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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for SEE HUA DAILY SABAH.......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
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Executive Summary of Key Results for SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by See Hua Daily Sabah, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN.
BN were most positively covered (66.42%) and most negatively covered (52.05%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (17%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedtowards BN.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (13%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (29%)
and independent/other political figures (22%).
3 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
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Muhyiddin Yassin and Lim Guan Eng were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (48%) than eitheropposition politicians (40%) or independents/others (13%).
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
4 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (32.76%), followed by PR, DAP, Others, then SAPP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
BN
PRDAP
Other
SAPP
PKR
PAS
UMNO
MCA
PBS
Gerakan
SUPP
UPKO
PRS
PSM
SPDP
PBB
PRM
MIC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
32.76
13.7812.08
8.54
7.68
7.17
4.54
4.10
3.47
2.07
1.27
1.06
1.06
0.17
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.02
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
46.09
37.57
7.79
8.54
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (67%), followed by the positive category (17%).
7 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
10%
7%
67%
17%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN were the most negatively covered (36.4%)and the most attacked (35.93%).
PR were the second most negatively covered (17.84%) and attacked (19.62%).
DAP were the third most attacked (16.74%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
BN
PR
Other
DAP
MCA
SAPPPKR
UMNO
PBS
PAS
SUPP
Gerakan
UPKO
PRS
MIC
PBB
PRM
PSM
SPDP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (58.98%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPR (13.76%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
BN
DAP
PR
Other
PKR
SAPPPAS
UMNO
MCA
PBS
Gerakan
UPKO
SUPP
PRS
PSM
SPDP
PBB
PRM
MIC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, BN were most positively covered (66.42%) and most negatively covered (52.05%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
Coverage
TypeBN : PR
Tonal
WeightingPositive 1 : 0.38 17%
Neutral 1 : 0.97 67%
Negative 1 : 0.62 7%
Attacked 1 : 1.08 10%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
40.83
52.05
41.75
66.42
43.92
32.02
40.32
25.22
15.25
15.94
17.93
8.36
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(26.42%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (13.26%) then Yong Teck Lee (12.53%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
11 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Yong Teck Lee
Musa Aman
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Bernard Dompok
Chua Soi Lek
Mahathir Mohamad
Tian Chua
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Taib MahmudLiow Tiong Lai
Azmin Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Teresa Kok
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
24.62
13.26
12.53
9.11
8.30
6.29
4.35
4.03
3.26
3.06
1.53
1.45
1.37
0.97
0.930.77
0.64
0.64
0.60
0.44
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed towards BN.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
12 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
51%
36%
13%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(18.01%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (9.87%), then Musa Aman and Lim Kit Siang (both9.29%), then Anwar Ibrahim (9.10%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Kit Siang
Musa Aman
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
18.01
9.87
9.29
9.29
9.10
7.28
5.94
4.02
2.01
1.63
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (29%)and independent/other political figures (22%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
48%
29%
22%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (13%).
15 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
13%
73%
5%9%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (18.75%) and the second most attacks (20.1%).
Yong Teck Lee was most attacked (20.57%).
Najib Razak was third most attacked (19.14%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (16.75%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
16 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Anwar Ibrahim
Tian Chua
Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Yong Teck Lee
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Bernard Dompok
Lim Guan Eng
Nurul Izzah
Liow Tiong Lai
Azmin Ali
Nik Aziz
Musa Aman
Khalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Hadi Awang
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred JabuAmbiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (61.44%) and neutral coverage (20.33%).
