WtW Political Parties & Coalitions Final

7/29/2019 WtW Political Parties & Coalitions Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Comparative Report: POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

25/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS.................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other ......................................................................................................................................6

BERNAMA.........................................................................................................................................................6Figures 2/3/4: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................7PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN...................................................7Figures 5/6/7: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................8TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.................................................................8Figures 8/9/10: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................9EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................9Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other .........................................................................................................10ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 10

1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions.........................................................11Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .....................................11BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................11Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................12PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 12Figure 17/18/19: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................13TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 13Figure 20/21/22: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................14EAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN........................................................... 14Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions ..............................15

ONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA..................................................................................................151.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions..................................................................16

Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................17BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................17Figure 26/27/28: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................18PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 18Figure 29/30/31: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................19TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 19

Figure 32/33/34: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................20EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN..........................................20Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Oppositionvs. Independent/Other............................................................................................................................... 21ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 21

Section 2: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................22Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................24.................................................................................................................................................................................. 24Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS


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Executive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES &COALITIONS

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information aboutnational politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, andthus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

This report utilises the data collected from the media groups outlined in the bar chart below. This barchart shows the relative size of their data samples (using the total number of data points identifiedand analysed per each publication/group). The data table for this bar chart can be found in Section4 of the report.

The key results summarised below pertain to the findings for coverage of political parties andcoalitions across the media groups outlined above:

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage of political parties and coalitions, we found the following trends:

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group

Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN werethe following:

Bernama.


Bernama

Peninsular Print English

Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia

Peninsular Print Mandarin

East Malaysia Print English

East Malaysia Print Bahasa MalaysiaEast Malaysia Print Mandarin

Television English

Television Bahasa Malaysia

Televisions Mandarin

Online English

Online Bahasa Malaysia

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 1200

16920

66788

49782

97088

52935

3225340129

7478

9862

8049

48783

20725

Data Points


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East Malaysia Newspapers English and Bahasa Malaysia.

Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were thefollowing: Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.

East Malaysia Newspapers Mandarin.

Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.

Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR werethe following: Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.

However, this data, and the data in Section 1.2 must be contextualised with the data inSection 1.3 showing how tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PRfor each publication group.

Overall, the media groups with the least neutral material (over 20% non-neutral) material

are the following: Bernama.

Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.

Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia.

East Malaysia Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin.

Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are thefollowing:

Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.

Television Mandarin.

East Malaysia Newspapers English.Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.

1.3 Tonal Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group

The media types (according to medium and language) suffering from the most tonalinequality (i.e. positive coverage of BN and negative coverage of and attacks on PR) overallare the following: Bernama.

Television News - all languages.

Peninsular Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.

East Malaysia Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.

As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from theleast inequality overall are the following: Mandarin Newspapers - Peninsular and East Malaysia.

Online News.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Summary (Figures 1-12):

Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN werethe following (difference of over 20%):

Bernama

Television English, Bahasa Malaysia, and Mandarin

East Malaysia Print English, Bahasa Malaysia

Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were the

following (difference of under 20%): Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin

East Malaysia Print - Mandarin

Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia

Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR werethe following (difference of over 20%):


However, this data must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showing how

tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for each publicationgroup.

See Table 1 (series).

Publication Group BN PR Ratio (BN : PR)

Bernama 58.87 36.69 1 : 0.62

Peninsular Print English 45.95 50.47 1 : 1.10

Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia 43.06 53.97 1 : 1.25

Peninsular Print Mandarin 48.32 49.53 1 : 1.02

Television English 51.31 33.47 1 : 0.65

Television Bahasa Malaysia 54.68 32.34 1 : 0.59

Television Mandarin 55.55 36.97 1 : 0.67

East Malaysia Print English 51.62 33.21 1 : 0.64

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia 62.36 28.28 1 : 0.45

East Malaysia Print Mandarin 48.41 40.46 1 : 0.84

Online English 44.18 48.69 1 : 1.10

Online Bahasa Malaysia 46.33 50 1 : 1.08



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Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherBERNAMA


BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

58.87

36.69

0.84

3.60

Bernama

Volume


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Figures 2/3/4: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

45.95

50.47

1.29

2.29


Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

43.06

53.97

0.79

2.16


Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

48.32

49.53

0.80

1.35


Volume


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Figures 5/6/7: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

51.31

33.47

1.11

14.05

TV English

Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

54.68

32.34

0.64

12.35

TV Bahasa Malaysia

Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

55.55

36.97

0.38

7.10

TV Mandarin

Volume


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Figures 8/9/10: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherEAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

51.62

33.21

2.74

12.44


Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

62.36

28.28

1.37

7.99

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia

Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

48.41

40.46

5.00

6.12

East Malaysia Print Mandarin

Volume


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Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA


BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

44.19

48.69

2.33

4.79

Online English

Volume

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

46.33

50.00

1.65

2.02


Volume


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1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions


Overall, the media groups with the most tonal material (under 80% neutral) are the

following:

Bernama

Peninsular Print - Bahasa Malaysia

Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia

East Malaysia Print - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin

Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are thefollowing:

Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin

Television Mandarin


Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia

However, this data distribution must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showinghow tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for eachpublication group.

Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsBERNAMA


9%

17%

39%

36%

Bernama

AttackedNegative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


3%2%

93%

2%Peninsular Print

English

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

4%15%

68%

13%Peninsular PrintBahasa Malaysi

Attacked

Negative

NeutralPositive

3%4%

88%

4% Peninsular PrintMandarin

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 17/18/19: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


1%11%

72%

17%

TelevisionEnglish

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

8%

22%

31%

39%

TelevisionBahasa Malaysia

Attacked

Negative

NeutralPositive

1%2%

94%

4% TelevisionMandarin

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 20/21/22: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsEAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN


5%5%

82%

9%East MalaysiaPrint English

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

5%8%

62%

24%

East MalaysiaPrint Bahasa

Malaysia

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

9%

9%

62%

20% East MalaysiaPrint Mandarin

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & CoalitionsONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA


5%6%

86%

3%Online English

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

2%3%

91%

4%Online

Bahasa Malaysia

Attacked

Negative

NeutralPositive


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1.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions


The top 5 most unequal ratios in each category are highlighted in the table below (some

have more than 5 highlighted due to equal placings):

Publication GroupPositive Neutral Negative Attacked

Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR Weight BN : PR

Bernama 36 1 : 0.045 39 1 : 0.75 17 1 : 3.59 9 1 : 33.77

Peninsular Print English 2 1 : 0.026 93 1 : 1.06 2 1 : 14.39 3 1 : 10.77

Peninsular Print BahasaMalaysia

13 1 : 0.17 68 1 : 8.1 15 1 : 5.03 4 1 : 6.95

Peninsular PrintMandarin

4 1 : 0.53 86 1 : 1.03 4 1 : 0.98 3 1 : 2.40

Television English 17 1 : 0.19 72 1 : 0.65 11 1 : 1.79 1 1 : 1.25

Television BahasaMalaysia

39 1 : 0.15 31 1 : 0.62 22 1 : 3.68 8 1 : 2

Television Mandarin 4 1 : 0.31 94 1 : 0.65 2 1 : 0.77 1 1 : 12.99

East Malaysia PrintEnglish

9 1 : 0.17 82 1 : 0.65 5 1 : 1.42 5 1 : 2.04

East Malaysia PrintBahasa Malaysia

24 1 : 0.095 62 1 : 0.44 8 1 : 2.85 5 1 : 8.78

East Malaysia PrintMandarin

20 1 : 0.42 62 1 : 0.92 9 1 : 0.96 9 1 : 1.52

Online English 3 1 : 0.68 86 1 : 1.17 6 1 : 0.65 5 1 : 1.27

Online BahasaMalaysia

4 1 : 0.75 91 1 : 1.08 3 1 : 0.94 2 1 : 3.0

As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from themost inequality overall are the following:

Bernama.

Television News all languages.

Newspapers Peninsular English and Bahasa Malaysia, and East Malaysia English andBahasa Malaysia.

