WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2 - I-Stutei-stute.org/Other files/Progress MC December 2014/MC...
Transcript of WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2 - I-Stutei-stute.org/Other files/Progress MC December 2014/MC...
WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5
Graeme Maidment
i-STUTE cooling based projects
WP2.1. and WP2.2 Supermarket refrigeration
– Judith Evans, Alan Foster and Deborah Andrews
WP2.3 . Data centres
– Gareth Davies
WP2.4. Transport refrigeration
– Christina Francis, Gareth Davies, Judith Evans and Graeme Maidment
WP2.5. Integrated heating and cooling
– Akos Revesz, Issa Chaer and Graeme Maidment
Cost of ownership
Carbon/ energy
Materials, resources & waste
Integration
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing [1st Wave, Graeme Maidment, LSBU]
Rationale: • UK Supermarkets are large energy users /carbon producers
& consume 3% of UK energy and 7.3 MT CO2. • At least 40 % of a energy is used directly for cooling, mainly
refrigerated display cabinets (RDCs), • A further 25% is used for heating, of which 1/3 offsets
cooling losses from RDCs.
Carbon Reduction Potential: 4.8MT CO2 pa UK. Investigations consider cradle to grave, remanufacture/ recycling, reducing embodied carbon impact.
Pathway to impact: with Asda, Sainsburys, The Coop and Bond Retail Display and will consider form and ergonomics, user requirements, readiness, etc.
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
• WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially investigated and sifted
• WP2.1.2 – In parallel with WP2.1 technologies will be investigated experimentally and a physical proof of concept and a prototype will be developed
• WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing uptake of new technologies, such as customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit models, end user (supermarket) incentives will be assessed
• WP2.1.4 – The final part of this work package will involve a trial of the prototype in-store with ASDA
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
• 77 technologies evaluated (some discarded)
• 58 technologies written up
• Currently 108 page report
• Some still being updated
• Some additional new technologies being added (~8)
• Supermarket model developed
• Still need some information from ASDA
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
• Store modelled
• ASDA Weston-Super-Mare
• Reasonably typical large supermarket
• Used a representative store
• Model can be adapted to different store sizes and configurations
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
Store general
Size (m2) 6290 (74 x 85 m) (total store)
Store temperature (°C), RH (%) 19-24, no RH control
Store heating Gas
Store cooling Air conditioning, make up air. Store pressurised
Cabinets
Length of chilled cabinets (m) 179.2
Length of frozen cabinets (m) 68.3
Cabinet lighting Fluorescent (T5 and T8), no LED
Controls for cabinet lighting MT/HT fridges lights reduced to 30% (10 pm to 8 am).
LT always on full
Cabinet fan motors EC fans
ASH Only on frozen cabinets, controlled by humidistat (full on when humidity
is > 60%, off when humidity is < 20%, modulates in between)
Shelf risers Standard on chilled – however, not all cabinets have them fitted
Defrosts Freezers 2/day
Chilled (off cycle ) 4/day
Terminate on temp (max and min time)
Monitoring system RDM
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
Refrigeration plants
Refrigerant plant Mix of packs and condenser units
Condensers Air cooled
Condenser fan motors Replacing SP (30%) with EC motors (70%)
Suction-liquid heat exchange None
Floating head pressure control Head pressure controlled to 10.5 barg (however, head pressure rises
above this in summer)
Water spray used for 1-2 weeks /year when operating above design
conditions
Suction pressure control LT 0.7 barg
HT 3.5 barg
No floating suction control
Liquid pressure amplification None
Pipe insulation Insulated
Pressure drops Minimised in design
Refrigerant R404A (packs), R407A (chilled condensing units)
Refrigerant charge (kg)
Refrigerant leakage (kg/year) 59.4
Causes of leakage Compressor change
Lots of pipework leaks
Leak on condensing unit
Liquid line fracture
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
Item kW
Compressor 164.72
Condenser fan 15.51
Evaporator fan 9.49
Defrost heater 7.29
Trim heater (not glass) 22.66
Trim heater glass 22.66
Light 4.69
Total 247.01
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
Cabinet types Total length (m)
LT remote FGD 14.63
HGD/well 53.64
TOTAL 68.28
MT remote Roll-in 48.77
Multi-deck 130.45
TOTAL 179.22
LT integrals HGD 0.91
MT integrals Multi-deck 24.87
FGD 5.00
TOTAL 35.66
Hot food 4.88
TOTAL ALL 283.16
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Quality of information 5 independent peer review papers in general agreement = 5*
3 independent peer review papers in general agreement =4* General agreement between Independent reports or 1 peer reviewed publication=3* General agreement between Web based and sales literature =2* Personal communication only = 1*
Barriers to staff/customers
H=major barrier M=partial barrier L=no barrier
Availability barriers H=prototype/demonstrator only M=limited availability L=available
Limits to commercial maturity
H=lack of maturity M=intermediate L=mature
