Writing the Manuscript Activity

8/14/2019 Writing the Manuscript Activity

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PREPARED BY

PROF. ODYSSA NATIVIDAD R.M. MOLO

Writing the Manuscript Activity


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TASK 1:

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION


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Background of the Study

States the rationale of the study. what the sample & products are all about

Brief/general statements/interesting details on the

sample/desired product.It explains briefly why the investigator chose

this study to work on. information on why this sample & why this product/output

Usually the Last paragraph

Minimum: 3 paragraph


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Background of the Study

Example: Paper, ., is... Common components of paper are plant

materials which are rich source of fibers like papaya and thelike.

Papaya,Scientific name, is .. The researchers decided to employ papaya as an ingredient in

papermaking because.


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Statement of the Problem

The nature and scope of the problem should be presented withclarity

Main Problem: general concern/problem of thestudy (declarative form) (1 sentence only)

Specific Problem: the concerns/problems to beundertaken to solve the main problem (questionform)

Note: Variables/characteristics of sample forexperimentation/evaluation must be specified in SpecificProblem like color, odor, etc


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Example:

This study aims to develop a paper from papaya leavesusing the standard paper making process. It seeks toanswer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristics of the different samples ofpaper from papaya in terms of:

a) Color;

b) Odor;

c) Texture;

d) Breaking strength?


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2. Which sample is most acceptable?

3. Is there a significant difference among thedifferent samples of paper with papaya in terms of:

a) color;b) odor;

c) texture;

d) breaking strength;e) acceptability?


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Objectives of the Study

Objectives: states in declarative form what must bedone to achieve the solutions of the problems raisedin the study. Contains measurable action verb. Two

types of objective maybe stated: general & specificGeneral Objectives: related to the problem as given

in the statement of the problem.

Specific objective: states the purpose of each

experiment conducted


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Objectives of the Study

Example:

The purpose of this study is to develop a paper from papayaleaves with acceptable characteristics using standard papermaking materials and process.


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Hypotheses of the Study

A hypothesis is an intelligent testable guess of theresearcher on the possible outcome of the study.

Every problem must have hypothesis. (when

applicable, because some are hypothesis free)Can either be accepted or rejected depending upon

the results of the experiment.


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Hypotheses of the Study

Example:

Problem 1 is Hypothesis free (description)

1. Sample A is most acceptable.

2. There is no significant difference among the differentsamples of paper from papaya leaves.


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Significance of the Study

The importance of the study is explained in this part.Includes who will benefit from the results of thestudy and what benefit can they get.

Be more specific on who can benefit & how they willbenefit.


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Significance of the Study

Example:

This study will be useful in findingalternative sources to develop paper.

For the paper industry,.For the students,

For the economy,


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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

States the coverage and extent of the study. Includesthe samples, variables studied, methods used,location of experimentation, and inclusive dates ofstudy.

Include aspects on the product evaluation: whatmethod used for sampling, instruments in datagathering, how many evaluators.


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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Example:

This study is limited to the development ofthree samples of paper with papaya leaves ofdifferent proportion using standard paper makingprocedure at the researchers house for the schoolyear 2009-2010. Sensory evaluation on color,odor, texture and acceptability was performed byrandomly selected thirty fourth year IDS students

using the Score Card and Hedonic Scale. Breakingstrength was also identified by standard procedurein the laboratory of IDS.


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Definition of Terms

explain or define important terms as used in thestudy (operational definition)

arrange alphabetically

Terms/properties under study must be defined (suchas color, odor texture, breaking strength, etc)

terms should be bold, first letter uppercase

definition should be in separate column


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Definition of Terms

Example:

Color the color of the paper;

preferably dirty white

Crude extract the extract removed by

pounding & straining from

papaya leaf


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TASK 2:

Chapter iii: methodology


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[For Basic research categories: (those that dontneed evaluation, not product development)]

A. Research Design

B. Materials & Equipment

C. General Procedure

D. Instrument Used in Data GatheringE. Statistical Tool

Flowchart


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For Applied research categories: (those thatincorporate product development)

A. Research Design

B. Materials & Equipment

C. General Procedure

D.Product DevelopmentE. Experimental Set-up

F. Sampling Design

G. Instrument Used in Data Gathering

H. Product EvaluationI. Statistical Tool

Flowchart


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Research Design

Pure: Brief description of how research will be performed

Applied

Brief description of how research will be performed Must be trial and error until an acceptable product is made

then subjected to evaluation


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Research Design

Example:

The research employs experimental researchdesign where papaya leaves were the material used

to developed handmade paper. Trial and error weredone to arrive to an acceptable product. Threesamples were prepared and evaluated using a ScoreCard and Hedonic Scale by a panel of teachers and

students that are randomly picked.


