WT 4e, Chap 13-Stress

7/27/2019 WT 4e, Chap 13-Stress

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Emotion, Stress,and Health

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Overview Nature of emotion

Emotion and culture

Nature of stress Stress and emotion

How to cope

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Emotion

A state of arousal involving facial and

bodily changes, brain activation,

cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings,

and tendencies toward action, all shaped

by cultural rules

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The body

Primary emotions

Emotions considered to be universal and

biologically based, usually thought to include

fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust,and contempt

Secondary emotion

Emotions that develop with cognitive maturityand vary across individuals and cultures

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Your turn

Which of the following is a primaryemotion?

1. Love

2. Suspicion

3. Joy

4. Jealousy

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Universal expressions of

emotion Facial expressions for primaryemotions are universal.

Even members of remote culturescan recognize facial expressions inpeople who are foreign to them.

Facial feedback Process by which the facial muscles send messages to

the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

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The brain and emotion

The amygdala Responsible forassessing threat

Damage to theamygdala results inabnormality inprocessing fear.

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The brain and emotion

Mirror neurons

A class of neurons, distributed throughout the brain, that

fire when an animal sees or hears an action and carries

out the same action on its own Far more evolved and varied in humans

than in other animals

Help us recognize others’ intentions

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Hormones and emotion

When experiencing an intenseemotion, two hormones are released. Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Results in increased alertness andarousal

At high levels, can create sensation of being out of control emotionally

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The autonomic nervous

system

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How thoughts create

emotions Perceptions and attributions areinvolved in emotions.

How one reacts to an event dependson how he/she explains it.For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning thesilver instead of the gold medal

Philosophy of life is also influential.

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Culture and emotion

Culture determines what people feel angry, sad,lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.

Some cultures have words for specific emotions

unknown to other cultures..E.g., schadenfreude

Some cultures don’t have words for emotionsthat seem universal to others.Tahitian and sadness

Differences in secondary emotions appear to bereflected in differences in languages.

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Rules of emotional

regulation Display rules

When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed orwhen they should be squelched

Emotion work

Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to createthe right emotion for the occasion

Body language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, andgaze that people constantly express

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Gender and emotion

In North America women. . .

smile more than men.

gaze at listeners more.

have more emotionally expressive faces.

use more expressive body movements.

touch others more.

acknowledge weakness and emotions more.

Compared to women, men only express anger to

strangers more.

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Factors influencing

emotional expressiveness Gender roles

Cultural norms

The specific situation

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The physiology of stress

General Adaptation SyndromeAlarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

Goal is to minimize wear and tearon system.

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Your turn

During which phase of the General

Adaptation Syndrome is a person

most vulnerable to disease?

1. Alarm

2. Resistance

3. Exhaustion

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Current approaches

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Stressors and the body

Work-relatedproblems

Noise Bereavementand loss

Poverty,powerlessness,and low status

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Explanatory styles

Optimists: Take better care of themselves when sick

Cope better

Draw on friends in hard times

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The sense of control

Locus of control A general expectation about whether the results of your actions

are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your

control (external locus)

Feelings of control can reduce or even

eliminate the relationship between

stressors and health.

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Your turn

Suppose you have several difficult exams

coming up soon. If your thought is

“There’s no way I can study enough to

get an A in psychology,” then what isyour locus of control?

1. Internal

2. External

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Benefits of control When exposed to cold viruses, those who are out of control are more likely to develop colds.

Low-income individuals with high levels of controlreport similar quality of life to high-income

individuals.

Managers and executives have fewer illnesses.

African-Americans reporting more control have fewerproblems with hypertension.

Nursing home residents with greater control aremore alert, happier, and live longer.

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Limits of control

Primary control: an effort to modify reality bychanging other people, the situation, or eventsA “fighting back” philosophy

Western cultures

Secondary control: an effort to accept reality bychanging your own attitudes, goals, or emotionsA “learn to live with it” philosophy

Eastern cultures

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Emotions and illness

Hostility and heart disease Type A personality: determined to achieve, sense of timeurgency, irritable, quick to respond to threat or challenge,impatient with obstacles.

Type B personality: calmer, less intense

Cynical or antagonistic hostility is a majorrisk factor for heart disease

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Positive emotions

Longitudinal study of 180 Catholic nuns foundthat longevity was related to frequency of positive emotionsHappiness

Interest

Love

Hope

Etc.

Nuns whose life stories contained the mostpositive emotion words lived an average of nine years longer.

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Emotional inhibition

A personality trait involving a tendency to

deny feelings of anger, anxiety, or fear;

stressful situations cause heart rate and

blood pressure to rise sharply

People with this trait are more likely to fall

ill than people who can acknowledge

feelings.

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Letting grievances go

Confession: divulging

private thoughts and

feelings that make you

ashamed or depressed

Can also give up

thoughts that produce

grudges and replace

them with different

perspectives.

Forgiving thoughts

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Cooling off

Relaxation trainingLearning to alternately tense and relax muscles, lie or sitquietly, or meditate by clearing the mind

Lowers stress hormones, enhances immune function

Massage therapy

Exercise

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Solving the problem

Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping

Effective cognitive copingmethods Reappraising the situation

Learning from the experience

Making social comparisons

Cultivating a sense of humor

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Looking outward

Friends can help People who have network of close connections live longerthan those who do not.

After heart attack, those with no close contacts weretwice as likely to die.

Relationships can also cause stress.

Giving support to others can be avaluable source of comfort.

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When friends aren’t

helpfulMany are stressed by the responsibility of caring for others.

In close relationships, the support personmay also be the source of stress.Married couples who argue in a hostile way have increasedelevations of stress hormones and weakened immune systems.

Friends may be unsupportive or block your

progress toward a goal.

WT 4e, Chap 13-Stress

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