Ease of use of installation
H=major issues M=partial L=simple
Technology independence
H=high (i.e., interaction) M=some L=none
Maintainability H=major issue M=some problems L=no issues Legislative concerns H=major (issue now) M=issue in near future L=no impact Energy savings % or actual savings Scope of application Range of applications Direct emissions % emissions from technology
Cost (payback) Cost of technology, ROI (time)
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
>10% saving in refrigeration energy
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing >10% saving in refrigeration energy
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
>10% saving in refrigeration energy
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
>10% saving in refrigeration energy
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
• Need to add direct effects (waiting information from ASDA)
• Leakage estimated at ~20%/year, therefore reduction strategies will have large impact on CO2e emissions
• Add additional technologies
• Some technologies limited information and so attempting to find additional information
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing
• Prototype cabinet – technologies that can be considered:
– Doors
– Night blinds/covers
– Strip curtains
– Fans
– Loading mechanisms
– Air deflectors
– Evaporator design
– Evaporator rifling
– Air flow design (inc. short air curtains)
– Floating head pressure (plant)
• Not all technologies will be acceptable
WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • Several technologies not as beneficial as envisaged (or already applied by
ASDA):
– Lighting (LEDs)
– Lighting controls
– Radiant reflectors
– SLHE
– Risers and weir plates
– Cabinet temperature control
– Store temperature control
– Refrigerants (plant) – may show more benefit when direct emissions included
– Evaporative condensers (plant)
– Inverters (plant)
– Suction pressure control (plant)
– Secondary systems (plant)
Rationale: WP2.1 will be extended into a 2nd Wave project
investigating more fundamental concepts of retail display
and their applicability in the longer term.
Challenge: to challenge the concept of the retail display
cabinet, specifically from a fundamental aesthetic,
ergonomic and energy use perspectives.
Objectives/ Deliverables: To deliver a new concept in RDC
that has 1/10 of the existing energy consumption
Carbon Impact potential: 12 million tonnes of carbon in
energy alone
Pathway to impact: as for WP2.1
WP2.2 Retail chilling and freezing [Potential 2nd Wave project]
30 mm Air flow
Air curtain –1C
Dissemination
• Keynote for ICEF12 (Quebec)
• Abstract for IRC in Yokohama accepted
• Peer reviewed paper on technological options (probably IJR)
WP2.3 - Data Centre Cooling
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Background • Data centres currently account for approx. 2-3%
of total electricity consumption in the UK
• Typically, approx. 50% of data centre energy is used for cooling and humidification
• Currently, the main method used is to circulate
chilled, humidified air between the server racks. Typically use a raised floor and hot aisle/cold aisle arrangement.
• Limited focus on heat recovery
Deliverables • Roadmap/report on cooling
• Detailed investigation - integrated cooling, heat
recovery and heat transfer.
Project Plan
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• Phase 1 (July 2013 – Oct 2014) – Development of roadmap – review of data centre cooling technologies. Energy/ carbon saving opportunities
Tasks: (1) Review of cooling methods currently used in data centre industry
(2) Evaluate options for reducing energy used and carbon emissions
(3) Future trends in data centre cooling
(4) Identify technologies for detailed study/development in second
phase of project
(5) Report/Review/Roadmap • Phase 2 (Aug 2014 – Sep 2016) – Detailed study of selected
technologies Proposed project plan to be presented below
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Potential for Waste Heat Recovery from Data Centres
• Different cooling methods/technologies produce different temperature waste heat output streams with different reuse values
• The higher the temperature of the waste heat, the greater the range of potential reuse applications
• For most applications, it is necessary to boost the temperature of the waste heat using heat pumps
• Waste heat uses include: domestic and industrial space and water heating, district heating, organic Rankine cycle, absorption chiller, desalination, biomass processing, piezoelectrics, thermoelectrics
• Currently, district heating appears to be the most promising reuse option, providing suitable networks are available
Waste heat driven absorption chiller
Carnot efficiency 5% for waste heat at 65°C
District Heat Networks
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• Currently supply only 2% of heat demand in UK by district heating
• UK government plans to substantially expand district heating networks making use of waste heat sources e.g. data centres
• London plans to build a low temperature heat network – supply temperature 70°C (London Mayor reports, 2012; 2013)
• Data centre waste heat could be upgraded via heat pumps to contribute heat at this temperature. A heat pump COP of above 3.0 is needed for viability
