenoh Army the next



j The fcd Division was tho right flank division of the FrenchfcOth irmyj! Corps* The French 30th Army oorpc attacked on the right of thei] division and the French First Moroccan Division on its l e f t .j| The division tone of action was about l£ miles wide, in general,the j

south boundary was from south of Uhavigny-Ferme-VauDcoastille-Hartenneiat Taux-, ftnd the north boundary fenorftlly the lineiViviores-Le rransjonrerme-ville ivionterie, attacking in the general direction of Tigny andDroizy* This necessitated a change of direction during the attack asthe attnck initially wa« north of east and changed to southeast afterabout 8^ miles advance* jthe normnl objective of the first ett&ek wasa goner*1 nofcth <vnd south l ine through the eastern edge of vierty, a

depth of about 5 milee* with two intermediate objectives wean of t lo tline* Tho Una of departure was the existing front line, the divisionto relieve or pas3 through French troops then holding it* The time ofattach was 4t36 Ak,10 July* Tho 3d Brigade,on the right, attackedwith 23d Inf and 9th Inf nbroast from right to lef t in the ordergiven, eaoh regiment in i t i a l l y in column of t i t tal ions* Tho 6thMarines attaokod on l e f t of 3d Brigade* The6th Marines in corpsreserve, and tho 2d Knflneers and 4th Kaohine Gun Battalion in

I div ision reserve* Tho 2d Field Artillery brigade with a regiment• of French arti llery f<ttn.che<3 supporter

1the attack* The 11th indl2

!:h

| oroupings of Tanks ^French) assisted the attack^)*

! The Jit'ack started at 4:35 AM, 18 «)uly, the infantry precodod by anj ar ti ll er y barrage and accompanied by French tnnks In the first wav**: Rapid progress vras made in the in it ia l stages* ttnomy ar til le ry fir e| was weak. The effect of surprioo vms evident* By 6:00 AM,Beaupaire

j b't\?m was captured and tho division had suffered only slight, casualtiesjj so f a r * By lljO O AM r»as^u lt e lom on ts had ro^ched a nort l i and so u t h]j line through v*uxcastille* Continuing rapid progress by liOO PM,jj the normal objeotivo for the first attack had been r»aaohed exceptI] part of tho tov/n of Vieray on the south* Up to this point losses



Due to disorganisation of the troops m& laok of communications theattack oould not bo coordinated. It got started between 7|OO and7* 30 PM# Vieray was soon captured and the assault elements pushed

on until dusk when they had reached a general north and south lineabout one mile east cf Viersy, and the commanders not believing afarther advance practicable that night the troops, on orders fromdivision, dug in and held that line* The later stages of the day'sadvance had encountered increasing energy resistance particularly in

the Vierzy area* Ty,e division was ahead of the French troops onits flanks and contact with them had been lost* Th* divisi6n hadpushed a salient into the German lines * At ono time the 9th Infantry

ocone under severe flanking fire on its left: wid suffered its hea\~ies^losses because of erroneous reports that French cavalry nnd othertroops were on the left of the regiment,when actually the French weresome distance behind and the flank of the regiment exposed (11)•

At the end of the advance on the 18$h the situation was as fblloirs:The front line of the division sone was held by the 3d Brigade andits attached units* The 23d Infantry with about ono-half of the 5th

Marines held the southern half and the 9th Infantry and nbout one-hal:of the 5th Marines held the northern half. Seme machine gun units hadgotten tip and joined the infantry and marines* Oenoral Bowley,(2dField Artillery Brigade),during the afternoon had ordered the 4thMachine Gun Battalion to raport to tho 9th or 23d Infantry,two of itscompanies having already joined the 5th Marines * At the end of "theadvance part of this battalion hnd been withdrawn to positions in reaiof the line* The 2d Engineers,division reserve, had been ordered upto ep.pt of Vau^caatille during theafternoon by the division chief of Istaff, ai d the rogimental oominander told that he might have to use !his own judgment as to future actions as communications had not beengood. When the regimental commander heard that Vierxy had been captured,about 9j30 PM, on his own initiative he took his regiment forward tothe f ront line to consodidate the position or assist the infantry, anc.



