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KEY FACTS

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection affectingthe lungs that can be caused by viruses,

bacteria, or fungi

Although pneumonia can often be treated and cured, 1.1million children under the age of five

die due to pneumonia every year (18% of all deaths of children under five years old worldwide)

Pneumonia is treatable and preventable. owever, delays in recogni!ing pneumonia and

accessing appropriate care, as well as missed opportunities for immuni!ation, contribute topneumonia mortality

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Pneumonia affects children and adults everywhere, however most child deaths occur

in the world/s poorest regions with highest incidence in sub0aharan Africa and outh Asia

treptococcus pneumonia, aemophilus influen!ae type b (ib) and respiratory syncytial virusare the most common causes of pneumonia in healthy people. Pneumocystis 2iroveciis one of the most common causes of pneumonia in immune compromised infant andit is responsible for one 3uarter of all pneumonia deaths in #40infected infants

Pertussis and measles have also a respiratory tract component and can complicate with

pneumonia

5he Philippines is one of the 16 countries that together account for 76%of childhood

pneumonia cases worldwide. #n children aged under 6 years, pneumonia is the leading cause ofmortality with a mortality rate of 9.: ;1

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Pneumonia can be spread by@

& #nhalation of viruses and bacteria that are commonly found in a child/s nose or throato #nhalation of contaminated airborne droplets from someone else/s cough or snee!e

o +loodstream infectionso #n newborns, contact with organisms in the birth canal or contaminated substances contactedduring delivery

ost organisms that cause pneumonia are commonly encountered during day0

to0day activities. ence, it is not recommended that otherwise healthy people wear mas?s toprotect themselves from pneumonia

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Pneumonia may have a range of symptoms depending on the age and the cause of

the infection

4iral and bacterial pneumonia have similar symptoms, although there may be more symptoms

with viral pneumonia

Bough and difficult and pain full breathing are ?ey symptoms of pneumoniaC fever

is also common

#n children under five years of age, difficult breathing manifests as@

& -apid breathing(D6< bpm for 01 months oldC D:< bpm for D1 months 06years old)o 'ower chest in drawing, where chest moves in or retracts during inhalation, also calledEretractionF(igure 1)o laring of the nostrils with every breatho runtingwith every e;halation

o Ghee!ing, more commonly with viral infections

everely ill infants may be unable to feed or drin? and may e;perience unconsciousness,

hypothermia, and convulsions

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Bhest ;0rays and laboratory test scan be used to confirm the presence of pneumonia and to

identify the causative pathogen

#n resource0poor environments, pneumonia diagnosis is based on clinical signs and

ymptoms

igure 1@ chest indrawing in an infant. #n the image on the left, the infant is e;haling. #n theimage on the right, he is inhalingC note the triangular shadows at the borders of the ribcage onthe sides of the trun?.

5reatment of pneumonia is with antibiotics. 5reatment regimens need to be chosen based on

their efficacy in local settings (e.i. level of drug resistance) and accordingly to the patient ris?factors (e.i. undernourished or #40positive children)

Bhildren under two months are at highest ris? for severe illnessdeath and they should be

immediately referred to a hospital or clinic for treatment

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Public health interventions to prevent pneumonia include@

& #mmuni!ation against pathogens that directly cause pneumonia (. pneumonia and. influen!a type b) and pathogens that lead to pneumonia as complication of the infection (eg.measles and pertussis)& 5he most important available vaccines to prevent pneumonia are pneumococcal con2ugatevaccine, ib vaccine, measles and pertussis vaccine

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o Ade3uate nutrition to improve natural defense and strength of respiratory muscles (which aidin clearance of secretions)o ";clusive breast feeding for the first si; months of lifeo Hinc supplementation

#n children infected with #4, the antibiotic cotrimo;a!ole is given daily to decrease the ris? of

contracting pneumonia

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Acute respiratory infections (A-#) are range of respiratory disease that can affect the upper

respiratory tract or lower respiratory tract. 5he clinical manifestation of A-# (cough, coldsandor sore throat with or without fever)is common for several diseases such as the commoncold, influen!a or pneumonia

ince the typhoon there have been over 1

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- #n its study, which it co0conducted with the $epartment of ealth and nited *ationsBhildren "mergency und (*#B"), G& said this figure ma?es diarrhea the fourth

leading cause of deaths among children less than five years old and the third leading

cause of illness among the children.- 5he study showed that if the trend continues, it is e;pected to cause 1

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#B#@ $iarrhea

Pontifcal and RoyalUNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

The Catholic University o the PhilippinesCOLLEGE OF NURSNG

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Espa!a "o#levard$ Sa%paloc$ &anila$ Philippines '(')

Nursing Care Management 101

S.Y. 2014-2015First Semester

A partial fulfillment of needed reuirements in NCM 101!

"iffi#ult$ of %reat&ing and "iarr&ea

'ritten (eport

Su%mitted %$)

(e#io* (a#&elle Ann

(egino* +eter Mat&e,

(eposar* erardeanne

(e$es* dgardo

(e$es* /arlo gna#io(e$es* Mi#&aela ouise

(e$es* (ose Anne

(e$estan* a,ren#e

(e$noso* ermal$n

2N(3 ( 3.1

Su%mitted to)

Ms. (olisa Almario* (N* MAN