WWD Topicality

8/14/2019 WWD Topicality

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SDI 08WW(J)D

WW(J)D TOPICALITY 2.0

INCREASEWW(J)D TOPICALITY 2.0 .............................................................................................................................................................1

WW(J)D ..................................................................................................................................................................1

INCREASE = NOT A DISINCENTIVE ........................................................................................................................................ .3

v. intr..................................................................................................................................................................................... 32. To multiply; reproduce....................................................................................................................................................3

INCREASE = NOT REMOVE A BARRIER ..................................................................................................................................4

v. intr..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

2. To multiply; reproduce....................................................................................................................................................4

INCENTIVES = ONLY POSITIVE ...............................................................................................................................................5

Garcia 08. (Nicolas, with the Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, Greenhouse Gas Mitiation Options for

Washington State, pg. 39-40, http://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?

OpenDocument) .......................................................................................................................................................................... .52NC OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................................6

2NC AT: CINTERP -- CAN BE BOTH ..........................................................................................................................................7

Driesen 98. [David, Assistant Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; J.D., Yale University, "Is Emissions

Trading an Economic Incentive Program" Washington & Lee Law Review -- lexis] ....................................................... .........7

AT: CAP AND TRADE IS THE CORE OF THE TOPIC ..............................................................................................................8

AT: ITS BETTER FOR THE NEG TO ANSWER REGULATIONS ...........................................................................................9

AT: BUT NEGATIVE INCENTIVES ARE TOPICAL ............................................................................................................10

AT: REASONABILITY ................................................................................................................................................................11SDI 08 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................1

NEGATIVE INCENTIVES NOT TOPICAL ............................................................................................................................ ..12 NEG INCENTIVES = REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................................. ..........13

COMMAND AND CONTROL NOT TOPICAL .........................................................................................................................14

INCENTIVES = FINANCIAL 1NC ................................................................................................................................ ...... ...... ..15

D. Topicality is a voting issueit tells the Negative what to and what not to prepare for in debates .....................................15

INCENTIVES = FINANCIAL EXTENSIONS .............................................................................................................................16

INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTERNAL 1NC ................................................................................................................................17

INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTERNAL EXTENSIONS ........................................................................................................... ...18

INCENTIVES = SPECIFIC NEW POLICIES 1NC ......................................................................................................................19

INCENTIVES CAN BE IMMEDIATE OR LONG-TERM ....................................................................................................... ...20INCENTIVES CAN BE INTERNAL/A2 MUST BE EXTERNAL ..............................................................................................21

INCENTIVES CAN BE INTERNAL/A2 MUST BE EXTERNAL ..............................................................................................23

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES = ELECTRICITY SECTOR 1NC ............................................................................24

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES = ELECTRICITY SECTOR EXTENSIONS ..........................................................25

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT NUCLEAR/OIL/COAL/NAT GAS 1NC ............................................................................26

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT OIL/NAT GAS (ALLOWS FOR COAL) 1NC ...................................................................27

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT OIL/NAT GAS/NUKE POWER ........................................................................... ...... ...... ..28ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = DERIVED FROM NONTRADITIONAL SOURCES 1NC ................................... .....................29

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = SOURCES NOT HARMING THE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................... ..........30

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = RENEWABLES/FUEL CELLS/CONSERVATION TECH ........................................................31

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = REDUCE OIL/COAL DEPENDENCE. ......................................................................................32

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCLUDES OCEAN THERMAL ...................................................................................................33

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY LAUNDRY LIST ............................................................................................................................34INCREASE (ALGAE SPECIFIC) .................................................................................................................................................35

v. intr................................................................................................................................................................................... 352. To multiply; reproduce..................................................................................................................................................35

CTL AINT T .................................................................................................................................................................................36CAP AND TRADE UNTOPICAL ................................................................................................................................................37

FLEX FUEL NOT TOPICAL .......................................................................................................................................................39

FEEBATES NOT T ........................................................................................................................................................................40

Green Car Congress 07. (Canadian Auto Feebate Program a First Step, But Needs Improvement, November 23,

http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/11/study-canadian.html) .............................................................................. ...... ..40

INCENTIVES CAN BE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ...............................................................................................................41

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SDI 08WW(J)D

NEGATIVE INCENTIVES ARE TOPICAL ...............................................................................................................................42

C&T TOPICAL .............................................................................................................................................................................43

NON TRADITIONAL USES OF TRADITIONAL FUELS = T ..................................................................................................44

Alternative Transportation Fuels .........................................................................................................................................44

BIOFUELS = T ............................................................................................................................................................................ ..45CARBON TAX = POSITIVE INCENTIVE .................................................................................................................................46

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SDI 08WW(J)D

INCREASE = NOT A DISINCENTIVE

A. INCREASE MEANS TO BECOME GREATER OR LARGER.American Heritage Dictionary 6. [Fourth edition, accessed viahttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase]v. intr.

1. To become greater or larger.2. To multiply; reproduce.

B. VIOLATION THE AFF PLACES DISINCENTIVES FOR THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS THEYDONT INCREASE THE NUMBER OF INCENTIVES FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY.

C. REASONS TO PREFER --

1. LIMITS THE AFF MAKES THE TOPIC BIDIRECTIONAL BY ALLOWING BOTH INCENTIVES FORALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DISINCENTIVES FOR FOSSIL FUELS THIS EXPLODES THE TOPICKILLING TOPIC SPECIFIC EDUCATION AND CLASH.

2. GROUND ONLY OUR INTERPRETATION PRESERVES CORE NEG GROUND I.E. INCREASINGINCENTIVES WHICH IS CRUCIAL TO OUR LINKS TO DISADS AND COUNTEPRLAN GROUND.

3. BRIGHTLINE YOU EITHER INCREASE INCENTIVES OR YOU DONT PREFER THE SPECIFICTYOF OUR INTERPRETATION.

D. VOTER FOR FAIRNESS ABUSE AND JURISDICTION.

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http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increasehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase


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SDI 08WW(J)D

INCREASE = NOT REMOVE A BARRIER

A. INTERPRETATION - INCREASE MEANS TO BECOME GREATER OR LARGER.American Heritage Dictionary 6. [Fourth edition, accessed viahttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase]v. intr.


B. VIOLATION THE AFF REMOVES A CURRENT BARRIER TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGYDEVELOPMENT IT DOESNT PROVIDE ACTIVE INCENTIVES.


1. LIMITS their interpretation allows affs that actually increase incentives and also those thatmerely remove a current barrier this explodes the topic forcing the neg to rely on genericswhich hurt clash and education.