As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from theleast inequality overall are the following:

Mandarin Newspapers, both Peninsular and East Malaysia.

Online News.

This can also be seen in the following graphs, where the left-to-right arrow-head shapeindicating more positive and neutral material allocated to BN and more negative materialand attacks allocated to PR is least pronounced in the Mandarin Print and Online groupings.

See Table 2 (series).



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Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherBERNAMA


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

NeutralPositive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

2.75

21.01

52.40

94.98

92.86

75.49

39.11

4.24

4.40

3.50

8.490.78

Bernama

Coverage Volume


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Figure 26/27/28: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherPENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 1208.38

6.38

46.73

96.77

90.29

91.79

49.55

2.48

1.33

1.82

3.72

0.74Peninsular Print English

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

PositiveAttacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

12.55

16.24

6.62

84.7687.25

81.70

53.65

14.48

0.20

2.06

3.73

0.76


Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

AttackedNegative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

29.14

49.72

48.20

64.19

69.78

48.58

49.58

34.08

1.081.71

2.22

1.74


Coverage Volume


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Figure 29/30/31: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherTELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9044.44

28.07

52.20

77.57

55.56

50.29

34.14

14.71

0.00

21.64

13.66

7.72Television English

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

PositiveAttacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

23.70

15.82

53.86

83.8747.40

58.21

33.29

12.76

28.90

25.96

12.86

3.36

Television Bahasa Malaysia

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

AttackedNegative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

6.90

53.66

55.84

75.00

89.66

41.46

36.30

22.92

3.454.88

7.86

2.08

Television Mandarin

Coverage Volume


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Figure 32/33/34: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherEAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9025.00

34.26

51.27

80.57

51.05

48.82

33.17

13.74

23.95

16.92

15.55

5.69East Malaysia Print English

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

PositiveAttacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

9.15

21.19

61.83

89.0580.37

60.30

27.27

8.48

10.48

18.51

10.90

2.47

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

AttackedNegative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

35.70

46.98

45.00

66.92

54.12

45.10

41.60

28.28

10.177.92

13.40

4.79

East Malaysia Print Mandarin

Coverage Volume


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Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/OtherONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7043.67

59.27

42.41

58.99

55.36

38.45

49.49

40.13

0.97

2.28

8.10

0.88Online English

Coverage Volume

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

PositiveAttacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

24.62

50.25

46.33

55.9273.85

47.21

49.84

41.71

1.54

2.54

3.83

2.37


Coverage Volume


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Section 2: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Publication Grouping PublicationNumber of data points

identified and analysed:nd

Average numberof articles/day:

na/d

BernamaBernama English 8959 9.29

Bernama Bahasa Malaysia 7961 8.94


The New Straits Times 4022 30.98

The Star 17427 17.55

The Sun 8939 10.52

Peninsular Print BahasaMalaysia

Utusan 22790 35.35

Sinar Harian 8036 11.81

Harian Metro 18956 26.52


The Oriental Daily 34231 34.55

Sin Chew Jit Poh 36319 39.52

The China Press 26538 35.58

East Malaysia Print EnglishThe Borneo Post 25395 38.77

The Daily Express Sabah 27540 29.19

East Malaysia Print Bahasa

Malaysia

Utusan Borneo Sabah 18646 26.81

Utusan Borneo Sarawak 13607 27.16

East Malaysia PrintMandarin

See Hua Daily Sabah 25754 31.24

See Hua Daily Sarawak 14375 29.29

Television EnglishNTV7 English News 4194 8.84

TV2 English 3284 8.03

Television Bahasa MalaysiaTV1 Berita Nasional 5751 13.26

TV3 Buletin Utama 4111 13.42

Television Mandarin8TV Mandarin 3424 8.9

TV2 Berita Mandarin 4625 9.39

Online EnglishMalaysiakini English 36291 22.52

The Malaysian Insider English 12492 9.81

Online Bahasa MalaysiaMalaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia 11926 17.16

The Malaysian Insider Bahasa Malaysia 8799 13.13



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Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1 Bernama

