Ww2 holocaust

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11 million people were 11 million people were exterminated exterminated

Transcript of Ww2 holocaust

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11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated

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6 million Jews 6 million Jews 5 million others 5 million others ((homosexuals, homosexuals, the mentally and physically the mentally and physically handicapped, handicapped, prisoners of war,prisoners of war, and Gypsiesand Gypsies))

1933-

1945

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They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…

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Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust the the annihilationannihilation of the Jews and of the Jews and

other groups of European people other groups of European people under the Nazi regime during under the Nazi regime during World War IIWorld War II

GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the systematic : the systematic exterminationextermination of a nationality or of a nationality or groupgroup

HOLOCAUST - originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire

“Jews are not welcome here”

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Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in 63% of Jewish population in EuropeEurope killed killed 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed Auschwitz-BirkenauAuschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet was liberated by Soviet

troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only… human hair. But only… 7, 6507, 650 live live prisonersprisoners

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European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340

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Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish survivors of Holocaust: survivors of Holocaust:

3,546,2113,546,211

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How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?

The Power of WordsThe Power of Words Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism The Stages of The Stages of

IsolationIsolation

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The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily The great masses of the people will more easily

fall victims to a big lie than a small one”fall victims to a big lie than a small one”

““How fortunate for leaders that men do not How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”think”

““The victor will never be asked if he told the The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”truth”

““The personification of the devil as the symbol The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”

What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?

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All belong to Adolf All belong to Adolf Hitler…Hitler…

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Europe’s age-old Anti-Europe’s age-old Anti-SemitismSemitism

the hatred of or prejudice against Jews

common since the Middle Ages when the Catholic Church taught that Jews were responsible for killing Jesus

Jews were expelled for a time from France (1254), England (1290), and Spain (1492)

people blamed the Jews for the Black Death hundreds were burned at the stake amidst general persecution and murder of Jews {16th century drawing }

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Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

pogroms took place in Russiapogroms took place in Russia towards the end of the 19th towards the end of the 19th

century, Jewish century, Jewish bankers were were blamed for Germany’s blamed for Germany’s economic woes. The Jews were economic woes. The Jews were seen as evil and seen as evil and greedy capitalists

Jewish ConspiracyJewish Conspiracy The Protocols of the Elders The Protocols of the Elders

of Zionof Zion

Henry Ford

after the defeat in WWI, German anti-Semitism reached new heights as Jews were blamed for the loss

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The Stages of Isolation (The The Stages of Isolation (The Holocaust)Holocaust)The Holocaust was a progression of acts leading to the The Holocaust was a progression of acts leading to the

annihilation of millions:annihilation of millions:

1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation2: Segregation

3: Concentration3: Concentration

4: Extermination4: Extermination

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Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRightsNuremberg Laws (1935) Nuremberg Laws (1935)

stated that all German JEWS were : stated that all German JEWS were : stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses fired from jobs & businesses

boycottedboycotted bannedbanned from schools & universities from schools & universities marriages between Jews and Aryans marriages between Jews and Aryans

forbiddenforbidden forced to carry forced to carry ID cards ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the forced to wear the arm band of the

Yellow “Yellow “Star of DavidStar of David”” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a forced to pay reparations and a

special income taxspecial income tax

1935

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Passports to be carried at all times:

“J” for “Juden”

Seat Restrictions on Streetcars

Identification and Registration

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Identifying Jewish Businesses

Boycotting Jewish Shops

Boycott

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Kristallnacht - 1938• the Nazis began deporting Polish Jews living in Germany• Herschel Grynszpan had been sent by his parents to Paris• when his family was deported, Grynszpan, by way of protest, attempts to assassinate a German diplomat in the Paris embassy (the official dies two days later)• Nazi hierarchy suggests an international Jewish conspiracy exists• back in Germany (and Austria) anti-Semitic pogroms break out

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• on the “Night of Broken Glass” Jewish shops and synagogues are damaged, destroyed and looted• 26,000 Jews are arrested, 91 die• further economic and political persecution of Jews would follow• it marks the ominous beginning of the Holocaust

“International Jewish conspiracy”

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Treatment of Jews during the 1930s

Looted stores

Burnt synagogues

Public mistreatment

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EmigrationEmigration

early on the Nazi state early on the Nazi state offered its Jews a way offered its Jews a way out: voluntary out: voluntary emigration emigration

faced with faced with discriminatory laws and discriminatory laws and policies, many Jews felt policies, many Jews felt they had no choice but they had no choice but to leaveto leave

the problem was finding the problem was finding nations that would take nations that would take the Jewish refugeesthe Jewish refugees

German Jewish Immigrants reach Montreal in November 1938.