2. GROUND forcing the aff to defend an actual increase in alternative energy incentives iscrucial to stable negative link and counterplan ground.

3. EFFECTS IS A VOTER the plan can only claim to solve for renewables by eventually leadingto investment in alternative energy this removes any limit on the topic, makes the affconditional and skews neg strategy.

D. TOPICALITY IS A VOTER FOR FAIRNESS ABUSE AND JURISDICTION.

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SDI 08WW(J)D

INCENTIVES = ONLY POSITIVE

A. INTERPRETATION INCENTIVES ARE POSITIVE AND NOT REGULATIONS OUR EVIDENCEIS COMPARATIVE

Garcia 08. (Nicolas, with the Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, Greenhouse Gas Mitiation Options forWashington State, pg. 39-40, http://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?OpenDocument)

A variety of policy instruments could be used to implement this greenhouse gas mitigation program.The state indicates that choosing the appropriate policy instrument is extremely important.Generally, policy instruments fall into three areas:

1. Economic Incentivesdirect taxes granting or eliminating tax breaks, subsidies, granting ofregulatory exemptions, making pricing more efficient;

2. Public Investmentresearch and development, education, new infrastructure, maintenance ofexisting infrastructure, also withholding investment in greenhouse gasgenerating activities;and

3. Regulationefficiency standards, zoning, building codes, fuel use requirements, speedlimits, and travel restrictions.

B. VIOLATION THE AFF IS A NEGATIVE INCENTIVE OR REGULATION THIS IS NOT ANINCENTIVE.

C. REASONS TO PREFER

LIMITS AND GROUND THE AFF MAKES THE TOPIC BIDIRECTIONAL BY JUSTIFYING BOTHPOSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INCENTIVES THERE IS NO STABLE CORE GROUND ANDEXPLODES THE RESEARCH BURDEN.

DEFINITIONAL PRECISION INCENTIVES ARE DISTINCT FROM COERCION.12Manage 8 (6/4 "Incentives," http://www.12manage.com/description_incentives.html)

DEFINITION INCENTIVES. DESCRIPTION.An Incentive is any extrinsic reward factor that motivates an employee or manager or teamto achieve an important business goal on top of his/her/their intrinsic motivation. It is a factor aiming

to shape or direct behavior. In an optimal form, executives and employees should be remuneratedwell (but cost-effectively) where they deserve it, and not where they do not. Pay-offs for failure should bekept at a minimum. Furthermore, to be effective, a layered or gradual approach is better than an all-or-nothing incentive. A smart executive reward scheme is one of the pillars to ensure entrepeneurial

behavior and maximizing shareholder value (Compare: Value Based Management). An incentive isunlike coercion, in that coerced work is motivated by the threat or use ofviolence, punishment or negative action, which an incentive is a positivestimulation. Incentives can also be used as Anti Hostile Takeover Mechanisms.

EFFECTS IS ILLEGIT at best the aff can claim to incentivize the development ofalternative energy post regulation. This isnt a direct incentive which explodesthe topic killing topic specific education and all neg ground. Voter for fairness.

D. Topicality is a voter for fairness, jurisdiction, and abuse.

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http://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?OpenDocumenthttp://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?OpenDocumenthttp://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?OpenDocumenthttp://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4LPY?OpenDocument


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SDI 08WW(J)D

2NC OVERVIEW

EXTEND THE 1NC GARCIA EVIDENCE INCENTIVES REFER TO POSTIVE ACTIONS SUCH ASTAX BREAKS, SUBSIDIES OR REGULATORY EXEMPTIONS. THIS IS A DISTINCT ANDOPPOSING CATEGORY TO A NEGATIVE INCENTIVE WHICH IS A REGULATION LIKETHE AFF. IF YOU ALLOW THE AFF TO BE A REGULATION IT MAKES THE TOPICBIDIRECTIONAL THE NEG IS FORCED TO BE READY TO DEBATE THE MANDATECOUNTERPLAN ONE ROUND AND THE VOLUNTARY COUNTERPLAN THE NEXT. THISLOSS OF STABLE NEG GROUND MEANS WERE FORCED TO GO FOR GENERICSLIKE CONSULT AND ASPEC JUST TO GET BACK TO GROUND ZERO KILLING TOPICSPECIFIC EDUCATION.

THE AFF JUSTIFIES CASES LIKE CARBON TAX, RAISING CAF STANDARDS, FEEBATES,MANDATED GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT AND ANY FUEL EFFICIENCY AFF. NONEOF THESE ARE PREDICTABLE AND DESTROY CLASH AND NEGATIVE STRATEGY.EVEN IF THE AFF INTERPRETATION GIVES US MORE GROUND ITS NOTPREDICTABLE THE KEY TEST ON THIS T DEBATE IS FAIR LIMITS ANDPREDICTABLE GROUND AND WELL ALWAYS WIN THAT DEBATE.

FINALLY TOPICALITY IS A VOTR FOR FAIRNESS ABUSE AND JURISDICTION YOU HAVE TO

VOTE NEG ON T SINCE ITS THE BEGINNING OF THE SEASON AND NOW IS THETIME TO SET A PRECEDENT.

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SDI 08WW(J)D

2NC AT: CINTERP -- CAN BE BOTH

This interpretation ruins debate. Ruins it. They explode the topic by functionally makingit bidirectional. The impact of the explosion of the topic outweighs any sort ofaff flex whine arguments they make. Forcing the negative to prepare both themandate and voluntary counterplans for one topic and eliminating any stablenegative ground outweighs the cost of not debating cap and trade on theaffirmative.

Additionally,

DEFINING INCENTIVES TO INCLUDE BOTH NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EXPAND THE TOPIC TOINCLUDE ANY REGULATORY PROGRAM PREFER OUR EVIDENCE BECAUSE ITSTHE MOST CONCLUSIVE.