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Materials and Equipment

Quantity of materials should be specified

Alphabetically arranged; bullet-form

Individual purpose need not be specified

If laboratory chemicals are used, separate frommaterials & equipments.

Dimensions of specifically-built equipments

used in the study must be described and thedescription accompanied by a picture (placed in

Appendix)


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Materials and Equipment

Materials and Equipment 3 pcs 1-L beaker - 8x13 mold & deckle

1 pc clay pot - stove

1 pc wooden ladle - weighing scale

Chemicals/Ingredients 1 kg All-purpose flour

1 kg sambong leaves 300 g sodium bicarbonate


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General Procedure

Contains the general/standard procedure on how theexperiment was conducted.

Purpose of chemicals/materials used should be

specified.Paragraph form

Includes preparation of solutions, reagents


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General Procedure

Includes the following in the same sequence (whenapplicable): (subtopic titles must not be in outlineform; only bold letters)Preparation of Solutions/Reagents

Sample Collection/Preparation

Laboratory Tests/Experimentation

Flour Making

Chocolate Cookie Making


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Product Development

Describes the trials conducted in preparing orimproving the product or any deviation made/donefrom the standard procedure

Example:Trials were conducted after each trial to achieve a

desired product. The research teacher evaluated theproduct, gave suggestions for the improvement and

enhancement of the product of the research until anacceptable product was made ready for evaluation.


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Product Development

Example:

The standard procedure for making wasfollowed with a deviation on the bleaching processsince some samples were bleached while othersnot. The amount of papaya leaf extract were variedseveral times in Trials 1 and 2 until a satisfactorypaper output was developed. Trial 3 was thenperformed with the necessary adjustments from

previous attempts finally producing three sampleswith different proportion of waste and papayaleaves.


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Experimental Set-up

Contains a summary of samplesingredients/components and their correspondingquantity

Minimum of three (3) final samples:In an organized tabular form

Do not forget to label this as table! (assign tablenumber & title)


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Sampling Design

How the panel of evaluators are selected

Explain in details how the selected type of samplingis specifically employed

Mention who the population is & how many samplewill be selected

Minimum of thirty (30) evaluators (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product

evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)


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Sampling Design

Example:The researchers used the Simple Random

Sampling by using the Fishbowl Technique to

choose the panel of observers and evaluatorsamong all Fourth year students of IDS. Thenames of all the Fourth Year students werewritten on a piece of paper, rolled and placed in

a bowl and Thirty names were drawn; listed ona paper and formally approached to evaluatethe researchers product.


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Instrument Used in Data Gathering

Tools (standard) used in obtaining data from theexperimentation process

Example:

Frequency count - Mortality rate Score Card - Hedonic Scale

Note: If score card is employed, criteria for each characteristicshould be suitable/appropriate for product evaluation.

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-Instrument%20Used%20in%20Data%20Gathering.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-Instrument%20Used%20in%20Data%20Gathering.doc


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Product Evaluation

Describes in details how the evaluation is done.

Minimum of 30 evaluators (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product

evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)

Individual score sheet should be provided to eachevaluator.


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Product Evaluation

Example:

The chosen evaluators were grouped inside aclassroom provided with the Score Card for thesensory evaluation, Hedonic Scale for the generalacceptability and all samples for evaluation. Eachevaluators were then instructed to perform sensoryevaluation on color, odor and texture to all samplesof paper from papaya leaves. They were also asked torate the product on its overall activity andencouraged to write comments and suggestions forthe improvement of the product.


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Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

Includes tools for data organization, measures ofcentral tendency, measures of variability, statisticaltest, and the like.

Includes the scale in the interpretation of theweighted mean of the results from the Score Card& Hedonic Scale.

