Writing the Research PaperUsing Citations and Quotations

English 9Mrs. Zaso

What to cite?

• Information found in research, and then paraphrased in own words

• Direct quotes pulled from research and used in paper

• Another writer’s ideas or thoughts about a particular topic that you did not come up with on your own

• Terms, definitions, concepts that are not common knowledge

In-Text Citations

• Also known as parenthetical citations

• References in text MUST point to specific sources in works cited (MATCH!)

• Any title on works cited page MUST be cited in paper

• Any title cited in paper MUST be on works cited page

In-Text Citations

• Use author’s last name (if known) and page number (if known)

Ex: Although abstract art deems itself confusing to most viewers, nearly all artists claim that their emotion can be felt when viewing the painting or sculpture (Hamlin 24).

* Punctuation goes AFTER the citation.

In-Text Citations• With unknown or no page numbers, just use

author’s name

• Do NOT put a comma between author and page number like this… (Williams, 27).

Ex: After a single bone injury, the risk for future injury is greatly increased, particularly when the original injury does not heal properly (Marks). (Example with no pg #)

In-Text Citations• When author is unknown, use title or shortened

version of title

• Be sure to punctuate title properly – match punctuation on works cited page (What is it? Book? Article? Poem?)

Article Ex: Golf is considered the safest sport because it imposes a very low risk of bodily injury to its athletes (“Benefits of Golf” 47).

Source cited is an article – put in quotes in citation!

In-Text Citations

• When author is unknown and title is very long, shorten the title in citation, using first word of title

• Book Title name: Brain Tumors and the Direct Correlation to Seizures

Book Example: Research has proven that the early detection of a brain tumor can decrease the likeliness of seizures in a patient (Brain Tumors 82).

* Source cited is a book – Use italics in citation!

Using Direct Quotations

• Effective when used selectively

• Quote ONLY what is particularly apt, interesting, or unique (words, phrases, passages, etc.)

• DO NOT OVERQUOTE! – Lack of knowledge– Unoriginal thinker– Unskillful writer– Boring construction

Using Direct Quotations

• Accuracy within quotes is a MUST (spelling, capitalization, punctuation, wording, etc.)

• Do not “drop” quotes!

• Use signal phrases to introduce quotations

Ex: Although many believe that anorexia is easily curable, “most eating disorder survivors argue that the disease has addictive qualities, which make it difficult to overcome” (Smith 13).

Using Direct Quotations

• Only put quotation marks around the words, lines, punctuation, etc. that are being quoted

• When integrating quotations, a colon, no punctuation, or a comma may precede the quotation

Ex: Shelley held a bold view: “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (Meyer 213).

Ex: Shelley thought poets to be the “unacknowledged legislators of the World” (Meyer 213).

Ex: According to Shelley, “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (Meyer 213).

Using Direct Quotations• Punctuation NOT a part of original quote should

remain OUTSIDE of quotation marks

• If quote or sentence ends in question mark or exclamation point, period outside of citation should still be present

Ex: He declared, “I believe taxation without representation is tyranny!” (Goodwin 118).

Ex: How dare they attack “taxation without representation”! (Goodwin 118).

Using Direct Quotations

• Be careful! Is the punctuation YOURS or part of the original quote?

Ex: Did he attack “taxation without representation”? (Goodwin 118).

Ex: As the legislation was debated, Mr. Smith asked a very important question: “How will we enforce taxation without representation?” (Goodwin 118).

Citations and Quotations

• If you are UNSURE of what to do – ASK!

• There are MANY different situations that can arise when you are writing – DO NOT ASSUME*

* We all know what happens when you assume…