Plan for Phase 2 of Project
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• Mapping of potential data centre heat sources for district heating network -
quantity of heat for each data centre and temperatures of waste heat streams -
matching of heat sources and heat loads
• Effects of variations in IT load and ambient temperature on quality of waste
heat
• Theoretical analysis of selected heat pump thermodynamic cycles. Both single
stage and multistage combining e.g. compressor + pump; compressor +
thermosyphon stages
• Construct and test laboratory scale heat pump system to verify performance of
optimised cycles
• Develop a model to predict savings in cooling, heating, energy, carbon emissions
and costs for different thermodynamic cycles and waste heat stream profiles
Distribution of Data Centres across UK
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• Distribution of colocation data centres in UK
• Largest concentration of data centres is in London
Locations and Sizes of Data Centres in London
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• Approx. 75 colocation data centres identified in Greater London
• Majority are concentrated in central London, along the Thames
• Sizes range from 1 to 28 MW
• (For those shown as zero on the map, their capacity has not yet been determined)
London Heat Map (Heat Use)
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• Greatest requirement for heat in commercial use and public buildings is in central London. Residential heat requirement is fairly evenly spread across the Greater London area
Numbers and Sizes of Data Centres for London Districts
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• Number and size distributions differ – some areas have a few large data centres, while others have higher numbers of data centres, but smaller
• Largest concentration of data centres, however, is for Tower Hamlets – mainly in Docklands/Canary Wharf area
Matching of DC Heat Sources with Heat Loads (for whole of London)
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• Total waste heat from data centres is estimated to be 1.34 TWh per annum
Considerations:
1. Note: above estimate is based on colocation data centres alone. There are also a large number of other data centres including e.g. government (central and local), police, hospitals, universities and private companies, which could provide as much heat again
2. For connection to a district heating network, location is important. Data centres are not evenly spread across London
Existing and Proposed District Heating Networks
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• Yellow lines indicate existing heat networks, red lines indicate proposed heat networks
Next steps
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• Effects of variations in IT load and ambient temperature on quality of waste
heat
• Theoretical analysis of selected heat pump thermodynamic cycles. Both
single stage and multistage combining e.g. compressor + pump;
compressor + thermosyphon stages
• Further development and completion of data centre roadmap
• Presentation of paper on data centre waste heat recovery at CIBSE technical
symposium (April 2015)
WP 2.3 Deliverables
• Internal report on cooling of data centres – October 2014
• Report/roadmap of Future technologies with input from Robert Tozer – March 2015
• Dissemination – paper on data centre waste heat recovery to be presented to CIBSE technical symposium April 2015 at UCL
• Initial internal heat recovery report – December 2014 • Detailed heat recovery study commences January
2015
Background • UK primary food distribution by RRT uses 40% more
energy than non-refrigerated vehicles • Environmental Impact
• Indirect emissions - • Transportation - 2 Mtonnes of indirect CO2
emissions from the engine alone. • Refrigeration - ????
• Direct emissions - • RRT units leak up to 30% of their total
refrigerant charge per year – R404A
• System Durability & Reliability • Cost
Deliverables • Development of a model to investigate direct and
indirect emissions • Optimising system performance
WP2.4 refrigerated road transport (RRT)
Research Plan
1. Investigate different types RRT vehicle technologies
2. Analyse maintenance and leakage records to:
a) Identify problematic components/ sources of refrigerant leakage
b) Suggest generic solutions for leak tight systems
3. Develop a model to; a) Estimate direct/ indirect carbon emissions b) Evaluate the effectiveness of various
concepts
4. Measure actual RRT data
5. Validate and optimise model
6. Industry report & PhD thesis
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Small vans & medium rigid trucks
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Concerns: 1. Large amount of heat entering during
door openings 2. Refrigeration system stop working
when vehicle stops => system is off when load at its highest 3. Running time between stops may be
short => time insufficient for temp pull-down
Common Solutions: • Rule of thumb - oversize unit to compensate for infiltration by multi- door
openings • Use door protection • Employ a hybrid vapour compression and eutectic refrigeration system
Recommended Solution: Optimum Design • For the average load profile • Typical annual duty cycle-
Proposed Methodology & Design of Experiments for Indirect carbon emissions
