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BY: CAJURAO, JASPER

For many years systems analysts applied the scientific method to problemsolving in a traditional way, defining the outputs of a system and describing how theinformation would be processed. This could be a difficult and time-consuming effortbecause it required spending many hours preparing flow charts and writing lengthytextual descriptions of the information-handling process. Flow charts were a major toolof the systems analyst for many years.

This was an unstructured way of describing steps in a solution. Virtually allproblems were perceived as being sequential and linear in nature. The traditionalsystems analysis methodology became inadequate, however, as businesses andorganizations undertook solving more complex and interrelated problems. The task of describing all inputs, outputs, processing steps and contacts with vendors , customers,programmers, managers, and others, using only flowcharts and textual narratives wastoo difficult.

A new method for solving system problems and describing their solutions wasdeveloped by Larry Constantine, Edward Yourdon, Chris Gane, Trish Sarson, and others.This methodology, known as , replaced lengthy textualdescriptions with diagrams that substituted words for figures and flowlines for writtennarratives. Structured analysis enabled analysts to visualize a system graphically, as aninterrelated group of elements, rather than merely as a sequence of steps. Thus, itbecame possible to visualize an overall system and its structure in a clearer form.Structured systems analysis has become the preferred method of analyzing anddescribing systems.

Systems analysts have refined the scientific method into a logical strategy that can be

applied to many kinds of problems. The five phases are somewhat arbitrary and oftenoverlap. Some analysts prefer to view the process as having six or more phases.

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The Systems development life cycle (SDLC), or Software development process insystems engineering , information systems and software engineering , is a process of creating or altering information systems, and the models and methodologies thatpeople use to develop these systems.

In software engineering the SDLC concept underpins many kinds of software development methodologies . These methodologies form the framework for planningand controlling the creation of an information system: the software development process .

The systems life cycle (SLC) is a methodology used to describe the process forbuilding information systems , intended to develop information systems in avery deliberate, structured and methodical way, reiterating each stage of the life cycle .The systems development life cycle, according to Elliott & Strachan & Radford (2004),"originated in the 1960's,to develop large scale functional business systems in an age of

large scale business conglomerates . Information systems activities revolved aroundheavy data processing and number crunching routines".

Several systems development frameworks have been partly based on SDLC, such asthe structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) produced for the UK government Office of Government Commerce in the 1980s. Ever since, according toElliott (2004), "the traditional life cycle approaches to systems development have beenincreasingly replaced with alternative approaches and frameworks, which attempted toovercome some of the inherent deficiencies of the traditional SDLC".

In the planning phase, analysts recognize, diagnose, and define the problem. Duringthis phase, they may conduct a study to assess and overall scope of the problem anddetermine whether more money and time should be expended in solving it. Theyprepare a plan of attack and select the individuals who will direct a project or serve ona committee. This phase lays the groundwork for further study and the stages that willfollow.

During the analysis phase, the analyst reviews data and information on the in-place-system. He or she takes measurements, conducts audits, gathers information,interviews individuals, samples work, and documents the kinds and types of informationto be processed by the system. The objective is to clearly understand the present

system, learn what is needed, and discover the shortcomings or faults that must becorrected or modified.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lifecycle_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_conglomeratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_crunchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Government_Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lifecycle_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_conglomeratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_crunchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Government_Commerce