The 20th Army Corps ordered ft resumption of the attack for 4|00 All, 19July to aeoure the final objective of the 10bh Army attack* Theorder waa received at headquarters of the 2d Division at 2jOO AM, 19th*orders could not be issued and the troops prepared for the attaok at

the time given consequently the attack waa dolayed for some hours*Due to the existing dispositions, exhausted condition, and losses, :the troops employed in the battle on the 18th wer e not included in theatta ck on the 19th* This left the 6th Marines and 2d engineersavailable to resume the attack* The division cannwnder regarded thisforce as inadequate but the atta ck was ordered* The objective waatho Bois de hartennes-Bois de Concrois,both inclusive* The infantryattaok to be m^de b y 6th Marines and 6th Machine Gun Battalion, w it h

the 1st Battalion of the 2d Engineers in reserve* Available tanks^French) were attached to *asault units* Th© attacking troops wereordered to effeot passage of front lines at 7tOO All, the troops thenin line to remain in position until passed through* The 6th Marines»nd 2d Engineers received these orders between 5t00 and 6s 00 AM on19th*

The attacking troaps passed through the 3d Brigade after 7s00 AM and

advanced on their objective* They me t strong resistance early andit continued* Th« uerraans had superiority of the iir and their planetoperating at low altitudes over the division sone attacked the troopsrnd directed artillery fire* The enemy artillery and mach ine guns we'r«very active all dny and thoir fire effective* Karly in the morninga liorman counterattack agrvinst the left of the 9th Infnmtry was re pulsed* Advancing against strong enemy resistance, especially fromvicinity of Tigny, and suffering severe casualties, by Is00 Hi , the6th Marines had gained a line, generally north and south, just westof Tigny* They could advance no farther* Al l supports *nd reservesof. -thfrnregiment had been pu t in the line* Finding that farther advandeoould not be made, the attacking troops dug in and held their po3itioi^#Th* losses of the 6th Marines in this attack wer e estimated as 40 percent of effectives* Th« tanks (French) assisted tha attaok and sustain



On 19 J u ly , hour no t in d ic a te d , the di v i s i o n oomm»nder, Gen eral Harbordin a rep ort to th e uommanding u en er al , 2 0th Army Corps, st a te d th atthe troops engaged in the fight on the 18th were exhausted and thati t was neoessary to mala* tha ati;aok on the 19th with the 6th Marines

supported by a b a t t a l io n of the 2d engineer<s, wh ich he regarded as aninadequate force* ha further sta te d tha t the l in e then was approximatelynorth and south through rigny «nd was held up , th at h i s l e f t flan k wasthre aten ed by being exposed and th at jnrenoh troop s were no t y e t impo sess ion of paroy-xigny on the r ig ht of the div is io n but did not oonsider the right flank in danger beoaus* of trench cavalry being betweenthe d iv i s i o n s r i gh t and the *renoh 56 th D iv i s i on .This report contained the fol lowing!

MI do not a ntic ipa te th at my div is io n w i l l not be able to holdwhat it has already gained, but I desire to ins ist most stronglythat they should not be oalled upon for further offensive effort* 1 • [

7h©n fo llo w ed a resume of the co nd iti on s under *fchioh th e t ro op s en tar eathe battle , the lack of food #water, rest, eto, end the report endedirith the follcmring recommendation?

11 I t i s ea rn estl y recommended that th is con dit ion , whioh e x i s t s asa re s u l t o f no f a u lt of anyone oonxieoted w it h tM s d iv is io n , boreoognized and the further pro secu tion of the off en siv e on our

fro nt be done by d iv is io n s in the second li n e , pa ssin g themthrough our pr ese nt p03itiori8 IJ438)# / . copy of thin report ispppended to this study Appendix Z)%

At about 5*00 PM,19 uu ly, the d iv is io n received orders for i t s r e l ie f by the jrrenoh 68th Uolcmial uivision* The r e l i e f wae mede th e ni gh t19-20 Ju ly, the div is io n ^le ss the 2d u ie ld A r ti l l er y Brigad e;, movingto v i c i n i t y of r ie rre fon ds ?nd Ta llefo nta ine in army re ser ve • The

a r ti l l e ry brigade remained in pos it i on s nnj la te r continu edto supportthe attack until the nipht 25-26 Uuly, when i t was re li ev ed andrejo ined the d i v is ion ' (16) •

; (i-r)



OPINION OF THE AUTHOR.