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Evaluate and monitor
• LGVs small vans to medium rigid trucks
• Multi-drop deliveries
• Load profile (size and type)
• Select Optimum Design
• Compare energy intensity of mono-temp chilled/frozen vs. multi-temp
• Match average load profile with annual duty cycle
• But 1st Initiate simple model in MS Excel to determine relative carbon
emissions to determine priority in the main model development
Desired Input Variables may include:
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MODEL INPUTS/ COMPONENTS
Description
VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS 1. Fuel/Energy Consumption 2. Engine Speed 3. Year 4. Type 5. Size, Payload
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
1. Manufacturer Specifications: Compressor, TEV, Condenser, Evaporator, CPR, Reversing Valve 2. Compressor Power/Work 3. Cooling/Heating Capacity 4. Refrigerant Properties
REFRIGERATED BOX SPECIFICATIONS
1.Insulation properties- K Value 2. Thermal bridge factor 3.Air Flow Rate (bulkhead fan, evaporator fan) 4. Inside air temp 5. Infiltration air change rate (door openings)
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 1. Weather data:
Ambient Temp, Solar radiation, Relative humidity, Wind speed
OPERATION/JOURNEY DETAILS 1. Route 2. No. of door openings 3.Length of time stopped 4. Urban/Rural
PRODUCT DETAILS 1.Types of food 2.Heat characteristics 3. Load size and profile
Activities Completed 4th Qtr 2014
• Literature review internal report
• Comparison of seven (7) existing modelling tools
• Pre-select potential modelling platform for RRT systems
• Address ethical risk and concerns with regards to the anonymity , risk to drivers and methodology for data collection on the refrigerated vehicle
• Initiate model development in MS Excel
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Project plan flow chart
Prelim Study &
Data Analysis I
Develop
Model Validate &
Optimize
Model
Data
Collection &
Analysis Report for
Transport
Industry
PhD
Thesis
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Project Schedule
W.P. Activities Duration Milestones
2.4.2 Plan Project Research Nov 2013 - Oct 2014 • LSBU Report – April 2014
2.4.3 Prelim Study & Data Analysis
Jan 2014- Apr 2014 • Brief Industry Report – Feb 2014
2.4.4 Develop Model May 2014 – July 2015 • Interim Report – Jun/July 2014 • LSBU Report – Oct 2014 • Ethical Approval – Mar 2015
2.4.5 Data Collection Aug 2014- Aug 2015 • Report on Findings – Jan & Jun 2015 • LSBU Report – April 2015
2.4.6 Data Analysis Aug 2015- Jan 2016 • LSBU Report – Sept 2015 • Demonstrate Model – Dec 2015
2.4.7 Validate & Optimize Model Jan 2016 – May 2016 • Interim Report – Mar 2016 • Completed Model– May 2016
2.4.8 Compose PhD Thesis Feb 2016 – Nov 2016 • LSBU Report – June 2016 • Viva – Nov 2016
2.4.9 Compose Industry Report Jun 2016- Oct 2016 • Final Industry Report– Oct 2016
WP 2.4 Deliverables
• Internal report on leakage - company A – Feb 2014
• Registration document RES2 – June 2014
• Summer school conference June 2014 Poster
• Ethics application July 2014
• Internal report on leakage - company B – August 2014
• Internal report on modelling platforms- August 2014
• Literature review internal report – Oct 2014
• Draft conference paper for submission for the 24th IIR -ICR 2015
Next immediate steps
• Draft conference paper for submission for the 24th IIR -ICR 2015
• Continue model development in excel
• Acquire and review trial version simulation platform tool
Background
• To investigate the interactions of underground railway tunnels and ground heat exchangers
• To investigate the potential indirect use of waste heat from the tunnels to heat buildings
above ground.
Deliverables
• Development of a model
• Case study materials
INTERACTIONS
2. Project time line with the key milestones
Stage 1 & 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 6 Stage 7
Currently ongoing
3. Past achievements and ongoing tasks Key Activities Status
Sta
ge
2
• Preliminary studies exploration
Completed • On site familiarization with LU
• Initiated evaluation of simulation software (report)
• LSBU - Summer School Conference
Sta
ge
3
• Assessment of the proposed model details and set the modelling objectives
Completed • Abstract / paper preparation and submission for an International Congress
• Journal paper preparation
Sta
ge
4
• Familiarization with the selected simulation software Completed
• Produce a model development strategy Completed
• 2D models development and validation exercises Ongoing
• Conference paper preparation Ongoing
4. Proposed tasks for the upcoming months
Events Comment
4.1 2D model
development Individual building blocks and the corresponding validation exercises
4.2
Revise and submit the
review paper for
publication
Submission: January 2015
4.4 Prepare and submit
the RES 3 form Submission: February 2015
4.3
Prepare and submit
the IIR Conference
paper
Submission: February 2015
WP 2.5 Deliverables
• Internal reports April July and November 2014
• Summer school conference June 2014 Poster
• Registration document RES2 – September 2014
• Internal report on modelling platforms- November 2014
• Literature review internal report – Oct 2014
• Journal paper submission – January 2015
• Draft conference paper for submission for the 24th IIR -ICR 2015
Questions