Party Percentage

BN 44.842

DAP 7.151

Gerakan 0.93373

MCA 3.9171

MIC 1.2981

PAS 9.4967

PBB 0.25051

PBS 0.59212

PKR 8.1758

PR 11.865

PRS 0.29606

PRM 0.022774

PSM 0.40993

SAPP 0.40993

SPDP 0.25051

SUPP 0.47825

UMNO 5.7618

UPKO 0.25051

Other 3.5983

Party PercentageBN 32.237

DAP 13.254

Gerakan 1.283

MCA 4.4686

MIC 1.3373

PAS 11.949

PBB 0.15222

PBS 0.30987

PKR 10.584

PR 14.683

PRS 0.24463

PRM 0.010873

PSM 0.97853

SAPP 0.29899

SPDP 0.08698

SUPP 0.3153

UMNO 5.2623

UPKO 0.2555

Other 2.2887

TABLE 1 Peninsular PrintEnglish

TABLE 1 Peninsular Print BM

Party Percentage

BN 32.275DAP 11.186

Gerakan 0.63798

MCA 1.9139

MIC 0.65925

PAS 16.651

PBB 0.092153

PBS 0.092153

PKR 10.541

PR 15.588

PRS 0.077975

PRM 0.028355

PSM 0.73013

SAPP 0.035443

SPDP 0.092153

SUPP 0.11342

UMNO 6.9965

UPKO 0.10633

Other 2.162

Party Percentage

BN 26.074

DAP 17.492

Gerakan 2.4934

MCA 11.358

MIC 1.217

PAS 7.9557

PBB 0.090922

PBS0.14338

PKR 7.3192

PR 16.761

PRS 0.048958

PRM 0.010491

PSM 0.55602

SAPP 0.2343

SPDP 0.03497

SUPP 0.45111

UMNO 6.3261

UPKO 0.080431

Other 1.3498

TABLE 1 Peninsular PrintMandarin

TABLE 1 TV English

Party Percentage

BN 39.767

DAP 6.9971

Gerakan 0.87464

MCA 3.9067

MIC 0.93294

PAS 10.496

PBB 0.058309

PBS 0.34985

PKR 10.845

PR 5.1312

PRS 0.11662

PRM 0

PSM 0.52478

SAPP 0.58309

SPDP 0.058309

SUPP 0.52478

UMNO 4.6647

UPKO 0.058309

Other 14.052

TABLE 1 TV BM

Party Percentage

BN 47.928

DAP 9.3977

Gerakan 0.42717

MCA 1.2815

MIC 0.5126

PAS 11.448

PBB 0.042717

PBS 0.085434

PKR 10.765

PR 0.72619

PRS 0.042717

PRM 0

PSM 0.42717

SAPP 0.21358

SPDP 0

SUPP 0.17087

UMNO 4.1862

UPKO 0

Other12.345


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TABLE 1 TV Mandarin

Party Percentage

BN 30.205

DAP 17.211

Gerakan 4.7112

MCA 15.198

MIC 1.2158

PAS 4.7492

PBB 0

PBS 0.075988

PKR 4.2933

PR 10.714

PRS 0

PRM 0

PSM 0.075988

SAPP 0.30395

SPDP0

SUPP 0.26596

UMNO 3.8754

UPKO 0

Other 7.1049

TABLE 1 EM Print English

Party Percentage

BN 36.274

DAP 9.5732

Gerakan 0.50129

MCA 1.7267

MIC 0.50129

PAS 6.1477

PBB 1.1975

PBS 1.114

PKR 9.4548

PR 8.0345

PRS 0.93992

PRM 0.020887

PSM 0.10444

SAPP 2.6109

SPDP 1.6292SUPP 2.6805

UMNO 4.1078

UPKO 0.94688

Other 12.435

TABLE 1 Print EM BM

Party Percentage

BN 50.336

DAP 5.6917

Gerakan 0.2451

MCA 0.59913

MIC 0.30864

PAS 5.2741

PBB 1.1892

PBS 1.0621

PKR 7.2622

PR 10.049

PRS 0.41757

PRM 0.027233

PSM 0.045389

SAPP 1.2981

SPDP 0.99855

SUPP 2.5781

UMNO 3.8671

UPKO 0.76253

Other 7.9884

TABLE 1 Print EM Mandarin

Party Percentage

BN 34.3

DAP 14.963

Gerakan 0.82381

MCA 2.2415

MIC 0

PAS 4.317

PBB 0.26183

PBS 1.3283

PKR 5.4601

PR 15.723

PRS 0.25544

PRM 0.012772PSM 0.057475

SAPP 4.9301

SPDP 0.076633

SUPP 5.7986

UMNO 2.6375

UPKO 0.68331

Other 6.1243

TABLE 1 Online English

Party Percentage

BN 28.702

DAP 12.602

Gerakan 0.82506

MCA 4.8846

MIC 1.139

PAS 9.4188

PBB 0.065713

PBS 0.40888

PKR 10.806

PR 15.866

PRS 0.036507

PRM 0.0073014PSM 1.4092

SAPP 0.91268

SPDP 0.058411

SUPP 0.30666

UMNO 7.5716

UPKO 0.18984

Other 4.7897

TABLE 1 Online BM

Party Percentage

BN 31.866

DAP 10.837

Gerakan 0.57909

MCA 4.0702

MIC 0.8769

PAS 14.61

PBB 0.033091

PBS 0.033091

PKR 11.3

PR 13.253

PRS 0

PRM0.033091

PSM 1.4394

SAPP 0.182

SPDP 0.066181

SUPP 0.066181

UMNO 8.6863

UPKO 0.049636

Other 2.0185


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TABLE 2 Bernama

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 0.54945 10.924 32.868 83.312 127.65345