Driesen 98. [David, Assistant Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; J.D., Yale University, Is EmissionsTrading an Economic Incentive Program Washington & Lee Law Review -- lexis]

An economic incentive program can be defined as any program that provides an economicbenefit for pollution reductions or an economic penalty for pollution. Definingeconomic incentives to include both positive and negative incentives includes

pollution taxes in the definition. 155 Does command and control regulation qualify as aneconomic incentive program under this definition? Imagine a pure command and control law. The lawcommands polluters to perform specific pollution reducing acts, but provides no penalties for non-compliance. This law would probably motivate little or no pollution reduction, because polluters couldviolate the commands without consequence.156 Command and control regulation only works when anenforcement mechanism exists.157

Traditional regulation relies upon a negative economic incentive a monetarypenalty for non-compliance as the principle inducement to comply with regulatoryrequirements, true command and control requirements, such as work practicestandards, and the more common performance standards. 158 Indeed, a traditionalregulation's success depends heavily upon the adequacy of these monetary penalties. 159

A formal definition of an economic incentive program as any program relying on

positive or negative economic inducements to secure pollution reductionsplausibly applies to just about any regulatory program. To evaluatepossible explanations for the dichotomy's assumption that emissions trading relies on economicincentives, but traditional regulation does not, a functional analysis is helpful. Parties to this debateneed to analyze whether emissions trading overcomes traditional regulation's weaknesses in spurringinnovation and providing continuous incentives. This will require examination of the sources ofeconomic inducements, the financing mechanisms, the likely responses of regulated polluters (bothstrategic and desired), and the governmental [*324] role in emissions trading. These questionsprovide the tools to develop a functional theory of economic incentives.

AND ALLOWING REGULATIONS TO BE TOPICAL JUSTIFIES ANYTHING BEING TOPICALINCLUDING EVERY REGULATION CAP AND TRADE, THE CARBON TAX CP, ANDEVERYTHING ELSE IT ELIMINATES THE MEANING OF AN INCENTIVE.

Driesen 98. [David, Assistant Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; J.D., Yale University, "Is EmissionsTrading an Economic Incentive Program" Washington & Lee Law Review -- lexis]

The emissions trading example reveals that the term "economic incentive" hasvery little meaning if defined to include everything that relies on some kind ofmonetary penalty or benefit. Indeed, to the extent the term "economic incentive"should not apply to traditional regulation, it also should not apply to emissionstrading. Both types of programs rely on monetary penalties to induce compliancewith government set limits. Neither creates incentives for sources to continuously realize netreductions substantially surpassing the specifically mandated reductions.

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SDI 08WW(J)D

AT: CAP AND TRADE IS THE CORE OF THE TOPIC

FIRST, the negative research burden presented by allowing negative incentives clearlyoutweighs the loss of education from not debating cap and trade on the aff.Making the topic bidirectional forces the neg to resort to bad consultation orcondition counterplans diverting focus from the topic where debating would beeducational.

Second, cap and trade will still be debated under our interpretation it will just become anegative counterplan instead of an affirmative. Its better to debate it as acounterplan because we subsume all their core of the topic education argumentsbut preserves negative ground by only forcing the aff to defend positiveincentives.

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SDI 08WW(J)D

AT: ITS BETTER FOR THE NEG TO ANSWER REGULATIONS

Yes there might be awesome disads to regulation affs but the college energy topic provesthat theres just as good negative evidence the other direction. Its better tohave to do a little bit more work on reasons why incentives fail rather thanhaving to do all the work why incentives fail AND cut all those disads whyregulations suck.

Even if they give us more ground, its unpredictable ground which makes it worthless. Thecrucial thing on this topic is fair limits which only the negative interpretationprovides.

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SDI 08WW(J)D

AT: BUT NEGATIVE INCENTIVES ARE TOPICAL

WRONG extend the 1NC Garcia evidence incentives are defined in the literature as apositive actions such as subsidies, granting regulatory incentives, tax breaksetc. However regulation or negative incentives are punishments towards anindustry for not complying or mandates like efficiency standards, carbon taxesand fuel use requirements.

Additionally, heres more evidence that delineates between incentives as positivemotivational influences and disincentives as the opposite.

Collins Essential Thesaurus 2006 (Second Edition, "Incentive," http://www.thefreedictionary.com/incentive)

Noun 1. incentive - a positive motivational influenceinducement, motivatorrational motive - a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argumentdynamic, moral force - an efficient incentive; "they hoped it would act as a spiritual dynamic on all churches"

deterrence, disincentive - a negative motivational influence

And, heres contextual evidence which draws the clear dichotomy between an incentive

and a disincentive or a regulation.Malloy 2. [Tim, Acting Professor of Law, University of California at Los Angeles.Texas Law Review Regulating by Incentives-- lexis]

Environmental regulation is all about using incentives to control behavior. Under direct "command andcontrol" regulation, 1 the government creates specific obligations and generallyrelies upon the negative incentives of civil and criminal penalties to motivateindividuals or organizations to comply with those obligations. 2 Alternatively, thenew generation of "market-based" or "incentive-based" regulations typically create anop-portunity rather than (or in addition to) an obligation, offering the positive[*532] incentive of increased profits (or reduced costs) in the hope of eliciting

the desired behavior. 3A regulator using either of these two regulatory approaches must identifythe appropriate type and level of incentive - be it positive or negative - needed to produce the"correct" response from the target. In crafting and evaluating regulatory incentives, a regulator nec-essarily relies upon some basic model of how the target makes decisions. 4If that model is flawed,then the incentive will miss the mark, and the desired behavior may never occur.

Prefer the specificity of our contextual evidence it actually has the intent to define botha regulation and an incentive individual and to define the distinctions betweenthe two.

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http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n1http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n2http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n3http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n1http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n2http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n3http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4


11/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

AT: REASONABILITY

Competing interpretations is the better way to adjudicate T debates. Reasonability isinherently vague and forces judge intervention because theres no way toobjectively evaluate what is reasonably topical. Competing interpretations asksyou to decide who wins net benefits to their interpretation i.e. ground andlimits. Whoever wins that debate wins the round.

You should vote on T right now because this is the time that shapes the way thecommunity decides what is topical. Voting negative on T is crucial to setting theprecedent of regulation affs not being topical.

11


12/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

NEGATIVE INCENTIVES NOT TOPICAL

NEGATIVE INCENTIVES FALL UNDER REGULATIONS NOT INCENTIVES.Malloy 2. [Tim, Acting Professor of Law, University of California at Los Angeles.Texas Law Review Regulating by Incentives-- lexis]

Environmental regulation is all about using incentives to control behavior. Under direct "command andcontrol" regulation, 1 the government creates specific obligations and generally

relies upon the negative incentives of civil and criminal penalties to motivateindividuals or organizations to comply with those obligations. 2 Alternatively, thenew generation of "market-based" or "incentive-based" regulations typically create anop-portunity rather than (or in addition to) an obligation, offering the positive[*532] incentive of increased profits (or reduced costs) in the hope of eliciting

the desired behavior. 3A regulator using either of these two regulatory approaches must identifythe appropriate type and level of incentive - be it positive or negative - needed to produce the"correct" response from the target. In crafting and evaluating regulatory incentives, a regulator nec-essarily relies upon some basic model of how the target makes decisions. 4If that model is flawed,then the incentive will miss the mark, and the desired behavior may never occur.

