Writing and Referencing 101

Some APA basicsParaphrasing: * Disclaimer: examples are NOT from actual articles

One solution to the issue is moving tables. (Roberts, 2011)

Roberts (2011) stated that one solution to the issue is moving tables.

For 1-2 authors; cite ALL authors’ last names with date.If no date, use (n.d.)

For 3-5 authors, cite ALL authors’ last names the first time the citation is used, then use first author’s last name with et al.One solution to the issue is moving tables. (Roberts,

Wilson, Jones, and Smith, 2011) Roberts, et al (2011) also reported that changing recess

to before the lunch period helped to decrease food waste.

Paraphrase versus quoteParaphrase: the idea of the author(s) in your own

words – include author(s) last name(s) and date.

Quote: the idea of the author(s) in their words – use quote marks, cite with author(s) last name(s), date, and page or paragraph #.

One solution to the issue is moving tables. (Roberts, 2011)

“One solution to the issue is moving tables.” (Roberts, 2011, pg 2)If a quote is longer than 40 words (about 4 printed lines),

indent and single space.

Long quote (more than 40 words)Jetter and Cassady (2006) reported:

“Dietary recommendations encourage people to protect themselves against chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and some types of cancer by increasing their intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and by reducing their intake of fat and added sugar.” (pg 38)

It was also reported that small changes matter. “Minor changes can be effective, such as substituting whole wheat bread for white bread, lean ground beef for regular ground beef, or low-fat milk for whole milk.” (Jetter & Cassady, 2006, pg 38)

WebsitesCited the same as an article if there is an

author and date.

Minimum citation should include: Document title or description, date of publication

or date website updated, and web address.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fact Sheet on Youth and Tobacco, (2010), http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco_fact_sheet_2010.html. Retrieved February 29, 2012

Reference PageReferences or Works Cited = center at top of page

References should be listed in alphabetical order with 2nd and additional lines indented.

Example:Jetter, K., & Cassady, D., (2006). The Availability and Cost of

Healthier Food Alternatives. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 30(1), pgs 38-44.

Roberts, J., (2011). Childhood obesity, fast food and media: a randomized, double-blind study. Journal of American Public Society, 33(11), pgs 210-218.

Why am I so picky?Not citing sources = plagiarism

Plagiarism = academic dishonesty

Academic dishonesty = risk of expulsion from school

Cambridge University ResearchI cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd

waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too.

A great way to proof-read: scan it backwards.

Seems basic, but…There, their and they’re

You, Your and You’re

Two, To and Too

Whether versus weather

Apostrophes – is it combining two words or does it belong to someone/something?

One last thoughtWOU has a writing center

It’s FREE!

http://www.wou.edu/writingctr/

APSC 301: M-Th 9a-5p or F 9a-3p

Hammersly Library 116: Sun – Thurs 7p-10p