DAP 12.088 12.185 9.7029 1.1734 35.1493

Gerakan 0.27473 1.1204 1.2735 0.71708 3.38571

MCA 0 3.7815 5.4579 3.1943 12.4337

MIC 0 0.42017 2.2438 0.97784 3.64181

PAS 17.308 17.787 12.553 0.84746 48.49546

PBB 0 0.14006 0.4245 0.13038 0.69494

PBS 0.27473 0 0.90964 0.45632 1.64069

PKR 12.088 12.045 12.674 1.3038 38.1108

PR 51.374 33.473 4.1844 0.91265 89.94405

PRS 0.27473 0 0.54579 0.19557 1.01609

PRM 0 0 0.060643 0 0.060643

PSM 0.27473 0.42017 0.849 0 1.5439

SAPP 0 0.14006 1.0309 0 1.17096SPDP 0 0.28011 0.30321 0.13038 0.7137

SUPP 0 0 0.90964 0.32595 1.23559

UMNO 1.3736 4.3417 6.9739 5.3455 18.0347

UPKO 0 0 0.48514 0.19557 0.68071

Other 4.1209 2.9412 6.5494 0.78227 14.39377

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 Print Peninsular English


BN 6.0952 4.8632 32.259 89.826 133.0434

DAP 10.476 13.982 13.593 0.74442 38.79542

Gerakan 0 0 1.3517 1.2407 2.5924

MCA 0.57143 0 4.7279 1.4888 6.78813

MIC 0.19048 0 1.4277 0.24814 1.86632

PAS 16.381 13.982 12.06 0 42.423

PBB 0 0 0.16384 0 0.16384

PBS 0 0 0.33353 0 0.33353

PKR 14.095 10.638 10.69 1.4888 36.9118

PR 49.333 53.191 13.207 0.24814 115.97914

PRS 0 0.6079 0.25161 0 0.85951

PRM 0 0 0.011703 0 0.011703

PSM 0 0.6079 1.0181 0.24814 1.87414

SAPP 0.19048 0.30395 0.30427 0 0.7987

SPDP 0 0 0.093622 0 0.093622

SUPP 0 0.30395 0.32768 0.24814 0.87977

UMNO 1.5238 0.6079 5.5295 3.2258 10.887

UPKO 0 0 0.26331 0.49628 0.75959

Other 1.1429 0.91185 2.3874 0.49628 4.93843

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 2 Print Peninsular BM


BN 5.8704 10.482 29.971 76.919 123.2424

DAP 18.421 14.647 11.753 2.2863 47.1073

Gerakan 0.60729 0.46795 0.75994 0.21775 2.05293

MCA 0.20243 0.98269 2.2798 1.5242 4.98912

MIC 0 0.18718 0.8224 0.54437 1.55395

PAS 23.077 20.262 17.687 5.2803 66.3063

PBB 0 0 0.1041 0.16331 0.26741

PBS 0 0.046795 0.12492 0 0.171715

PKR 13.563 12.728 11.482 2.3408 40.1138

PR 32.186 34.066 12.732 4.5727 83.5567