REGULATIONS ARE NOT TOPICAL.Stavins 1. [Robert N., Albert Pratt Prof of Business and Government, Harvard University JFK School of Government,Lessons from American Experiment with Market-Based Environmental Policies SSRN, April -

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=285998]

Environmental policies typically combine the identification of a goal with some means to achieve that goal.Although these two components are often linked within the political process, I focus in this chapterexclusively on the second component, the means the instruments of environmental policy.Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior throughmarket signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution controllevels or methods. These policy instruments, such as tradable permits or pollutioncharges, can reasonably be described as harnessing market forces,3 because ifthey are well designed and implemented, they encourage firms or individuals toundertake pollution control efforts that are in their own interests and thatcollectively meet policy goals.

12
http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n1http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n2http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n3http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=285998http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n1http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n2http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n3http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=415b0224c98390a1ac02b822f8167a41&docnum=5&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAb&_md5=caa6b43710b27b58e34ab469dc3ab407&focBudTerms=(alternative%20energy%20or%20clean%20energy%20or%20renewable%20energy%20or%20green%20energy%20or%20energy%20policy)%20and%20negative%20incentive!%20w/20%20(efficacy%20or%20effect!%20or%20enforc!)&focBudSel=all#n4http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=285998


13/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

NEG INCENTIVES = REGULATIONS

NEGATIVE INCENTIVES ARE DIRECT REGULATION WHICH ARENT TOPICAL.Freeman 6. [Myrick, Research Professor of Economis @ Bowdoin College, former Sr Fellow @ Resources for the Future,Visiting College Prof @ U of Washington, and Robert M La Follette Visiting Distinguished Prof @ U of Wisconsin-Madison,Economics, Incentives, and Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century p200]

The major provisions of the federal laws controlling air and water pollution embody what isoften termed a direct regulation (or command-and-control) approach to achieving the establishedtargets. This direct regulation approach involves placing limits on the allowable discharges of polluting substances from eachsource, coupled with an administrative and legal system to monitor compliance with these limits and to impose sanctions orpenalties for violations.

In this approach the pollution control authority must carry out a series of four steps:1. Determine the rules and regulations for each source that will achieve the given

pollution targets. The regulations typically establish maximum allowable discharges of polluting substancesfrom each source. They also could require the installation of certain types of pollution control equipment, restrictcertain activities, or limit such things as the sulfur content of fuels.

2. Establish penalties or sanctions for non compliance3. Monitor sources so that incidents of noncompliance can be detected. Alternatively the

authorities might establish a system of self reporting with periodic checks and audits of performance.

4. Punish violations. If violations of the regulations are detected, the authorities must use the administrative andlegal mechanisms spelled out in the relevant laws to impose penalties or to require changes in the behavior of thesources.

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14/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

COMMAND AND CONTROL NOT TOPICAL

COMMAND AND CONTROL ISNT TOPICAL THE LITERATURE DEFINES IT AS OPPOSITE TOAN INCENTIVE.


Rather than define economic incentives, scholars employ a conventional dichotomy that contrasts

"command and control" regulations (rules that dictate [*291] precisely how apolluter must clean-up) with economic incentives.5 They claim that command and controlregulations work inefficiently, discourage innovation, and fail to provide continuous incentives toreduce pollution, but that emissions trading and other economic incentive programs overcome theseproblems. 6The dichotomy between command and control regulations and economicincentives has had a powerful influence upon policy. 7 On October 22, 1997, PresidentClinton outlined his plans to address global climate change, an increase in global mean surfacetemperatures that emissions of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" cause.8 The President'sspeech stressed the issue's importance by referring to some possible consequences of climate changeincluding "disruptive weather events" (such as droughts and floods), the spread of "disease bearinginsects," and receding glaciers (which might cause inundation of coastal areas). 9 President Clintondid not mention a single new traditional regulatory program or propose any specific cuts ingreenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, below 1990 levels to combat this potentialmenace. Instead, he announced a "package of strong market incentives, [*292] tax cuts and

cooperative efforts with industry." 10The President's package included emissions trading, which isthe "economic incentive program" most often implemented. His proposal would allow polluters in onecountry to avoid greenhouse gas reductions at home in exchange for pollution reductions abroad.11Not surprisingly, emissions trading became an important element of the subsequently negotiatedKyoto Protocol on climate change, in which the developed countries apparently agreed to modest cutsin greenhouse gas emissions. 12

14
https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n5https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n5https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n6https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n7https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n7https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n8https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n8https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n9https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n10https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n10https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n11https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n11https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n12https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n5https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n6https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n7https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n8https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n9https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n10https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n11https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=e655ee3859090bc40b7b4677bcf0bb6b&docnum=4&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkAt&_md5=88eda6930a9460cbd73cae4fc451f9aa&focBudTerms=%22or%20an%20economic%20penalty%20for%20pollution%22&focBudSel=all#n12


15/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

INCENTIVES = FINANCIAL 1NC

A. DefinitionIncentives are financial forms of encouragement for customers to makesure of a particular product or service

Taylor, Kipp, and Ruppert 8 (Nicholas, Jennison, and Kathleen, Research Associate, Research Economist, and associateextension scientists @ Program for Resource Efficient Communities @ University of Florida, "Energy Efficient Homes: IncentivePrograms for Energy Efficiency," http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FY1033#FOOTNOTE_2)

Incentive Encouragement, often financial, for customers to make use of a particular product, typeof product, or service.

B. Violationthe Affirmative doesnt increase financial incentives for alternative energy

C. Standards1. Predictable limitsfinancial incentives are a clear, predictable mechanism for what constitutesan incentive. Allowing for non-financial incentives justifies Affirmatives dealing with public serviceannouncements or changes in corporate leadership that open the floodgates for potentialAffirmatives, destroying clash and creating research burdens

2. Grounddefining incentives as financial ensures Negatives disad ground in the form of

spending, budget tradeoff, and politics and counterplan ground in the form of punitivemeasures/regulations or non-financial incentives

D. Topicality is a voting issueit tells the Negative what to and what not to prepare forin debates

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16/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

INCENTIVES = FINANCIAL EXTENSIONS

Alternative energy incentives must require the expenditure of governmental fundingArens 03 (Birgit, Advisor @ Association of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry,"Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment," May 28,http://www.duurzaamwonen.com/media/Bauke_de_vries_02_2.doc.)

Incentives to use renewable sources of energy: Incentives usually cost money, which is rarelyavailable at present unless governments make it a clear priority. Furthermore, most incentives arenational programmes and the influence of local authorities is limited.