1« Disoussion.—• The foregoing historical information does not givea speoific answer to the question as to why the 2d Division was

relieved on 19 July, as there is no record of the decision of m

the commanding ueneral,20th Army uorps, to make the relief orhis particular reasons Tor it. However, it is reasonable toassume that the relief was ordered as a direct result of thereport and recommendation of the division commander made on 19ouly. This report, indicating that the infantry elements employed in the attack on the 18th were exhausted, and that theowlyoavnilable troops for the attack on 19th were engaged and

had been stopped before reaching their objective and were unableto advance, tnat one flank v.

ras in danger, the condition of the

troops, coupled with the division ccmmanderla recommendationthat if further offensive effort be made that it be done bypossing passing other divisions -through the position, is certainlysufficient reasons for the corps commander's decision torelieve the division, it was necessary for the oorps to continuethe offensive*

Then the actual reasons for the relief were those which caused thedivision connuandor to make the report and recommendation referred to. The information of the division commander at thattime was probably incomplete and to some fcxtent inaoourat©.iiowevor, the historical facts show that the situation in respec£to the attacking line was as reported, although during theafternoon of the 19th jprench troops came up on the left flank !

of the division and thus secured it« The losses in the infantry!regiments of the 3d Brigade hr.d been 50 percent or more of theireffective strength,and about 40 percent in tho 6th Marines, andheavy losses in other infantry and marine units* The 3d Brigadearid attached units might have been reorganised and prepared



liiatribution of the orddr was difficult due to the short time availablewidlaok of ctamunioationa facilities* The mar ch to posi tion * overmuddy end pongested roads might be considered as normal, but in this

oase it was over unfamiliar routes over which the division exeroisedno control of traffic and under confusion and lack of direction* Thesubordinate commanders, particularly regimental and battalion, hadlittle or no time for reconnaissance, and scant time for issue of thejlrorders • Yrfhile seme of the leading elements had a little time toprepare for the attack others had to move at double time in order tofollow the barrage wh en it started* The troops were tired v/hen theystarted the attack on the morning of the 18th* The rapid advance

made communication difficult, especially in the forward areas* Thefailure of oontact on flunks with mrench troops addod to the difficultiesof the att ack.

2* co nc lus io n* — careful consideration of the foregoing justifies theconclusion that the ?d Division was relieved on 19 July,1918*

because of the report andreoommondation of the division commander*for the reasons that th^ division ?/as unable to continue theoffensive duo to the exhausted condition of the troops and theirlosses* And further, that the conditions under which the divisionmoved to the battlefield, entered, and carried on the battle we renot normal*



JippndlT Ho I. blBLIOGRAPbX.

Key: (l-afb) - No 1 text (bolow) items a and b.

(4-3£6#327) • No 4 text (balow) pages 326 and 327.

Notei The Records of Second Division, used in this study, are mimeographedoopiesof source records, arranged by volume nooording to generalclassification of subject matter and contents of each volumegrouped by divisional units. The volumes are not page numbered.Within each voltume and unit group the contents are arranged generally in chronological order, but haveno other identificationexcept date,form, and consent* of the items. In this study thetexts of the Second Division Records us*d are numbered in thebibliography by volume and items selected nte identified by lettejrin each numberod texttfith urther identification of each item byshewing origin,destination,dnta,etc.

1. Keoords of Second Division (Regular),Operations Reports, War Diaries,Journals of Operations, 2d Division, 2d Fiold Artillery Brigade,2d Trench Mottar Battery, 3d Brigade,4th brigade (1918). Volume 8-,a. War Diary,2d Div., 13 July,1918.b. Journal of Operations,2d Div,,July 14,1918.0. War Diary,2d Dir%9 14 July,1918.d. JtfonrnQl of Operations,2d Div.,15 July,1918.e. Wnr Diary,2d Div.,15 July,1918•

f. Journal of Operations,2d Div, 18 July, 1918.g. War Diary,2d Div., 16 July, 1918.h. Journal of Operations,2d Div.,17 July, 1918.1. War Diary,2d Div.,17 July,1918.j. Journal of Operations,2d Div., 18 July,1918.