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this “First Solution” offered by the Nazis met with little success Canada, for instance, accepted very few Jews

in 1939, The St. Louis, with 900 Jewish refugees, was turned away. The ship returned to Europe where 3/4 of the refugees died in concentration camps

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Stage 2: Stage 2: Segregation Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS

Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “designated areas called “ghettosghettos” to ” to isolateisolate them from the rest of society them from the rest of society

these enclosed and these enclosed and fortified areas fortified areas would become home to the Jews of would become home to the Jews of occupied Europeoccupied Europe

Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in PolandPoland, the Soviet Union, , the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII

ghettos were filthy, with poor ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding

Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size (It was liquidated in miles in size (It was liquidated in April 1943)April 1943)

1939

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Moving in…Registration Card

The Ghetto

Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw, the Warsaw, the largest ghetto, largest ghetto, held 500,000 held 500,000 people and was people and was 3.5 square miles 3.5 square miles in sizein size

it was liquidated it was liquidated in April 1943in April 1943

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Life in the ghettos

diseasedisease was rampant and food was in was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly such short supply that many slowly starved to deathstarved to death

ghettos were located both outside of ghettos were located both outside of and inside the citiesand inside the cities

Ghetto Ration Card

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Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a were a preliminary preliminary step step in the in the annihilation of the Jews, eventually becoming transition annihilation of the Jews, eventually becoming transition

areas and collection points for deportation to areas and collection points for deportation to concentration & death campsconcentration & death camps

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Oskar Oskar SchindlerSchindler“Whoever saves one “Whoever saves one life, saves the entire life, saves the entire world”world”• Oskar Schindler, a vain and greedy German businessman, Oskar Schindler, a vain and greedy German businessman, becomes an unlikely becomes an unlikely humanitarianhumanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign amid the barbaric Nazi reign• having initially moved to Poland to having initially moved to Poland to profit profit fromfrom Jewish slave Jewish slave labour labour available from the ghetto, Schindler in time feels available from the ghetto, Schindler in time feels compelled to turn his factory into a compelled to turn his factory into a refuge refuge for Jewsfor Jews• Schindler managed to Schindler managed to savesave about 1,100 Jews from being gassed about 1,100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration campat the Auschwitz concentration camp

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The Ghettos are emptied… 1943

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Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps

camps had existed in Germany since 1933, yet camps had existed in Germany since 1933, yet proliferate after proliferate after 1940 1940

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual murder essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual murder of its enemiesof its enemies

slave labor slave labor is used: “is used: “annihilation by workannihilation by work”” prisoners faced prisoners faced undernourishmentundernourishment and and starvationstarvation prisoners transported in prisoners transported in freight cars freight cars designed for cattledesigned for cattle camps built along railroad lines for efficient transportation camps built along railroad lines for efficient transportation

1940

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• beginning in 1938, Jews were targeted for internment solely because they were Jews

• before then, only Jews who fit one of the earlier categories faced internment in the camps

• the camps were run by the S.S.

• they used the camps to make money and rented out labour to industrialists like Krupp

Heinrich Himmler

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Jews Political adversaries(Communists & Social Democrats)The socially and racially undesirable (homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, the handicapped)Prisoners of war

WHO WHO ??

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Forced Labour in Quarry

Slave Labour in Factories

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Life in the Life in the CampsCamps possessions were possessions were

confiscatedconfiscated

arms arms tattooedtattooed

men, women and children men, women and children were were separatedseparated

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prison uniforms were provided

heads were shaved

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Birkenau

CampsGuards

random acts of violence were common

survival based on trade skills / physical strength

the food was terrible and insufficient

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Inside the concentration Inside the concentration

campscamps

unsanitary, disease- ridden, and lice infested barracks were the norm

overcrowding was a major problem and contributed to the spread of diseases (such as typhus)

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Yellow: Jews {Star of David} Red: Political dissidents Green: Common criminals Purple: Religious fundamentalists Blue: Immigrants Brown: Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) Black: Lesbians and "anti-socials" Pink: Gay men

Eichmann

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Freezing Experiment- Dachau

Josef Mengele

“The Angel of Death”

Human Human ExperimentatiExperimentati

onon inhumane medical experiments were conducted freezing starvation exposure to chemicals

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Stage 4: Stage 4: ExterminationExtermination EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: Nazi program: Nazi

policy to eliminate those policy to eliminate those “unworthy of life” “unworthy of life” (mentally or physically (mentally or physically challenged, the ill) to challenged, the ill) to promote Aryan “racial integrity” [perhaps 75,000 died in this way]

Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile killing units) had begun killing units) had begun operations aimed at killing operations aimed at killing entire Jewish communities entire Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe in occupied Eastern Europe (1939-1941)(1939-1941)

special action groups that special action groups that followed the advancing army followed the advancing army to to cleansecleanse conquered areas conquered areas

1942

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EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen

ranks composed largely of highly educated and ranks composed largely of highly educated and motivated menmotivated men

many of its leaders represented Nazi intellectual many of its leaders represented Nazi intellectual eliteelite

round up local Jews, leaving round up local Jews, leaving mass graves mass graves in their in their wakewake

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Death Camps—Arrival Death Camps—Arrival

DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: : Nazi extermination Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder

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Sorting and classification of new arrivals

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Death Camps — Death Camps — Selection and Selection and Processing Processing

in the extermination camps, large detention centres created for the confinement, slave labour, and mass executions of prisoners, the “Final Solution” would take place

Jewish children were specifically targeted (kill the next generation)

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Death Camps—Final OutcomeDeath Camps—Final Outcome

called for the called for the completecomplete andand mass annihilation mass annihilation andand extermination extermination of the Jews as of the Jews as well as other groups well as other groups

Zyklon B gas became the Zyklon B gas became the agent used in the mass agent used in the mass exterminationextermination

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Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums

prisoners were sent to prisoners were sent to gas gas chambers chambers disguised asdisguised as showers showers

Zyklon B gas used to gas Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutespeople in 3 – 15 minutes

up to 8,000 people were gassed up to 8,000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with the largest death camp with four operating gas chambersfour operating gas chambers

Gold fillings Gold fillings from victim’s from victim’s teeth were melted down to teeth were melted down to make gold barsmake gold bars

prisoners moved dead bodies prisoners moved dead bodies to massive to massive crematoriumscrematoriums

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Chamber Openings to drop in Gas Canisters (Pellets)

Empty Zyklon B Canisters

Birkenau Crematorium

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Nearing the Nearing the EndEnd

By 1945, as Allied troops closed in, the Nazis By 1945, as Allied troops closed in, the Nazis began destroying the crematoriums and campsbegan destroying the crematoriums and camps

between 1944-1945, the Nazis ordered the between 1944-1945, the Nazis ordered the prisoners to undertake long distance prisoners to undertake long distance death death marchesmarches ( (TodesmarscheTodesmarsche))

over 300,000 prisoners perished on these marchesover 300,000 prisoners perished on these marches

1945

1945

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• in January the Soviet army entered Auschwitz (the largest camp) and liberated the more than 7,000 mostly ill and dying prisoners that remained

1945

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• while rumours of the camps had leaked out, few people realized the full extent of the slaughter taking place

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Liberation: the Americans and British arrive

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DachauApril ‘45

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• storeroom housing confiscated property of storeroom housing confiscated property of prisoners: the sheer amount of loot stored there prisoners: the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawas associated with the riches of Canada

“Kanada”

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Holocaust Art

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Aftermath: NurembergAftermath: Nuremberg Nuremberg Trials: lasting four years, war crimes trials for

Nazi officials began (24 Nazi leaders were tried; 11 death penalties; three life sentences; four 10-20 year sentences)

State of Israel created in 1947 due to world sympathy Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in

1951 German government offers pensionsby way of compensation to Holocaust survivors (of death camps and later the Ghettos)

1945-1949

Himmler

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Pastor Martin Niemoller spent eight years in the camps

(Dachau and Sachsenhausen)

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Heroes who saved Jewish lives...

Raoul Wallenberg

Swedish diplomat stationed in Hungary. He helped 95,000 Hungarian Jews escape by providing them with fake passports which claimed that the bearers were Swedish subjects. He was later arrested by the USSR as a spy and may have died in a Soviet prison camp. It is not known for certain. He was made an honorary citizen of Canada, the US and Israel.

Oskar Schindler

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Points to better understand the Holocaust:• anti-Semitism had long been present in Europe and Hitler made use of these feelings• the first stage of the Holocaust involved Stripping away the Rights of Germany’s Jews• the Nuremberg Laws forced Jews to carry IDs and wear arm bands with the “Star of David”, forbade intermarriage, and boycotted Jewish businesses• Kristallnacht in 1938 (when a Jew killed a German diplomat) marked a change in attitude toward the Jews (synagogues were burned and Jews arrested): the Holocaust had truly begun• the second stage of the Holocaust involved segregating the Jews from the rest of the population and placing them in overcrowded ghettos (the most famous being Warsaw)• the third stage of the Holocaust placed the Jews into camps where they would be worked and starved to death (slave labour to support the German military machine)• Oskar Schindler for a time exploited this source of labour• Jews would be joined here by homosexuals, Communists, the disabled, Gypsies & others• the fourth stage of the Holocaust was one of extermination (in areas of recent conquest by the Einsatzgruppen killing units or in the death camps- like Auschwitz)

STUDENT NOTES

MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND:Nuremberg Laws / Kristallnacht / ghettos / camps

Auschwitz / Oskar Schindler / Einsatzgruppen

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Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?

•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.

• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)

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The Financial LinkThe Financial Link• in Europe, the Medieval Christian Church forbade usury (lending money for profit) by Christians• Jews were, however, free to loan money to Gentiles (Christians) but NOT to fellow Jews (the Old Testament did not permit such charging of interest to Jews)• the result was Jews came to dominate the money lending business• in Europe’s cities they were forced to live in ghettos (Social Exclusion)

• in time Christians (during Italy’s Renaissance) would legitimize the lending of money through the creation of banks, thus making it respectable