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17/46

SDI 08WW(J)D

INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTERNAL 1NC

A. DefinitionIncentives must be external influences that incite one to actionMerriam-Webster Dictionary 08 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/motive)

synonyms motive, impulse, incentive, inducement, spur, goad mean a stimulus to action. motive implies an emotion or desireoperating on the will and causing it to act . impulse suggests a driving power arising from personal

temperament or constitution .incentive applies to an external influence (as anexpected reward) inciting to action . inducement suggests a motiveprompted by the deliberate enticements or allurements of another . spurapplies to a motive that stimulates the faculties or increases energy or ardor . goad suggests amotive that keeps one going against one's will or desire .

B. Violationthe Affirmative increases internal incentives, i.e. incentives for federalalternative energy

C. Standards

1. Limitsallowing Affirmatives to give federal incentives to the federal government itself makes apotentially huge topic unmanageable, creating research burdens and destroying clash

2. Groundthe federal government isnt a substantial consumer of fossil fuels, which means welose link magnitude to our various fossil fuel industry disadvantages

3. Grammardefining incentives as other than external influences or rewards is grammaticallyincorrectgrammar is important because its a key aspect of education and its a prerequisite todetermining notions of limits and ground

D. Topicality is a voting issuetells the Negative what to and what not to prepare indebates

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INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTERNAL EXTENSIONS

Bourgond 06 (Dr. Greg, "Balance vs. Centeredness," http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:ht8AR9thgGEJ:www.heartofawarrior.org/Balance%2520vs%2520Centeredness.pdf+%22Incentive+applies+to+an+external+influence%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us)A motive is a stimulus to act. Words that have the same or nearly the same meaning include impulse, incentive, orinducement. Webster's suggests that a motive implies an emotion or desire operation on the will and causing it to act. Impulse

suggests a driving power arising from personal temperament or constitution.Incentive applies to an externalinfluence inciting to action.Inducement suggests a motive prompted by the deliberate enticements or allurementsof another.

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INCENTIVES = SPECIFIC NEW POLICIES 1NC

A. Interpretationincentives must be SPECIFIC inducements aimed at influencinggovernmental or nongovernmental actors AND they MUST take the form of a newlaw, policy, or program

Emerton 2001 (Lucy, Environmental Economist + Regional Group Head of the Asia Ecosystemsand Livelihoods Group of the IUCN World Conservation Union, "THE USE OF ECONOMIIC MEASURES INNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIES AND ACTIION PLANS: A Review of Experiences, LessonsLearned and Ways Forward," October, http://www.unep.org/bpsp/Economics/Synthesis%20(Economic).pdf)

Setting in place economic incentives provides an important source of support and encouragement for biodiversity

conservation, and is required in Articles 11, 20 and elsewhere in the CBD. Within the context of the Convention, anincentive is defined as A specific inducement designed and implemented to influence governmentbodies, business, non-governmental organisations, or local people to conserve biological diversity or to use itscomponents in a sustainable manner.Incentive measures usually take the form of a new policy, lawor economic or social programme. (UNEP/CBD/COP/3/24).

B. Violationthe Affirmative doesnt make a specific, new incentiveit merely expands or modifiesan existing incentive

C. Standards

1. Limitsthere are an infinite number of ways to expand, modify, or tinker with existing federalalternative energy incentives, which means allowing Affirmatives to avoid creating new incentivesopens the floodgates, destroying clash and creating research burdens

2. Groundallowing Affirmatives to merely augment or tinker with existing incentives destroysuniqueness for our disadvantages and destroys our ability to read counterplans that involvemodifying existing incentives

D. Topicality is a voting issueit tells the Negative what to and what not to prepare for indebates

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INCENTIVES CAN BE IMMEDIATE OR LONG-TERM

Incentives can be EITHER immediate or long-range in natureThe Dictionary of Psychology 2002 (Raymond J. Corsini, "incentive," p. 477)

incentive The reward that an organism expects to obtain for engaging in certain behaviors. Theincentive may be immediate, such as water when thirsty, or long range, such as the probabilityof getting a college degree.

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INCENTIVES CAN BE INTERNAL/A2 MUST BE EXTERNAL

Incentives can be internalGovernment Technology 07 (December 20, Andy Opsahl, Government Technology, A PalerShade of Green?, http://www.govtech.com/gt/216761)

Surging energy costs have motivated some states, such as California and Virginia, to begin green ITresearch. However, a lack of internal incentives keep that process sluggish in government as awhole, said Aaron Hay, research consultant with Info-Tech Research Group.

Internal Incentives are topicalHeaten et al 91 (April, TRANSFORMING TECHNOLOGY: AN AGENDA FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN THE 21ST CENTURY, George Heaton, Robert Repetto, Rodney Sobin,WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE, http://pdf.wri.org/transformingtechnology_bw.pdf)

In any event, the limiting reagent of pollution prevention is generally not as much the "hardware" oftechnology as the "software" of corporate management. Experts in pollution prevention are morelikely to identify corporate leaders' attitudes, organizational structures, and perceived internalincentives as the primary determinants of pollution prevention success than any set of machines,

devices, or technical capabilities (Ehrenfeld 1990; Hirschhorn 1990).

Internal Incentives are topical and prevalent the literatureTD Bank 08 (Feb 5, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Plan, p. lexis)

TD Bank Financial Group Enhanced Coverage Linking TD Bank Financial Group announced that itsCanadian operations will be "carbon neutral" in 2010. This announcement delivers on a commitmentmade by TD in its Environmental Management Framework (published in June 2007) to set a target forreducing its greenhouse gas emissions in 2008. "Reducing our own greenhouse gas emissions is akey element of our ongoing commitment to take climate change and the environment seriously,"said Ed Clark, President and Chief Executive Officer, TD Bank Financial Group.Enhanced Coverage Linking TD Bank Financial Group. "Our approach will start with energy savingsprograms to reduce our emissions. We will also use green power, and make investments to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions outside TD to offset any emissions we cannot eliminate." TD's greenhousegas emissions plan includes the following: - Reducing existing greenhouse gas emissions. TD hasworked with The Pembina Institute to quantify 2006 emissions for its Canadian bank operations at138,548 tonnes. TD will target a reduction of five percent in these emissions by 2010. - Following theplanned integration of TD Banknorth and Commerce Bank, TD will set a target in 2009 for reducinggreenhouse gas emissions from its US operations. - Creating internal incentives for TDbusinesses to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. - Purchasing green energy from sources likewind power and low-impact water power. - Setting up the TD Emissions Reduction Fund. TD isworking with independent experts to develop a long-term plan to ensure the selection of emissionreduction investments that are effective, permanent and incremental. "Our primary focus is to findways to minimize our actual emissions footprint," said Mike Pedersen, Group Head CorporateOperations, TD Bank Financial Group. Enhanced Coverage Linking TD Bank Financial Group. "As wecontinue to grow, we will constantly look for opportunities to be as efficient as possible in our energy

