WRITING YOUR ABSTRACT GRS Writing Seminar 10th August 2017 Dr Michael Azariadis

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

WRITING YOUR ABSTRACT

The abstract is an important element of your journal article. It distils the most important

information that appears in your article and presents this to the reader in clear and condensed

form. In some sense in reading the abstract one will understand precisely what you have done in

your research, why you have done it, how you did the work, what your main findings, results or

conclusions were and your argument. In this sense it is a mechanism for communicating your

research to others (including editors) but it is also equally a means for you to be able to think

through the most important conceptual elements of your research when you are writing the

article. It is a way to “test” that you fully understand the what, why and how of your research;

and that you can clearly and convincingly articulate your argument. In this sense it is a diagnostic

tool which allows you to test your understanding of what you have accomplished in your

research at various stages in the drafting and revising process.

Generally abstracts are relatively short at around 250 to 300 words. This varies according to the

different contexts in which you might be writing an abstract, whether that be for a conference,

journal publication, thesis, funding application or research proposal. Abstracts are in fact written

in a variety of research contacts. Often journals will stipulate in their formatting guidelines a

word limit for your abstract which you need to work within. Abstract word limit is perhaps one of

the first guidelines you can use for crafting your abstract.

Ingredients of a good abstract

1. There are clear scholarly expectations around the types of information that should be

included in an abstract. These “pieces of information” fit together like a jigsaw puzzle

and can be written as discrete statements. You might like to use the following is a guide

to writing your abstract:

2. Begin with a statement of the topic of the article or what the study is about in a broad

sense.

3. Then explain why you embarked on this particular project. You might like to make

reference to a gap or debate in the literature or a particular “problem” that that your

research has addressed.

4. Describe how you operationalised the project, in other words your methodology

5. State your findings or what the data showed to you.

6. Provide the reader with your conclusions or your interpretation of the data and here

most importantly your argument.

If you were to write two or three sentences addressing each of these elements then you will

probably have a reasonable first draft of your abstract. Of course this will need revising and

editing but it will provide you with something solid to work with and importantly to show others

to gain valuable feedback.

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

Communicating passion for your research

Having said this, however, it is easy to fall into an attitude that the abstract is merely a dry and

formulaic means to convey the most foundational elements of one’s research. This need not be

the case. It is still possible to convey to your readers what is innovative, different, important and

exciting about the research that you are presenting. You do want to attract as many potential

readers as possible so writing abstract which firstly contains all the essential pieces of

information that is expected, secondly is written in an accessible manner, and thirdly conveys

your passion for research and what is innovative in your study then these are all the ingredients

of successful abstract.

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

What not do when writing an abstract

Don’t craft an abstract which is purely descriptive and reads like a plan. Your abstract,

and your article to, should be argument-driven, problem and goal oriented, and well-

organised.

Don’t overemphasise what the data is saying without linking this to the conclusions you

have drawn into the argument you have developed.

Don’t include quotations, footnotes or citations, or paraphrase. The abstract is not the

place for the voice or work of others. It is the place for you to communicate your

contribution.

An abstract is the place for confident writing. It is also the place for reporting on what

you have done rather than what you will be doing. Avoid statements like “we hope to

prove” or “this article attempts to analyse” or “this study seeks to”. These are fine in a

grant or research proposal that puts forward plans for future research, but not for an

abstract which reports on work that has already been done.

In the writing of the abstract don’t include abbreviations or acronyms.

Do not exceed the word limit. If one is not specified then as a general rule keep to a 300

word limit.

Are you aware of the

guidelines for writing an

abstract which have been

stipulated by the journal

you are writing for?

What are these?

<SAMPLE JOURNAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT 1 - see appendix>

Examine elements contained in Abstract 1

<SAMPLE JOURNAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT 2 – see appendix>

Critique Abstract 2

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

TENSE USE IN THE ABSTRACT

type of information

verb form

(tense or commonly

occurring verbs)

examples

giving background

details present tense

The industry is already well known for its efforts to

improve the eco-efficiency of its processes

describing the

research activity

simple past tense, present

perfect tense

The study focused on 2 main areas

The framework for life cycle analysis has been

developed

describing the

methods simple past tense

We carried out a series of field tests

A large number of samples were tested for fracturing

reporting results simple past tense

Results indicated that the problem is even more

serious than previously predicted

The third model proved to be more durable than the

other four

stating conclusions

present tense

This indicates that there are, in fact, several factors

contributing to the decrease

It appears that the incidence of human error cannot be

eliminated at any stage

There might be a need for revising the list of criteria

within the next 5-10 years

EXERCISE: if you have not yet drafted your abstract, have a go at doing this

following the guideline presented in this booklet. If you do have a draft of

your abstract then check that it contains all the information normally

required in a conventional abstract.

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

Appendix

Sample journal article abstract one:

The First Destination Survey of new graduates provides only a snapshot of graduate

employment. This longitudinal study explores more fully the career pathways taken by

undergraduates from two programs and examines which skills acquired at University contributed

to successful employment and development of their careers. It was found that 99% of

respondents made a successful transition from higher education to the workplace, with 56% in a

job related to their first degree subject. Career pathways were diverse and half of graduates

undertook further study/training at various stages to improve their career prospects. Skills

identified as most useful were oral and written communication, team working, personal

organisation, self-motivation and subject knowledge. Areas recommended for curriculum

development were subject specific practical skills, information technology and additional support

with career advice and guidance (Shah, Pell & Brooke 2004, p.9)

Shah A., Pell, K. & Brooke, P (2004) “Beyond first destinations: graduate employability survey”,

Active Learning in Higher Education volume 5 issue 1, pages 9-26.

Problem statement

Topic or focus of the research

Findings

Conclusions

Argument

© 2017 Michael Azariadis, All Rights Reserved

Sample journal abstract two:

The aim of this paper is to understand the dynamics of religious conversion in a heterodox

Muslim community (the Abdal) in the town of Fethiye, southwestern Turkey. Religious

conversion is a process triggered by social stress and changes, motivated by a desire for social

mobility, and inspired by charismatic leaders. These factors frame the dynamics of religious

change experienced in this contemporary Abdal community. I address two research questions:

how has regional development, chrome ore mining and tourism, led to the marginalization of the

Abdal? How do the Abdal seek to redefine their social position through religious conversion? The

paper provides a textual analysis of the contested religious discourses of spiritual leaders who

have created schisms within the Abdal community; despite being employed as means to to

transcend the structures of inequality and oppression. Ultimately the paper exposes both the

divisive and unifying nature of religion. The work is novel because it investigates religious

transformation in rural Turkey precipitated by regional development. Whilst scholars have

studied religious transformation among urban heterodox Muslim communities in contexts of

migration, domestic political change and new media, no attention has been given to the context

of regional development, nor religious change in Abdal communities.

Aim

Research question

Contribution

Gap