All the Alliances - A recapAll the Alliances - A recap• France is allied with RussiaFrance is allied with Russia

• Britain has pledged to help Belgium if Britain has pledged to help Belgium if attackedattacked

• France and Britain have an allianceFrance and Britain have an alliance

• Austria and Germany are alliedAustria and Germany are allied

• The Ottoman Empire is allied with The Ottoman Empire is allied with Germany and AustriaGermany and Austria

Where is the United States in Where is the United States in this?this?

• The United States is officially neutral, The United States is officially neutral, but sympathetic to great Britain and but sympathetic to great Britain and FranceFrance

• SomeSome Americans want to help Americans want to help Germany insteadGermany instead

• Most Americans wants to stay out of Most Americans wants to stay out of the “European War”the “European War”

So the War startsSo the War starts• The Plan was to take Paris in week The Plan was to take Paris in week

and all of France in 2-3 weeksand all of France in 2-3 weeks

• Then Turn on Russia and defeat herThen Turn on Russia and defeat her

• Everything depends on MOVING Everything depends on MOVING TROOPS RAPIDLYTROOPS RAPIDLY

• The Germans get held up just a The Germans get held up just a LITTLE…LITTLE…

There is no quick victory, that There is no quick victory, that means:means:

• Stagnation, no movement on the Stagnation, no movement on the lineslines

• Trench warfareTrench warfare

• 4 years of brutal, bloody useless 4 years of brutal, bloody useless hell for the soldiers in the hell for the soldiers in the trenches, in the air, and at seatrenches, in the air, and at sea

Propaganda

• Women became essential to the Women became essential to the war effort far beyond any war effort far beyond any traditional roles held before.traditional roles held before.

• Civilians themselves became Civilians themselves became targets of military operations.targets of military operations.

• war on the Western Front became war on the Western Front became one of "attrition”one of "attrition”

• The only way that either side could The only way that either side could see to win it was to bleed the other see to win it was to bleed the other side to death, to keep killing and side to death, to keep killing and killing until, with luck, you killed more killing until, with luck, you killed more of the men on the other side than they of the men on the other side than they did of yours.did of yours.

19141914

• Germany invades Belgium. Germany invades Belgium.

• Britain declares war on Germany. Britain declares war on Germany.

• Fighting bogs down quickly. Trenches Fighting bogs down quickly. Trenches appear on the Western Front on Sept appear on the Western Front on Sept 2424

19141914

• The Ottoman Empire joins the Central The Ottoman Empire joins the Central PowersPowers

• Russia loses the Battle of TanneburgRussia loses the Battle of Tanneburg• At Christmas there is an unofficial At Christmas there is an unofficial

truce, soldiers meet in No Man’s Landtruce, soldiers meet in No Man’s Land• Fighting quickly resumesFighting quickly resumes

The Christmas TruceThe Christmas Truce

19151915

• Women take up men's jobs. Women take up men's jobs.

• Stalemate continues on the Western Stalemate continues on the Western Front. Front.

• The first gas attacks occurThe first gas attacks occur

• London attacked from the air by London attacked from the air by German Zeppelins. German Zeppelins.

19151915

• U-boat sinks British liner U-boat sinks British liner LusitaniaLusitania creating a US-German diplomatic creating a US-German diplomatic crisis crisis

• APRIL-Allied landing at Gallipoli APRIL-Allied landing at Gallipoli

• SEPT-After a HUGE loss of life the SEPT-After a HUGE loss of life the Allies begin withdrawal of troops from Allies begin withdrawal of troops from Gallipoli , having gained nothingGallipoli , having gained nothing

The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the Somme

• Lasted 3 monthsLasted 3 months

• 60,00060,000 people died on the people died on the first day.first day.