use. This includes greener buildings, lower energy consumption, and expanded recycling programs.However, we recognize that it is unrealistic to expect that we can eliminate all emissions from TD'soperations. Therefore, through the TD Emissions Reduction Fund, we will invest in projects withstrong sustainability and community benefits, including initiatives to assist non-profit organizations inreducing their emissions." As details on the TD Emissions Reduction Fund become available, TD willpublish this information on www.td.com/environment. Beginning with its 2008 CorporateResponsibility Report (published in March 2009), TD will publish its annual independently verifiedemissions total in Canada. To download the report please visit www.td.com/crr. "In addition toaddressing our own emissions footprint, we're tackling a number of projects including thedevelopment of a procurement policy for major purchase categories with a specific focus on woodand paper sources. We also continue to work on the enhanced due diligence process for client

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SDI 08WW(J)Dfinancing committed to in our Environmental Management Framework, and will step up ourpromotion of the TD Friends of the Environment Foundation, which thanks to customer and employeedonations has funded more than 16,000 grassroots environment and wildlife projects across Canadasince 1990," added Pedersen.

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INCENTIVES CAN BE INTERNAL/A2 MUST BE EXTERNAL

Internal incentives are common in the government with regard to energy policyUniversity of Illinois Law Review 99 (Wendy E. Wagner, Associate Professor, CaseWestern Reserve University School of Law, ARTICLE: CONGRESS, SCIENCE, AND ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY 1999 U. Ill. L. Rev. 181, p. lexis)

n254. Bruce Bimber suggests thatinternal incentives within the executive branch may cause thescience advice received by this branch to be more biased than that offered by the captive experts onwhich Congress relies: "In the Executive Office of the President ... experts ... are likely to be sanctioned for displaying alack of commitment and rewarded for providing expertise designed to further a focused set of political interests." Bimber,supra note 75, at 7; see also Terry M. Moe, The Politicized Presidency, in The New Direction in American Politics 235 (John E.Chubb & Paul E. Peterson eds., 1985). Thus, even when agencies overcome the many practical and institutional obstacles andpublicly highlight the prevalence and import of knowledge gaps to environmental legislation, it is possible that the Madisonianlegislators may discount the agencies' advice because of perceived biases resulting from their loyalty to the president's largerpolicy agenda. Cf. Comment of R, Environment, Energy, and Economics, supra note 75, at 130 (observing that the executivebranch should improve its responsiveness to congressional requests and insinuating that, at times, executive officials do notprovide balanced or honest information). One of the original purposes of the OTA, in fact, was to provide Congress withinformation from a source independent from the executive agencies. See Staff of Senate Comm. on Rules & Admin., 92dCong., Technology Assessment for the Congress 44 (Comm. Print 1972); see also Bimber, supra note 75, at 40-49 (describingthe primary role of OTA as helping Congress see biases in executive branch technical positions); Fallows, supra note 53, at 91(reporting, based on interviews with nuclear staffers in congressional committees, that they "expect bureaucrats to glean

potentially damaging data, leaving only the information they perceive to be neutral or advantageous to their agency'sinterest.").

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SDI 08WW(J)DALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES = ELECTRICITY SECTOR 1NC

A. DefinitionAlternative energy incentives means the encouragement of investmentfor the distribution of electricity

Iowa State Legislature 4 ("Senate File 2271: Bill Text,"http://www.legis.state.ia.us/GA/80GA/Legislation/SF/02200/SF02271/Current.html)

1 14 Sec. 2. NEW SECTION. 476.48 ALTERNATE ENERGY INCENTIVE1 15 PROGRAM.1 16 1. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. An alternate energy incentive 1 17 programis established

in the utilities division of the 1 18 department of commerce in consultation with the department of 1 19 natural resources.The purpose of the program is to encourage 1 20 investment in alternate energyproduction facilities located 1 21 in this state for distribution of electricity to users 1 22throughout the state. An electric utility that generates or 1 23 sells electricity in this state may participate in the 1 24alternate energy incentive program if all of the following 1 25 criteria are met:1 26 a. The electric utility must purchase or generate by the 1 27 following dates at least the following percentages of its

1 28 total annual Iowa retail electric sales from alternate energy 1 29 production facilities located in this state:1 30 (1) By December 31, 2006, ten percent.1 31 (2) By December 31, 2008, fifteen percent.1 32 (3) By December 31, 2010, and annually thereafter, twenty 1 33 percent.1 34 b. As part of the purchase or generation requirement in 1 35 paragraph "a", no more than a maximum of two

percent of each 2 1 electric utility's total annual Iowa retail electric sales can 2 2 be purchased from alternate energyproduction facilities or 2 3 small hydro facilities placed in service before January 1, 2 4 2005.2 5 c. At least twenty percent of an electric utility's annual 2 6 purchase or generation requirement in paragraph "a"

must be 2 7 purchased from small distributed generation facilities or an 2 8 aggregate of small producers.2 9 d. A contract to purchase electricity from small 2 10 distributed generation facilities or an aggregate of small 2 11

producers must include a purchase rate of at least three and 2 12 one-half cents per kilowatt hour.2 13 2. INCENTIVES. The incentives for which an electric 2 14 utility may qualify shall be determined and distributed2 15 reasonably by rule as adopted by the utilities board.

B. Violationthe Affirmative increases incentives in sectors other than the electricalsector

C. Standards

1. Limitsthis topic has the potential to be unmanageably huge, which demands a need to place a

limit on the topic. Allowing for Affirmatives that apply only to the electricity sector provides such alimit, ensuring clash, limiting research burdens, and ensuring meaningful debates over globalwarming, air pollution, and energy prices.

2. Groundelectricity-sector only Affs ensures Negative ground in the form of coal industry andnatural gas-related industries good, electricity prices, and counterplan ground in the form ofalternative energy incentives in non-electricity sectorsD. Topicality is a voting issueit tells the Negative what to and what not to prepare for

in debates

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES = ELECTRICITY SECTOREXTENSIONS

"Energy incentives" must assist customers reduce electricity demand and natural gas useWe Energies 2008 ("Energy Incentives Program Overview," June, http://www.we-energies.com/propertymanager_new/multifam_overview.pdf)

We Energies offers energy incentive programs to assist eligible multi-family, non-profit/charitableorganizations and small commercial customers. The programs are designed to assistcustomers in the implementation of projects that reduce electric demand and natural gasuse.