3 . Reoords of the Second DiTision (Re b ul ar ), F ie ld Messages, 2d DiT . ,2d FA B ri g, ,3 d Inf B ri g. ,4 th In f Br ig . , 1918, Volume 4 .

a* Messages 17 Ju ly,19 18, fron Offioer in Charge of Trine to tr ai n sand machine gun units.

b. Message No 1,156 AM, 18 J u ly , from CO,23d I n f ., t o CG,2d DiT.0 . Telephone o onT ersation C of S,2d DiT #,to Hq.2Oth Army Corps,2f 00AM, IS July.

d. Message from M*jor Hall,3d Brig.,(apparently to 2d DiT),6126 AM,18 July.

e . Message from CO,23d I n f . , t o CG,3d Brig and 2d D iT .,6 :3 6 AM, 18 J u l jf. Message from C0,23d I n f . , t o CG 3d Brig and 2d D i T ., 6 j l l AM,18 J ul jg . Message from Major Ha ll,3 d B rig .,6 x0 0 AM,18 J ul y,

h . Message from OP "A",5*50 AM, 18 July.1. Message No 4 from Mai H al l, A d jt . , 3d U r i g ., t o 2d D iT .,8 i3 0 AM,18 Jij Message ( l e t t e r form; 2d En gin eers ,9t2 5 PM,18 Ju ly .k. Messages from brig G^n A.JJ3ow ley,2d FA B r i g ., t o 2d DiT .,3$05 PM,'

18 July .1* Message from C0,2d E n gr s. , to C of S. ,2 d D iT .,9: 25 PM,18 J u ly ,m. Message (No l)CG,3d B r i g . ,t o CG>?d Di T.,9 *30 PM,18 J u ly ,n . Message Cren E ly, 3d B r i g . , t o C of S .,2 d DiT (f or CG),9:30 PM,18 Jul|y.o . (I) Message, U pton,9th I n f . , t o 2d DiTH q«,12j30 PM,18 Ju ly,1 91 8.

(2) Message Hq 23d I n f , t o CG,2d DiT.,Reod 8s2 6 PM,18 Ju ly , 191 8.p. Memo for Col Brown,4:50 PM,18 July,from AC of S.,G-3./(• Memo fo r Col Brovm ,8:25 pM,18 Ju ly from AC of a ,G -3 .

toemo for C of S.,8:30 PM,19 Ju ly,f ro m AC of S.,G-3«q. Message from Upton (9 th In f) t o Ctr,2d D iT .,1 :1 16 PM,18 J u ly ,r . Message from 4th ^rig.msigned fKe yser« , 11*30 AM, 18 J u l y .s . Message (No 4) C0,2d E ng rs,t o 0 of S,2d D iT .,2i lO AM, 19 J u l y ,t . Message (No 5) C0,2d K ng rs .,t o C of 8, 6t 00 AM,19 Ju ly ,

u . Message C0,2d Gn grs,to C of S,2d D iT .,10 |37 AM,19 Ju ly .T. Message,CO,6th M ari ne s,to C0,2d D iT ., 11*45 AM, 19 Ju ly . yr . Message CG (Harbord) t o 0G,3d b r ig , 11 %45 AM, 19 July. x . ttsssag* CO,3d urig.j-ho CG,2d D iT .,1 2 :40 PM,19 July,y . Message of C of S (Preston B ro w ) 1:50 PM 19 Ju ly .



9. Records of the Second D iv is io n (R eg ula r), F ie ld Brderg 3d and 4t hBrigades. 1918-1919,Volume 2 #

a* Field orders No 26, Td br iga de ,18 Ju ly 1918, 4*30 PM.10• xteoords of t he Second Di vi si o n (Re gular) Op eration e r ep o rt s And War Diajbios,

12t h Ml, 16th FA, 17th FA,4th MO Bn,6th MO Bn,6th *iG B n . , l s t Fie ld SigjB nt,2d T n 8«, 1918, Volume 8*

*• War Diary,4th MO Bn,vJuly 19,1918*b# Operations deport,Go A,4th MO Bn#yApril 6-<July 29,1918*o. War Diary,4th MO Bn«,19 July,1018#

d« Report of Operations!6thMG

Bn«>,dated 21 duly,1918,to UG,3dBrig #

1U Records of thefcleocmd Divis ion (Regular), Fie ld Messages of 9th Inf#, 23d Inf # ,6th and 6th Marines,12th FA,15th FA,17th *A,2d Kngrs #4th6th 6th MO Bns#,1918, Volume 6*

&• Message 2d Bn,5th Marines,to CO,5th M ar in eo , lOiOO PM 18 Ju ly

12• Monograph Soissons*

a # Book 7, Order Ho 1262/3,2pth Army Oorps, 18 duly*

13• 9th b 9g« in fa nt ry In The World war, pub lish ed at Niefwied,Germany,Feband M 1 U

14« Official History,Second Engineers and Seoond engineer Train, U.S .Army,in the World War• (Publishers and date not given)•