Example: weighted mean, average for each criteria for significant difference: f-test, t-test, ANOVA, Sign test,

Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Friedman Test
http://research%20final/res%20sample-Statistical%20Tools%20for%20Data%20Analysis.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-Statistical%20Tools%20for%20Data%20Analysis.doc


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TASK 3

Data Gathering, organization &

evaluation


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Data Gathering & Organization

Collect and record raw data in table form (this will beincluded in the Appendix)

Apply necessary/appropriate descriptive statistics

Example: tables, charts, graphs, measure of central tendency,measures of variability

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-data%20organization.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-data%20organization.doc


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Data Evaluation

Must employ inferential statistics to arrive to a validconclusion

Must always include significant difference test if

more than 1 sampleChoose appropriate test statistics Example: t-test, f-test, ANOVA, Kruskhal-Wallis, Friedman

test

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-Data%20Evaluation.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-Data%20Evaluation.doc


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Sample Calculation

Must be shown in the Appendix

At least one sample calculation per equationshown/used in the study

Must be properly labeled


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TASK 4

Chapter iv: results & discussion


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Results

The data must be presented in full or these maybesummarized in tables, pictures and graphs. Tables,pictures or graphs should make the presentation ofthe data more meaningful.


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Discussion

Results must be discussed descriptively Explain/infer/cite reasons for such result

The interpretation of the findings is discussed and

the significant features shown in tables, figures orgraphs are pointed out. Analysis of results must alsobe included here.

Use graph for relationship when applicable

Sample
http://manuscript%20writng%20activity/res%20sample-tables,fig,graph.dochttp://manuscript%20writng%20activity/res%20sample-tables,fig,graph.doc


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TASK 5

Chapter v: Conclusion &

Recommendation


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Summary

Brief discussion/overview on the whole studyMust contain: The sample

The product

The general methods used

The overall result


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Conclusion

The general truth implied or illustrated by the resultsshould be clearly stated. The evidence based on theresults should be summarized for each statement.

Each question/problem or hypothesis must beanswered here.

Must be in paragraph form.


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Recommendation

Consists of suggestions on future actions such as anew direction of research or further experiments to

be performed, practices that might be adapted ordiscarded in order to attain certain goals orobjectives

Must be clear, concise and complete statements


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TASK 6

Terminal Parts


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TASK 7

Chapter 2: RRL


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Related Literature

Sufficient background information should be presented forreaders to understand and evaluate the results of thepresent study. Only the most important studies andtheories written on the topic should be included.

Topics that must be included: project to be studied (sample & product: history, benefits,

interesting facts)

scientific concepts used in the study

methods to be usedTopics must be integrated in paragraph form not in

subtopic form.


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Related Study

updated/recent if possibleCopy/rephrase the abstract/summary of the related

studies you find

Last paragraph should explain how your currentstudy differs from the previous studies


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In-Text Citation

APA Style must be followed in citing referencesWhen using APA format, follow the author-date

method of in-text citation. This means that theauthor's last name and the year of publication for thesource should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998),and a complete reference should appear in thereference list at the end of the paper.

Sample
http://manuscript%20writng%20activity/res%20sample-InText%20Citations.dochttp://manuscript%20writng%20activity/res%20sample-InText%20Citations.doc


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TASK 8

Preliminary Pages


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Approval Sheet

A certification of approval of the department to which theresearch is presented. It contains the followinginformation: Title of the research

Full name of researcher/s Names and signatures of the adviser, panel members and technical

consultant/scientist (if none; remove from the page. Their namesmust be in capital letter with middle initials. First name first, thenmiddle initial then last name.

Statement of acceptance Chairmans full name and signature

Principals full name and signature


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Abstract

Should consist of short, concise description of theproblems and its solution. It must be one pageonly, double spaced with a maximum of 250words/one page only. It must also state thefollowing: Purpose (what sample & for what product)

Procedure used

Overall results General conclusion


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Acknowledgment

Contains the names of people and agencies thathelped in the conduct of the work described.

Must be expressed in simple, sincere language andwritten in third person.

Limited to one page only.

Initials in capital letters of the researcher will bewritten at the bottom.

Never forget your panel members (Research 1 & 2)


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Dedication

names of persons the researcher/s wants todedicate his research

font style, size and formatting can be modified and

customizedCan have one page per researcher


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Table of Contents

Lists the different parts of the whole report with thecorresponding page number of each part.

