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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)Part 1: IntroductionJavad Musevi NiyaElectrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Tabriz

OutlineDefinitions and ChallengesApplicationsOperating SystemsWireless Sensor networks: Introduction2

Definitions & Challenges

Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor networks: Introduction3

DefinitionsSensing and SensorsSensor Mote PlatformNetwork of Wireless Sensor NodesChallengesWireless Sensor networks: Introduction4

Sensing and SensorsData acquisition and actuationWireless Sensor networks: Introduction5

Sensing and SensorsClassification and Examples of Sensors

Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction6

TypeExamplesTemperaturePressureOpticalAcousticMechanicalMotion, VibrationFlowPositionElectromagneticChemicalHumidityRadiationThermistors, ThermocouplesPressure Gauges, Barometers, Ionization GaugesPhotodiodes, Phototransistors, Infrared Sensors, CCD SensorsPiezoelectric Resonators, MicrophonesStrain gauges, Tactile Sensors, Capacitive Diaphragms, Piezoresistive CellsAccelerometers, Gyroscopes, Photo SensorsAnemometers, Mass Air Flow SensorsGPS, Ultrasound-Based Sensors, Infrared-Based Sensors, InclinometersHall-Effect Sensors, MagnetometerspH Sensors, Electrochemical Sensors, Infrared Gas SensorsCapacitive and Resistive Sensors, Hydrometers, MEMS-Based Humidity SensorsIonization Detectors, GeigerMueller CountersSensor Mote PlatformSensor nodes are capable of Interacting with their environment through various sensorsProcessing information locallyCommunicating this information with their neighbors. Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction7

External MemoryDigital I/O portsRadio TransceiverAnalog I/O PortsMicrocontrollerA/D D/ASensorSensorSensor Mote PlatformA sensor node typically consists of three componentsWireless modules or motes: Communication Capabilities and the Programmable Memory.A sensor board: Sensing Capabilities. A programming board: Interfacing Capabilities.These components can be either an individual board or embedded into a single system.Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction8

Wireless module (Mote)Key components possess the communication capabilities and the programmable memory where the application code resides.A mote usually consists of a microcontroller, transceiver, power source, memory unit, and may contain a few sensors. A wide variety of platforms have been developed including Mica2, Cricket, MicaZ, Iris, Telos, SunSPOT, and Imote2.Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction9

Sensor BoardMounted on the mote and is embedded with multiple types of sensors. The sensor board may also include a prototyping area, which is used to connect additional custom-made sensors. Available sensor boards include the MTS300/400 and MDA100/300 that are used in the Mica family of motes. Alternatively, the sensors can be integrated into the wireless module such as in the Telos or the SunSPOT platform.Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction10

Sensor BoardOne Example Sensor Board - MTS310Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction11

Sensor BoardMTS400/420 adds GPS functionality beside the functions of MTS 300.

One More Example of Sensor Board - MTS400/420

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Programming (Gateway) BoardProvides multiple interfaces including Ethernet, WiFi, USB, or serial ports for connecting different motes to an enterprise or industrial network or locally to a PC/laptop. These boards are used either to program the motes or gather data from them. Particular platforms need to be connected to a programming board to load the application into the programmable memory. They could also be programmed over the radio.Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction13

Programming (Gateway) BoardSome examples of programming boards include the MIB510, MIB520, and MIB600.

MIB 520

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Sensor Mote PlatformMote HardwareWireless Sensor networks: Introduction15

Sensor Mote PlatformTimelineWireless Sensor networks: Introduction16

Sensor Mote PlatformThe low-end platforms are characterized by their limited capabilities in terms of processing, memory, and communication. These platforms are usually envisioned to be deployed in large numbers in a WSN to accomplish sensing tasks as well as providing a connectivity infrastructure.The high-end platforms are developed to perform high-level tasks such as network management and the integration of WSNs with existing networking infrastructure.These tasks require higher processing power, memory and multiple communication techniques to be integrated through gateway modules. In networks where processing or storage hubs are integrated with sensor nodes, higher capacity nodes are required. Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction17

Low-End PlatformsMica Family: Mica, Mica2, MicaZ, and IRIS and are produced by Crossbow. 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers with a speed of 416MHz and 128256 kB of programmable flash. Mica node includes a 916 or 433MHz transceiver at 40 kbps.Mica2 is equipped with a 433/868/916MHz transceiver at 40 kbps.

MICA & MICA 2Wireless Sensor networks: Introduction 18

Low-End PlatformsMica Family: MicaZ and IRIS are equipped with IEEE 802.15.4 compliant transceivers, which operate at 2.4GHz with 250 kbps data rate. Each platform has limited memory in terms of RAM (48 kB) and data memory (512 kB). Moreover, each version is equipped with a 51-pin connector that is used to connect additional sensor boards and programming boards to the mote.

MICAZ & IRIS MoteWireless Sensor networks: Introduction 19

The MICA architecture Atmel ATMEGA103 4 Mhz 8-bit CPU128KB Instruction Memory4KB RAM5.5mA active, 1.6mA idle,