Musa Aman received the second most positive coverage (13.07%), followed by Anwar
Ibrahim (10.13%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
17 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim
Yong Teck Lee
Musa Aman
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Bernard Dompok
Chua Soi Lek
Mahathir Mohamad
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Taib Mahmud
Tian Chua
Liow Tiong Lai
Azmin Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Teresa Kok
Nurul Izzah
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Rosmah Mansur
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category was the largest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.21 12%
Neutral 1 : 0.77 69%
Negative 1 : 1.55 5%
Attacked 1 : 1.41 8%
18 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
33.01
35.71
49.21
80.72
46.41
55.36
37.79
16.99
20.57
8.93
13.00
2.29
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (15.344%) then Lim Guan Eng (14.77%) were first and second mostcommonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (12.08%), Lim Kit Siang(11.41%), then Anwar Ibrahim (10.07%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Musa Aman
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Nik Aziz
Baru Bian
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
15.44
14.77
12.08
11.41
10.07
8.05
6.71
5.37
2.68
0.67
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (48%) than eitheropposition politicians (40%) or independents/others (13%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
48%
40%
13%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
21 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
40%
60%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Domestic Policy, Crome and National Security.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
34%
1%
29%
12%
5%
17%
1%1%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering, then Democracy & Human Rights.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
38%
8%
14%
8%
4%
4%
25%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 25754
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 968
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 31.2
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
24 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 32.759
DAP 12.079
Gerakan 1.2731
MCA 3.4683
MIC 0
PAS 4.5409
PBB 0.060144
PBS 2.065
PKR 7.1672
PR 13.783
PRS 0.17041
PRM 0.020048PSM 0.090217
SAPP 7.6784
SPDP 0.070168
SUPP 1.0626
UMNO 4.0998
UPKO 1.0626
Other 8.5405
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 32.759
BN 46.091122
Gerakan 1.2731
MCA 3.4683
MIC 0
PBB 0.060144
PBS 2.065
PRS 0.17041
SPDP 0.070168
SUPP 1.0626
UMNO 4.0998
UPKO 1.0626
PR 13.783
PR 37.5701DAP 12.079
PAS 4.5409
PKR 7.1672
PRM 0.020048
Independent 7.788665PSM 0.090217
SAPP 7.6784
Other 8.5405 Other 8.5405
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 35.928 36.404 25.944 58.984 157.26
DAP 16.738 7.4561 12.841 6.3817 43.4168
Gerakan 0.10661 1.0234 1.4728 1.1152 3.71801
MCA 1.2793 6.8713 3.7588 2.2305 14.1399
MIC 0 0 0 0 0
PAS 3.4115 2.193 5.876 1.3011 12.7816
PBB 0 0 0.092053 0 0.092053
PBS 0.95949 2.4854 2.5468 0.74349 6.73518
PKR 4.1578 4.5322 8.8524 3.7794 21.3218
PR 19.616 17.836 12.749 13.755 63.956
PRS 0.21322 0 0.18411 0.061958 0.459288
PRM 0 0 0.030684 0 0.030684
PSM 0 0 0.13808 0 0.13808
SAPP 4.371 5.848 8.2694 5.6382 24.1266
SPDP 0 0 0.092053 0.061958 0.154011
SUPP 0.21322 1.462 1.2274 0.55762 3.46024
UMNO 2.1322 3.0702 5.1396 1.6729 12.0149
UPKO 0 0.73099 1.2887 0.99133 3.01102
Other 10.874 10.088 9.4968 2.7261 33.1849
Parties &Coalitions
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26 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 40.83204
Negative 52.04729
Neutral 41.746316
Positive 66.418956
PR
Attacked 43.9233
Negative 32.0173
Neutral 40.3184
Positive 25.2172
Attacked 15.245
Negative 15.936
Neutral 17.934964
Positive 8.3643
Independent &Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.20145
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan0.24174
Anwar Ibrahim 13.255
Azmin Ali 0.64464
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 4.029
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 3.2635
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 1.3699
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0
Ibrahim Ali 0
James Masing 0.04029
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.16116
Karpal Singh 0.96696
Khalid Ibrahim 0.64464
Khalid Samad 0.04029
Lim Guan Eng 6.2853
Lim Kit Siang 8.2998
Liow Tiong Lai 0.76551Mahathir Mohamad 3.062
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.4029
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.3513
Musa Aman 9.1056
Najib Razak 24.617
Ng Yen Yen 0.04029
Nik Aziz 1.4504
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah0.60435
Rafizi Ramli 0.12087