15. The United States Marines in the World War, by Edwin N MoClellan,toajor,UtS#Marines, Washington, Government Printing Offio«9il920«

16c The Medical Apartment of the United States Army in the World War,Prepared uAder the direction of the Surgeon ueneralf Washington,



Appendix 2*

A copy of report ^letter) Iron ucannanding *eneral,2d Division, to OCM*

Branding General,20th Army Oorps, 19 July, 1918* Jiartracted trcm Keoord*of Second idvisiou Regular; #1918 # volume 6* Appended because p f itsdirect bearing on answers to the questions residing in the subjeot of

the study*

HKADQUAKTKKti H&WHL) DIVISION

19 »uly 1918•

if ran t ucwmanding uen eral*

Tot ocmmanding S en era l, 20 th Array corps*-taport*

1* The order of the 20th Ansy Corps to the 2d Division to attaok at4:00 iij&jthis date, was reoeiTsd at 2|00 Alt* It was impossible to oonplywith the order to attaok at 4*00 All due to the delay i» receiving theorder*

2« With the exception of the 6th Marines, kept out of the fight asoorps reserve yesterday, and the 2d Kegiment of Engineers whifc are teearmed with rifles, every infantry unit of the dirision w%s exhaustedin the fight yesterday* It was necessary therefore,' to make the attaokthis morning with one regiment, the 6th Marines, supported by a battalia iof the engineer regiment, a force regarded by me as inadequate to thetask, but no other was available* The attaok has progressed favorablyuntil the line has come to a north and south line approximately through

TIttiu* It is held up on the right frcm the direotion of PAKUi-THtMc, aplace previously reported to us as being rrenoh possession* On the leftit is being held up and our left flank threatened due to the fact thatthe Hirst Moroccan Division has not apparently advanced as fay as



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neproduo«d frco sooond Divisionubfe«inod ff«n Library, u&0SSt

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No 3. Showing thePM.18 Ju ly ,1918 .

s i t u a t i o n <KS of 11:00 ] '

To aocampany "A Study Of The Relief Of The2d Division on 19 July,1918, Kelsons,Conditions.

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VIERZY 3ECT0RDravm b y direction of Division Engineer

SECOND U.S. DIVISIONSCALE; 1:20,000

July ?0 , 19

U P 10, 3BATTLE of VIERZY

Situation at 11:00 P.J£. 16 *uly, 191S.Dravm under Direction of D,vision

Engineer2nd U.S. DIVISION

Scale: l:20,o<0

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• Infantry & Marines based on best available data• M.G. Battalions based on beet available data

EngineerH.Germane, outlined

Map No 4, Showing sit ua tio n as of



19 Ju ly ,1918 . mm) 0mj OB V V M •• • •• A W •# MM AV •• •• ^** •

To accompany "A Study Of The rtolief Of The2d uivis ion on 19 July , 1918, Kelsons,Anduondi t ions" .

mm> ^m m^ ^M mm am ^B m ^» m m m m O M • • • • • • • • • • ^ ^ ^ * • •

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Engineer Situation at 7:00 A.M.,*6 July,191S.SECOND U.S. DIVISION Drawn under Direction of Division

EngineerScale 1:20.000 2nd U.Si DIVISION

July 20,1913 Scale 1*20,000

L E G E N DInfantry & Marines based on best available data

M.O. Battalions based on beet available dataEngineers

* * • • » Commas, outlined



Map i\io 5. S h o v i n g s i t u a t i o n as of 11-00 Vi\19 Ju ly ,1918•

lo ao Compaq -A Study Of The KG l i e f Of Vhe2d Div i s ion on 19 duly , 1918, ue*isons,y.ndCondi t ions*

Koproduoort from 8dcond uivision Hecords.Obtained from libr nr y, C&GSS.

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TIGNY

I'MVIERZY SECTOR

Drawn by direction of Division Engineer BATTLE orf VIERZY L E O J N D SECOND U.S. DIVISION S i t u a t i o n at 11 P.M. 19 J u l y , 1 9 1 S .

Soalc 1:20,000 Dra wn unde r Di r e c t i on of D i v i s i o n 1 Infantry & Marines based on beet available dataEng i ne e r

G IA.G. Battalions based on best available datauly 30, 1918 2nd U.S. DIVISIONSc a l a 1:20,000 CEi Engineers

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WWI 2nd Infantry Division

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Transcript of WWI 2nd Infantry Division