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Transcript of WRE.ppt
8/2/2019 WRE.ppt
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Irrigation Technology in Israel
ANKIT BINDAL
ANCHAL GUPTA
ANKIT SINGHAL
8/2/2019 WRE.ppt
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Physiography
Area of 20,770 km2 Population of about 6.0 million , 90% lives
in urban areas and 10% in rural areas
Land is divisible into three longitudinalstrips running from north to south,comprising a coastal plain, a long inlandescarpment and a large desert area in thesouth.
Main river is the jordan
Mountains are the judean hills, carmelmountain and galilee mountains.
Flat in the coastal plain and flat to hilly
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Continues…
20% of the land is culturable
Israel is arid or semi-arid
Average annual rainfall in the coastal
plain varies from 600 mm in the northto 150 mm in the south, (November – march).
Major soil types sand dune, sandstone in coastal area and clay in other part .
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Water Resources
Average annual precipitation:- about10,000 MCM,
Of which 60 % evaporates,
10 % flows down the dry river beds ,30 % seeps into the ground
The kineret watershed contributes
about 33% of the total resources.
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Water Quality
10 mg/l of chlorides on avg.
the mineral and other pollutants likenitrate contents in groundwater.
Some salt conc in ground waterbecause of kind of rock availablethere.
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Water Supply and Demand
Water Production and Supply:- 2,000MCM, of which 75% were potable andrest is treated water.
Water Demand:- 2000 MCM/year ,about one half is used for agriculture andthe remaining is used by the urban andindustrial sectors.
Agricultural Consumption:- 1250 MCM(60% of fresh resources, compared to77% in the sixties), agriculture is still thelargest consumer.
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Irrigation Technology
Low volume irrigation:- drip irrigation andmicro-sprinklers
Computer-assisted irrigation
management . Soil and plant moisture sensors:-
information on moisture.
Automatic operation of the system whenneeded
Fertigation via the irrigation systems
Water metering and pricing policy
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Technology continues…
The emphasis in these drainage works hasbeen on:
(a) Improvement of poorly drained soils
(b) Flood protection(c) Diversion of runoff water from
agricultural lands
(d) Swamp drainage
(e) Concentration of the runoff from localor regional drainage works and theirintegration into the water supply network.
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CHALLENGES AND
DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES Increases in spatial and annual climate
variability
Higher frequency of extreme rainfalls anddecreasing precipitation
Decrease of rainfall because ofenvironmental pollution.
Winter temperature of 1.5°C in the coastalareas and 2.5°C in land.
Rapid increase in population andurbanization, pressure on natural resources
An increase of undesirable chemical loads insoil and water because of fertilizers.
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Advancement
To avoid excess standing water
To prevent exposure to watershortage.
Pressurized irrigation with sprinklersand increasing water use efficiency
To prevent soil salinization
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The Role of Research in Arid
Zones Methods for bettering salinated soils Use of saline water for irrigation, Development of new varieties of seeds
vegetables and crops Methodology for incorporating fertilizers Cooling facilities and water-intensive
devices in industry Control and monitoring of municipal water
systems Climatic control systems Soil-less culture
Biological pest control.
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Israel Science Report
Hybrid seeds and other propagationmaterial,
Production of medicinal plants Engineered organisms for crop protection Utilization of reclaimed wastewater Biotechnology, genetic intervention and
crop breeding Lower water use by drip irrigation To reduce the transpiration rate, change of
leave’s radiation characteristic Intensive form of aquaculture
Advanced water purification techniques,oxygen diffusion and protein rich food for
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