The wording and grammar of the chapter title and sectionheading must be consistent.

Page numbers must be columned properlyTable property can be used (2 columns, no border/lines)


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List of Tables

Made up of the captions of the table included bythe researcher in the report to provide substantialevidence in his presentation. Includes thefollowing: Number of Table

Exact caption or title

Page in the research where the table is given


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List of Figures

Includes graphs, charts, pictures (except thosefound in Appendices) and other illustrativematerials. Includes the following: Number of Figure

Exact caption or title

Page in the research where the figure/illustration is given


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TASK 9

Printing the Manuscript

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Things to Remember

Paper size: 8.5 x 11 (letter size)Margins: Left = 1.5; Top, Bottom and Right = 1 Orientation must be portrait, however, for tables that contain many

column, orientation can be landscape and margins can be adjusted as

long as there is space for binding. Header and Footer = 0.5

Font size & font style: Size 12 ; Times New Roman or Arial(or equivalent font style in Open Office) The same font style and size all throughout even chapter and section

titles. Chapter titles should all be uppercase and Subtopic titles cased(first letter capitalized, succeeding letters, lowercase for each word).

Spacing: All text are double spaced except in tables

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Things to Remember

Tables and Figures Table Number is Hindu-Arabic Bold

Table Title is written in title cased form & right after the tablenumber separated by a point. Both title & number are bold.

Ex. Table 1. Data and Results of Experiment Table title spacing should be single spaced.

Table itself is single spaced.

Table should be center aligned on the page.

The heading in the table should be title cased and bold Units of measurement should be written in the heading only.

Thi R b


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Things to Remember

Indention First line of each paragraph should be indented with 5

type spaces (ts) or 0.5 in the tab spaces.

Verbatimly (quoted paragraph) Indention must be 5 ts and lines single spaced

Must be a separate paragraph.

Spacing must be 1 double space apart from preceding and

succeeding paragraph.


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Thi R b W i i h M i


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Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript

1. Always use the passive voice whenever applicable the main textof the manuscript.

2. Use future tense when the task is still to be done like in writingproposal (Research I).

3. Use past tense consistently when describing completed steps orprocedures, and citing data of previous studies (for ResearchII).

4. The use of present tense is applicable when discussingpermanent truth.

5. Numbers one (1) to nine (9) are written out in words. Othernumbers are written in figures. However, when anyone of thesenumbers is used to start a sentence, it is written out in words.

Thi R b W i i h M i


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Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript

6. Fractions are also written out in words.7. When numbers are written in words, the symbol percent is

spelled out. When numbers are written in figures, the symbolpercent is written in figure.

8. Avoid the use of abbreviation. If deem necessary to use

abbreviation be sure to spell out the meaning on its first use.9. Punctuation marks Period after a period ending as sentence, leave 2 ts in between it

and the beginning word of the next sentence. Commas, semicolons and colons used between a series of words

of phrases, leave only one ts in between the series of words orphrases.

6. Ensure to SPELLCHECKthe manuscript.


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TASK 10

SETTING SCHEDULE

R i t


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Requirements

Journal & Logbook Can be 1 book only (used back-to-back)

Poster (optional; for extra points only)

Invitation 1 short bond paper (will be posted in ASC Bulletin)

Defense

Bound Copies Hard bound; 2 pcs: Library copy & SRD copy

S h d l


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Schedule

Deadline of Grades: March 8, 2010Defense:

Revision:

Bound Copies

Thi t R b f th D f


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Things to Remember for the Defense

Individual score sheet of evaluators/respondentsshould be shown to defense panel (if applicable).

During defense, students may use the overhead

projector (OHP) or multimedia projector but notManila paper or chalkboard during presentation.

For Research II, the researcher/s must show theraw materials as well as the product/s (if

applicable) to the panel members. The researchermust also show evidence/documentation ofexperimentation process.

Thi t R b f th D f


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Things to Remember for the Defense

Topics/parts that must be presented: Background of the Study


Hypothesis

Scope and Delimitations of the Study Methodology (show flowchart only)

Results (preferably in tabular/graphical form/pictures) & Discussion

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Snacks should be served to panel members and researchteacher. Students may give something in return/token topanel members and technical consultants as payment fortheir service rendered.


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Writing the Manuscript Activity

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