• 420,000420,000 British, British, 330,000330,000 French French

• 550,000550,000 German killedGerman killed

• No change in the battle lines at the No change in the battle lines at the endend

The Battle of VerdunThe Battle of Verdun

• Lasted over a year over a two mile Lasted over a year over a two mile deep areadeep area

• Each side took and lost the same Each side took and lost the same ground over and overground over and over

• Each side lost 500,000 menEach side lost 500,000 men

• In the end it changed NOTHINGIn the end it changed NOTHING

19171917

• United States joins the war and United States joins the war and assists the Allies. assists the Allies.

• The battle of PasschendaeleThe battle of Passchendaele

• Tank, submarine and gas warfare Tank, submarine and gas warfare intensifies. intensifies.

• Royal family changes their name to Royal family changes their name to Windsor to appear more British.Windsor to appear more British.

• In Russia, the situation is terrible• The Czar badly mismanages the war,

is forced to ABDICATE, taken prisoner with his family

• The new government tries to continue the war

• They are overthrown, Lenin and the Communists take over, promise to end Russian involvement

19181918• Germany launches the last major Germany launches the last major

offensive on the Western Front.offensive on the Western Front.• Russia pulls out of the war signs the Russia pulls out of the war signs the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Allies are Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Allies are NOT happyNOT happy

• Allies launch successful counter-Allies launch successful counter-offensives at the Marne and Amiens. offensives at the Marne and Amiens.

• Armistice signed on November 11, Armistice signed on November 11, ending the war at 11am.ending the war at 11am. (11,11,11) (11,11,11)

The War Outside Europe

• Though fought mostly in Europe, Imperialism spread the war

• Canada, New Zealand, Australia joined the Allies

• Asia, Africa and the Middle East also saw fighting

• Colonial troops fought as well, often with the promise of self rule after the war

• Japan, China joined the Allies

• Many Indian troops fought as well

• WW1 ended the Ottoman Empire, fostered Arab nationalism

Changes in World Power

• Overall Europe lost power, influence

• The US, Japan emerged stronger

• The Balfour Declaration promised support for a Jewish state

The Treaty of Versailles 1919The Treaty of Versailles 1919

• The peace treaty which officially The peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germanyand Associated Powers and Germany

• Germany accepted SOLE Germany accepted SOLE responsibility for causing World War I responsibility for causing World War I (the “war guilt” clause)(the “war guilt” clause)

Germany punishedGermany punished

• DEBTS- DEBTS- Has to pay war Has to pay war REPARATIONS- £6,600,000,000 REPARATIONS- £6,600,000,000 about 20 billion dollarsabout 20 billion dollars

• WEAKEN GERMANY-WEAKEN GERMANY- German Army German Army and Navy stripped, only 100,000 men and Navy stripped, only 100,000 men allowed allowed

• NATIONALISM-NATIONALISM- New countries are New countries are created in Europe- Poland, created in Europe- Poland, Czechoslovakia,Yugoslavia Estonia, Czechoslovakia,Yugoslavia Estonia, Latvia…Latvia…

• COLLECTIVE SECURITY-COLLECTIVE SECURITY- the the League of NationsLeague of Nations is Created, which is Created, which proves to be a waste of timeproves to be a waste of time

• GERMAN AND OTTOMAN COLONIES-GERMAN AND OTTOMAN COLONIES-Germany loses all of colonies,Alsace-Germany loses all of colonies,Alsace-Lorraine was returned to FranceLorraine was returned to France

• ‘‘MANDATES’ are created by the LeagueMANDATES’ are created by the League• IraqIraq (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom) • LebanonLebanon (France) (France) • PalestinePalestine, including Transjordan (United , including Transjordan (United

Kingdom) Kingdom) • SyriaSyria (France) (France)

The League of NationsThe League of Nations

• The League was President Wilson’s The League was President Wilson’s ideaidea

• It had very little power to do more It had very little power to do more than TALK about problemsthan TALK about problems

• Although the League was President Although the League was President Wilson’s idea, the US never joined itWilson’s idea, the US never joined it

• In the end it was considered a failureIn the end it was considered a failure