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SDI 08WW(J)DALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT NUCLEAR/OIL/COAL/NAT GAS 1NC

A. DefinitionAlternative energy means energy derived NOT from oil, natural gas, coal,or nuclear power

Simon 07 (Christopher, Prof of Poly Sci @ University of NevadaReno, Alternative energy:political, economic, and social feasibility, p. 39-40)

The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, 7701 of therevised U.S. Code: "the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical orthermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, ornuclear power."The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to "alternative energyfacility[ies]," which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter 1, 48 "Energy Credit." Tax credits are one method

by which the federal government encourages the private sector to make certain economic choices; in the case of energypolicy, this definition of alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternativeenergy will be defined by those individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (andbenefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternative energy. Many state definitions of alternative energyclosely follow federal definitions. Case law confirms that federal guidelines supercede state-level guidelines. Federalstandards also impact the state and local receipt of alternative energy grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions. It is reasonable,therefore, that state and local definitions would be consistent with federal energy policy. Consistency between federal andstate definitions does not mean that there are not a few variations. In many ways, variation at the state level illustrates thedynamic and evolving alternative energy paradigm, which is by no means unique to the U.S. policy process.

B. Violationthe affirmative increases incentives for nuclear power ORenergy derived from oil, coal, or natural gas

C. Standards

1. Limitslimiting alternative energy to exclude Affirmatives that give incentivesfor oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear power provides a limit to a potentially hugetopic, ensuring clash and preventing research burdens

2. Groundcoal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power SHOULD BE reserved to the

Negative as EITHER disadvantages or counterplans to solve mainstream advantageslike air pollution or climate change

3. Precisionour evidence is from the US Code, the MOST PREDICTABLE andAUTHORITY on what is alternative energy

4. Precise definitions of alternative energy is key to solvencySimon 07 (Christopher, Prof of Poly Sci @ University of NevadaReno, Alternative energy:political, economic, and social feasibility, p. 57)

Alternative energy is defined at the federal level, but states often conceptualize it differently. It is important to havesome unified sense of what alternative energy entails simply because public policy

demands that target populations be monitored for successful and positive participationwithin policy areas,either through direct involvement or through more passive methods such as voting for apresident.

D. Topicality is a voting issuetells what the Negative what to and what not toprepare for in debates

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SDI 08WW(J)DALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT OIL/NAT GAS (ALLOWS FOR COAL)

1NC

Alternative energy is any energy source other than oil, natural gas, or their productsUnited States Senate 1982 ("Tax Expenditures: Relationships to Spending Programs andBackground Material," 97th Congress, 2d session, committee print. P. 63)

Alternative energy is defined as any energy source other than oil, natural gas, or theirproducts (with the exception of petroleum coke and petroleum pitch).

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = NOT OIL/NAT GAS/NUKE POWER

Alternative energy means NOT fuel derived from oil, gasoline, natural gas, or nuclearfissionable materials

California Financial Code accessed 08 ("FINANCIAL CODE SECTION 32200-32219,"http://caselaw.findlaw.com/cacodes/fin/32200-32219.html)

32201. "Alternative energy system" means any device or combination of devices which conserves orproduces heat, process heat, space heating, water heating, steam, space cooling, refrigeration,mechanical energy, electricity, or energy in any form convertible to these uses, which does notexpend or use conventional energy fuels, except when such conventional energy fuels are used as a back upenergy system for such alternative energy system or in conjunction with an alternative energy system.

32202. "Conventional energy fuel" means any fuel derived from petroleum deposits,including but not limited to oil, heating oil, gasoline, fuel oil, or natural gas, includingliquified natural gas, or nuclear fissionable materials. "Conventional energy fuel"includes energy produced by the use of such fuels.

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = DERIVED FROM NONTRADITIONALSOURCES 1NC

Alternative energy is energy derived from nontraditional sourcesEnvironmental Protection Agency 08 ("Glossary of Climate Change Terms,"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html)

Alternative EnergyEnergy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric,wind).5

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = SOURCES NOT HARMING THEENVIRONMENT

Wordweb Online 08 (http://www.wordwebonline.com/search.pl?w=alternative+energy)

Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = RENEWABLES/FUELCELLS/CONSERVATION TECH

Alternative Energy includes renewable energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and conservationtechnologies

New Alternatives Fund 04

(http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html)

Alternative Energy includes three main groups: Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal,Biomass) Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Energy Conservation and Enabling Technologies. Alternative energysaves natural resources and is environmentally superior to conventional coal and oil. Wind, flowingwater, energy conservation and geothermal heating are ancient but now employ new advancedtechnology. Technologies such as solar cells, hydrogen and fuel cells and ocean energy are relativelynew. All of the technologies operate. The present cost effectiveness of some of the newesttechnologies varies. Alternative Energy does not include Coal, Oil, Atomic energy. Coal and oil arefossil fuels that cause environmental damage when mined and release pollution when combusted.Alternative energy is cleaner. There may be future technologies for the transformation of coal to aclean source of energy. We do invest in natural gas which is the cleanest of all hydrocarbons,particularly when used in modern turbines and fuel cells. Natural gas is often used to displace dirtier

options

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = REDUCE OIL/COAL DEPENDENCE.

THE U.S. CODE DEFINES ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AS SOURCES WHICH DECREASESDEPENDENCE ON OIL AND COAL SOURCES.

U.S. Code 8. [42 USCS 6901, Approved 7/1, Title 42 The Public Health and Welfare Chapter 82 Solid Waste DisposalGeneral Provisions -- lexis]

(d) Energy. The Congress finds with respect to energy, that--

(1) solid waste represents a potential source of solid fuel, oil, or gas that can be converted intoenergy;

(2) the need exists to develop alternative energy sources for public and privateconsumption in order to reduce our dependence on such sources as petroleumproducts, natural gas, nuclear and hydroelectric generation; and

(3) technology exists to produce usable energy from solid waste.

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCLUDES OCEAN THERMAL

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCLUDES OCEAN THERMAL.Rosacker and Metcalf 92. [Robert, Asst. Prof of Accounting, U of South Dakota, Richard, Prof of Accounting andCoordinator of the Masters of Professional Accountancy Program, U of South Dakota, 9 Akron Tax J 59 -- lexis]Targeted investment activities are designated in the statutory framework of the Internal Revenue Code wherein

a taxonomy of three credits may be found: regular, rehabilitation, and energy. The first credit isgranted for expenditures on depreciable personalty (e.g., cars, computers, furniture, officeequipment, and production machinery). 18Urban recovery and the restoration of older buildings areemphasized with the second credit.19 The third credit encourages alternative energysources such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and ocean thermal. 20 In order tolimit the scope of this research, this article is confined to the effectiveness of the regular ITC.