Rosmah Mansur 0.32232
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0.92667
Teresa Kok 0.44319
Tian Chua 1.531
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0.04029
Wong Soon Koh 0.24174
Yong Teck Lee 12.53
Percentage(mention)
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27 SEE HUA DAILY SABAH
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 4.0693
BN 50.64435
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0Alfred Jabu
PBB 0.92667Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0.04029
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0.24174
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 41.33735
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 4.029
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 16.03554
PR 36.26069
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 3.26349
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 16.96166
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.24174
13.09406
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0
Rosmah Mansur 0.32232
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 12.53
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 5.9387
BN 48.4678
Mahathir Mohamad 4.023
Muhyiddin Yassin 9.8659
Musa Aman 9.2912
Najib Razak 18.008
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 1.341
Anwar Ibrahim 9.0996
PR 29.214545
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 2.0115
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.095785
Khalid Ibrahim 0.28736
Lim Guan Eng 7.2797
Lim Kit Siang 9.2912
Nik Aziz 1.1494
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.6284
Independent 22.31846
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 15.805
Vox Pop Female 4.5977
0.28736
0
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.17575 0.65359
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.23433 0.3268
Anwar Ibrahim 20.096 18.75 13.064 10.131
Azmin Ali 0 1.7857 0.82015 0
Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0.47847 5.3571 4.8037 2.9412
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 4.7847 5.3571 3.222 1.3072
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 0.47847 0 1.6403 0.3268
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0
Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0
James Masing 0 0 0.058582 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.058582 0.98039
Karpal Singh 0 0 1.406 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 0.89286 0.70299 0.65359
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.058582 0
Lim Guan Eng 6.2201 3.5714 6.6784 2.6144
Lim Kit Siang 16.746 11.607 8.553 1.3072
Liow Tiong Lai 0.47847 1.7857 0.87873 0
Mahathir Mohamad 5.2632 8.9286 2.7534 0.65359Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.47847 0 0.52724 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 1.9139 0 5.0381 0.65359
Musa Aman 0.95694 0.89286 10.31 13.072
Najib Razak 19.139 13.393 20.328 61.438
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.058582 0
Nik Aziz 1.9139 0.89286 1.6403 0.65359
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 0 2.6786 0.58582 0.3268
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.17575 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.46866 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.2302 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.64441 0
Tian Chua 0.47847 15.179 1.1716 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.058582 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0.35149 0
Yong Teck Lee 20.574 8.9286 12.302 1.9608
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 33.01468
Negative 35.71436
Neutral 49.208534
Positive 80.71917
PR
Attacked 46.41141
Negative 55.35742
Neutral 37.785706
Positive 16.99377
Attacked 20.574
Negative 8.9286
Neutral 13.00499
Positive 2.2876
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 5.3691
BN 47.6512
Mahathir Mohamad 8.0537
Muhyiddin Yassin 15.436
Musa Aman 6.7114
Najib Razak 12.081
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 10.067
PR 39.59674
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 2.6846
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 14.765
Lim Kit Siang 11.409
Nik Aziz 0.67114
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.67114
Independent 12.75144
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 10.738
Vox Pop Female 1.3423
0
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 8.0323
Policy Issues 23.33827
Environment 0.19792Economy/Development 6.8283
Education 2.8534
Foreign Policy 1.1545
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.876
Oppressive Legislation 0
Health 0.13195
Religion 0.2639
Ethnicity 12.881
34.2896
Religion 2.6555
Democracy & Human Rights 4.6841
Socioeconomic Status 2.6555
Mudslinging 1.4019
Gender 1.2865
Electioneering 8.7251
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other