PRS 0 0.046795 0.093691 0.054437 0.194923

PRM 0 0.14038 0.01041 0 0.15079

PSM 0.20243 1.1231 0.79117 0.10887 2.22557

SAPP 0 0 0.052051 0 0.052051SPDP 0 0.093589 0.1041 0.054437 0.252126

SUPP 0 0.046795 0.14574 0.054437 0.246972

UMNO 5.8704 3.7904 8.0991 5.2259 22.9858

UPKO 0 0.093589 0.11451 0 0.208099

Other 0 0.79551 2.8732 0.65324 4.32195

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 Print Peninsular Mandarin


BN 19.032 24.939 25.244 49.959 119.174

DAP 18.71 15.435 17.986 8.6849 60.8159

Gerakan 0 3.4931 2.5638 1.9851 8.042

MCA 4.8387 13.16 11.674 7.9404 37.6131

MIC 0 1.8684 1.2441 0.74442 3.85692

PAS 7.2043 6.0926 8.2876 3.6394 25.2239

PBB 0 0 0.10335 0 0.10335

PBS 0 0.32494 0.13912 0.16543 0.62949

PKR 1.9355 3.818 7.9299 2.4814 16.1648

PR 41.935 23.233 15.379 19.272 99.819

PRS 0 0 0.055648 0 0.055648PRM 0 0 0.0079498 0.082713 0.0906628

PSM 0 0.32494 0.59623 0.33085 1.25202

SAPP 0.21505 0.16247 0.23054 0.16543 0.77349

SPDP 0 0 0.035774 0.082713 0.118487

SUPP 0 0.2437 0.49686 0.082713 0.823273

UMNO 5.1613 5.4427 6.5665 3.2258 20.3963

UPKO 0.10753 0.2437 0.075523 0 0.426753

Other 0.86022 1.2185 1.3833 1.158 4.62002

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 2 TV English


BN 44.444 14.035 40.19 65.809 164.478

DAP 0 10.526 7.433 2.5735 20.5325

Gerakan 0 1.1696 1.0372 0.36765 2.57445

MCA 0 4.6784 3.7165 5.5147 13.9096

MIC 0 0.5848 0.95073 1.4706 3.00613

PAS 44.444 14.62 11.063 4.0441 74.1711

PBB 0 0 0.08643 0 0.08643

PBS 0 0 0.51858 0 0.51858

PKR 0 20.468 10.631 5.8824 36.9814

PR 11.111 4.6784 5.013 2.2059 23.0083

PRS 0 0 0.17286 0 0.17286

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 0.5848 0.69144 0 1.27624

SAPP 0 0.5848 0.69144 0 1.27624SPDP 0 0 0.08643 0 0.08643

SUPP 0 0.5848 0.51858 0.73529 1.83867

UMNO 0 7.0175 4.9265 3.6765 15.6205

UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 20.468 12.273 7.7206 40.4616