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https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n18https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n18https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n19https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n19https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n19https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n20https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n20https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n18https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n19https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=9ad2627944994a956c55565d79b623ac&searchType=&docnum=3&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAz&_md5=ee52369aab03f2281248bfe4894b9dad#n20


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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY LAUNDRY LISTALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS PRETTY MUCH ANYTHING.Borders 01. [William, JD Candidate, Chicago-Kent College of Law 2002, M.S., Environmental Management, Illinois Institute of

Technology, 77 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 333 -- lexis]n21. A qualifying facility is a small power producer or cogenerator that qualifies under PURPA to provide

electricity to regulated utilities that are required to purchase that power at a state-approved price.Such generators include power producers that use renewable and alternative energy resources

such as hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal energy, biomass, municipal solidwaste, or landfill gas to generate power. Energy Info. Admin., Glossary, athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/glossaryqr.htm (last visited Dec. 3, 2001).

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INCREASE (ALGAE SPECIFIC)

A. INTERPRETATION -- INCREASE MEANS TO BECOME GREATER OR LARGER.American Heritage Dictionary 6. [Fourth edition, accessed viahttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase]v. intr.


B. VIOLATION -- THEIR PLAN TEXT ENFORCES SECTION 123 WHICH REMOVES CURRENTTAX CREDITS FOR BIODIESEL INSTEAD OF INCREASING INCENTIVES FORALTERNATIVE ENERGY.

GovTrack.us. 8. [H.R. 6049--110th Congress (2008): Renewable Energy and Job Creation Act of 2008, GovTrack.us(database of federal legislation) accessed Jul 19,2008]

Section 123 -Disqualifies foreign-produced fuel that is used or sold for use outside the United States for

the income and excise tax credits for alcohol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, andalternative fuel production.

C REASONS TO PREFER --

1. LIMITS this aff makes the topic bidirectional by allowing affirmatives to both give andremove incentives explodes the neg research burden and eliminates any stable ground.

2. RESOLUTIONAL INTENT their interpretation functionally moots the word increase from theresolution destroying the intent of the resolution justifying eliminating any word from the rezkilling topic specific education.

3. EXTRA T IS A VOTER the aff accesses their splash and dash advantage by removingcurrent incentives for biofuels this explodes the topic, destroys the resolution and isunpredictable severing the advantage doesnt solve the abuse.


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CTL AINT T

A. INTERPRETATION ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS THOSE SOURCES NOT DERIVED FROMCOAL OIL GAS OR NUCLEAR.

Simon 07 (Christopher, Prof of Poly Sci @ University of NevadaReno, Alternative energy:political, economic, and social feasibility, p. 39-40)

The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, 7701 of therevised U.S. Code: "the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical orthermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, ornuclear power."The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to "alternative energyfacility[ies]," which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter 1, 48 "Energy Credit." Tax credits are one method

by which the federal government encourages the private sector to make certain economic choices; in the case of energypolicy, this definition of alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternativeenergy will be defined by those individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (andbenefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternative energy. Many state definitions of alternative energyclosely follow federal definitions. Case law confirms that federal guidelines supercede state-level guidelines. Federalstandards also impact the state and local receipt of alternative energy grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions. It is reasonable,therefore, that state and local definitions would be consistent with federal energy policy. Consistency between federal andstate definitions does not mean that there are not a few variations. In many ways, variation at the state level illustrates thedynamic and evolving alternative energy paradigm, which is by no means unique to the U.S. policy process.

B. VIOLATION THEY USE COAL.


1. LIMITS forcing the aff to defend energy sources not derived from fossil fuels is the fairestlimit on the topic including fossil fuels makes the neg research burden outrageous anddestroys clash.

2. CONTEXT KEY our interpretation comes from the U.S. Code which is the most common andauthoritative on U.S. energy policy.

3. GROUND core negative ground should be fossil fuels good args like the coal or oil disad the aff interpretation destroys this killing topic specific education and negative strategy.


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CAP AND TRADE UNTOPICAL

EVIDENCE SUPPORTING CAP AND TRADE BEING TOPICAL HAS NO INTENT TO ACTUALLYDEFINE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND EXPLODES THE LITERATURE PREFER OURWORLDVIEW FOR DEBAT.E


Is an emissions trading program 1 an economic incentive program? Emissions trading programsallow polluters to avoid pollution reductions at a regulated pollution source, if they provide anequivalent reduction elsewhere. 2 Most scholars, government officials, and practitionersequate emissions trading with economic incentives, but they do not define"economic incentives."

This failure to define economic incentives leaves unsupported the suggestion thatemissions trading realizes environmental goals through economic incentives, butthat traditional regulations (rules that limit discharges of pollutants into the environmentwithout allowing trading) do not. Both traditional regulation and emissions trading relyupon the threat of a monetary penalty to secure compliance with governmentcommands setting emission limitations. 3 Perhaps neither traditional regulation

nor emissions trading should be considered economic incentive programs,because both rely upon government commands. 4 Or perhaps both should be consideredeconomic incentive programs, because monetary penalties provide a crucial economic incentive inboth systems.

CAP AND TRADE MAKES CARBON TAX TOPICALFreeman 6. [Myrick, Research Professor of Economis @ Bowdoin College, former Sr Fellow @ Resources for the Future,Visiting College Prof @ U of Washington, and Robert M La Follette Visiting Distinguished Prof @ U of Wisconsin-Madison,Economics, Incentives, and Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century p200]

A system ofmarketable or tradable discharge permits (TDPs) has essentiallythe same incentiveeffects as a tax on pollution. After establishing a maximum allowable level of emissions (a cap),the government would issue a limited number of pollution permits, or tickets. Each ticket wouldentitle its owner to discharge one unit of pollution during a specific time period. The governmentcould either distribute the tickets free of charge to polluters on some basis or auction them off to thehighest bidders. Dischargers could also buy and sell permits among themselves. This has come tobe known as a cap-and-trade system. The cost of purchasing a ticket or offorgoing the revenue from selling the ticket to someone else has the sameincentive effects as a tax on pollution of the same amount.

CAP AND TRADE ISNT AN INCENTIVE ITS JUST REGULATION PREFER OUR COMPARATIVEEVIDENCE.


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