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 TV BM


BN 23.121 11.765 42.857 77.726 155.469

DAP 14.451 16.227 11.286 3.2483 45.2123

Gerakan 0 0 0.57143 0.34803 0.91946

MCA 0 1.0142 2.4286 0.92807 4.37087

MIC 0 0.60852 0.57143 0.34803 1.52798

PAS 9.8266 21.501 12 5.5684 48.896

PBB 0 0 0 0.11601 0.11601

PBS 0 0 0.14286 0.11601 0.25887

PKR 19.075 19.878 10 3.4803 52.4333

PR 4.0462 0.60852 0 0.46404 5.11876

PRS 0 0 0.14286 0 0.14286PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 0.40568 0.85714 0 1.26282

SAPP 0 0 0.28571 0.34803 0.63374

SPDP 0 0 0 0 0

SUPP 0 0 0.57143 0 0.57143

UMNO 0.57803 2.4341 6.5714 4.2923 13.87583

UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

Other 28.902 25.558 11.714 3.0162 69.1902

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 2 TV Mandarin


BN 6.8966 21.951 30.021 51.042 109.9106

DAP 48.276 19.512 16.549 18.75 103.087

Gerakan 0 7.3171 4.9064 3.125 15.3485

MCA 0 19.512 15.509 10.417 45.438

MIC 0 0 1.0811 5.2083 6.2894

PAS 10.345 2.439 4.8649 0 17.6489

PBB 0 0 0 0 0

PBS 0 0 0.08316 0 0.08316

PKR 3.4483 4.878 4.4491 1.0417 13.8171

PR 27.586 14.634 10.437 3.125 55.782

PRS 0 0 0 0 0

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 0 0.08316 0 0.08316

SAPP 0 0 0.33264 0 0.33264SPDP 0 0 0 0 0

SUPP 0 0 0.29106 0 0.29106

UMNO 0 4.878 3.9501 5.2083 14.0364

UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

Other 3.4483 4.878 7.4428 2.0833 17.8524

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 Print EM English


BN 19.428 21.914 34.569 70.976 146.887

DAP 12.801 13.731 9.7594 3.3333 39.6247

Gerakan 0.1506 0.27739 0.5479 0.4065 1.38239

MCA 0.1506 0.69348 1.969 0.97561 3.78869

MIC 0 0.55479 0.53934 0.4065 1.50063

PAS 6.6265 10.68 6.2323 1.7886 25.3274

PBB 0.1506 0 1.3526 1.0569 2.5601

PBS 0 1.5257 1.2413 0.3252 3.0922

PKR 4.5181 10.125 10.402 3.0894 28.1345

PR 27.108 14.286 6.7802 5.5285 53.7027

PRS 0 0.69348 1.0359 0.73171 2.46109PRM 0 0 0.017122 0.081301 0.098423

PSM 0 0.27739 0.11129 0 0.38868

SAPP 1.2048 1.2483 2.9535 0.97561 6.38221

SPDP 0.60241 2.7739 1.7036 0.89431 5.97422

SUPP 1.2048 2.2191 2.7823 2.2764 8.4826

UMNO 3.3133 3.19 4.4602 1.8699 12.8334

UPKO 0 0.41609 1.0701 0.65041 2.1366

Other 22.741 15.395 12.473 4.6341 55.2431

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 2 Print EM BM


BN 6.3228 14.086 46.635 81.322 148.3658

DAP 8.985 9.546 6.1416 2.316 26.9886

Gerakan 0 0.11641 0.30855 0.18678 0.61174

MCA 0.16639 0.69849 0.71995 0.37355 1.95838

MIC 0 0.11641 0.38202 0.26149 0.75992

PAS 8.3195 11.758 5.7155 1.3074 27.1004

PBB 0.16639 0 1.4546 1.0833 2.70429

PBS 0.16639 0.46566 1.484 0.37355 2.4896

PKR 6.1564 10.128 8.9333 2.3907 27.6084

PR 56.905 28.871 6.4796 2.4654 94.721

PRS 0 0.11641 0.57302 0.18678 0.87621

PRM 0 0 0.044079 0 0.044079

PSM 0 0 0.073465 0 0.073465

SAPP 0.33278 0.46566 1.8954 0.29884 2.99268SPDP 0 1.0477 1.2636 0.56033 2.87163

SUPP 0 2.0955 3.2618 1.5689 6.9262

UMNO 2.3295 2.3283 4.6283 2.8764 12.1625

UPKO 0 0.11641 1.1167 0.26149 1.4946

Other 10.15 18.044 8.8892 2.1666 39.2498

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 Print EM Mandarin


BN 30.228 32.036 28.173 57.507 147.944

DAP 22.546 18.694 14.594 10.188 66.022

Gerakan 0.071124 0.55594 1.0152 0.63673 2.278994

MCA 0.85349 3.3356 2.6227 1.2399 8.05169

MIC 0 0 0 0 0

PAS 6.8279 4.934 4.8329 1.374 17.9688

PBB 0 0 0.42301 0.033512 0.456522

PBS 0.64011 1.1814 1.7766 0.40214 4.00025

PKR 3.2006 3.0577 7.2652 2.3794 15.9029

PR 21.55 18.416 14.911 14.343 69.22

PRS 0.14225 0 0.33841 0.13405 0.61471PRM 0 0 0.021151 0 0.021151

PSM 0 0 0.095178 0 0.095178

SAPP 2.9161 2.7797 5.7424 3.1166 14.5548

SPDP 0 0.13899 0.095178 0.033512 0.26768

SUPP 2.3471 7.8527 6.1019 5.496 21.7977

UMNO 1.4225 1.5288 3.5639 0.90483 7.42003

UPKO 0 0.34746 0.88832 0.53619 1.77197

Other 7.2546 5.1425 7.5402 1.6756 21.6129

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 2 Online English


BN 30.682 39.249 26.818 52.851 149.6

DAP 12.825 7.6223 13.28 5.0439 38.7712

Gerakan 0.48701 1.479 0.81552 0 2.78153

MCA 3.4091 6.9397 4.8845 2.4123 17.6456

MIC 0.64935 1.2514 1.1847 0.65789 3.74334

PAS 8.9286 7.6223 9.7347 6.1404 32.426

PBB 0 0 0.07726 0 0.07726

PBS 0 0.11377 0.47214 0 0.58591

PKR 4.8701 7.281 11.778 2.4123 26.3414

PR 28.734 15.927 14.697 26.535 85.893

PRS 0.16234 0.11377 0.025753 0 0.301863

PRM 0 0 0.0085844 0 0.0085844

PSM 0 0.3413 1.6053 0.65789 2.60449

SAPP 0.16234 0.56883 1.0044 0.2193 1.95487SPDP 0 0 0.068675 0 0.068675

SUPP 0.16234 0.56883 0.2747 0 1.00587

UMNO 8.1169 9.5563 7.5715 3.0702 28.3149

UPKO 0 0 0.21461 0 0.21461

Other 0.81169 1.3652 5.4854 0 7.66229

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 2 Online BM


BN 20 38.071 31.332 48.815 138.218

DAP 13.846 13.198 10.73 7.5829 45.3569

Gerakan 0 0 0.60219 0.94787 1.55006

MCA 0.76923 3.0457 4.2153 1.4218 9.45203

MIC 0 0.50761 0.94891 0 1.45652

PAS 23.077 9.6447 14.891 6.6351 54.2478

PBB 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496

PBS 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496

PKR 1.5385 4.0609 11.989 6.6351 24.2235

PR 35.385 20.305 12.226 20.853 88.769

PRS 0 0 0 0 0PRM 0 0 0.036496 0 0.036496

PSM 0 0.50761 1.5511 0.47393 2.53264

SAPP 0 0 0.20073 0 0.20073

SPDP 0 0 0.072993 0 0.072993

SUPP 0 0.50761 0.054745 0 0.562355

UMNO 3.8462 8.1218 8.9781 4.7393 25.6854

UPKO 0 0 0.054745 0 0.054745

Other 1.5385 2.0305 2.0438 1.8957 7.5085

Parties &Coalitions


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Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)

3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's MovementParty)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)

16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun

Murut Organisation)19. Others

WtW Political Parties & Coalitions Final

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