WP MySQL Cloud Final

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MySQL: An IdealChoice for The Cloud

A MySQL Whitepaper October 2012



Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2

Table of Content

Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Cloud Computing On The Rise ............................................................................... 3

1.1 Definition ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 The Advent of Cloud Computing ..................................................................... 6

2. Critical Attributes In The Cloud.............................................................................. 6

3. MySQL: A Natural Choice For The Cloud........................................................... 8 3.1 MySQL Database.................................................................................................... 9 3.2 MySQL Enterprise Edition............................................................................... 12 3.3 MySQL Cluster ..................................................................................................... 16

4. Best Practices ............................................................................................................. 17 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 20 Additional Resources ................................................................................................... 21




Introduction

Organizations of all sizes are rapidly evolving towards relying on cloud computing.

In this white paper, we will help you better understand what makes MySQL an idealchoice for cloud-based database deployments, and why the leading Web databasehas already become ubiquitous in the cloud.

Whether you are a cloud services provider or a cloud services user, you will learnhow you can benefit from choosing MySQL as your database platform.

1. Cloud Computing On The Rise

1.1 Definition

According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cloudcomputing is defined (1) as “a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demandnetwork access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidlyprovisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”

The NIST definition lists five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

Essential Characteristics:

On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computingcapabilities, such as server time and network storage, as neededautomatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and

accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, andworkstations).

Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical andvirtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according toconsumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that thecustomer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resourcesinclude storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.

(1) http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/cloud-102511.cfm

http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/cloud-102511.cfm







Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, insome cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inwardcommensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for

provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in anyquantity at any time.

Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resourceuse by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstractionappropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, andactive user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, andreported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of theutilized service.

Service Models:

Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is touse the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. Theapplications are accessible from various client devices through either a thinclient interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a programinterface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or evenindividual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to

deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages, libraries, services, andtools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or controlthe underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operatingsystems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications andpossibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer isto provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computingresources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software,which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer doesnot manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over

operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limitedcontrol of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

The below diagram represents the different service models:




Deployment Models:

Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by asingle organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). Itmay be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.

Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use bya specific community of consumers from organizations that have sharedconcerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.

Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by thegeneral public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business,academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. Itexists on the premises of the cloud provider.

Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinctcloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain uniqueentities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technologythat enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds).




1.2 The Advent of Cloud Computing

Startups and large organizations alike are rapidly evolving towards relying on cloudcomputing, either for their entire infrastructure or parts of it.

A survey (2) conducted by the Independent Oracle User Group (IOUG) found that thereliance of organization on private clouds had risen by 28% from 2010 to 2011 (with37% of companies having implemented a private cloud) and their reliance on publicclouds by 50% during the same period (with 21% of companies using a public cloudin 2011).

Big data is fueling the growth of cloud computing:

There are now over 2.2 billion Internet users, according to the Internet World

Stats (3).

Facebook counts over 1 billion active users (4), with 50% of them logging on tothe social network platform in any given day; 72 hours of videos are uploadedon YouTube per minute (5), and we can count over 400 million Tweets per day(6).

According to Netcraft (7), there are over 620 Million web sites as of October 2012.

The Mobile Internet is forecasted by Morgan Stanley to be an order of

magnitude bigger than the desktop Internet.

The volume of data generated, and to be managed, as a result of users

accessing ever more web-based applications (social networking, gaming,

geo-location services…etc) 24/7 from their mobile devices is growing at 40%

per year according to McKinsey.

(2) http://www.ioug.org/tabid/90/Default.aspx (3) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (4) http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics (5) http://www.youtube.com/t/press_statistics (6) http://medianetwork.oracle.com/video/player/1873920417001 (7) http://news.netcraft.com/archives/category/web-server-survey/

2. Critical Attributes In The Cloud

Critical elements for database applications deployed in the cloud include:

http://www.ioug.org/tabid/90/Default.aspx



http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm



http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics



http://www.youtube.com/t/press_statistics



http://medianetwork.oracle.com/video/player/1873920417001



http://news.netcraft.com/archives/category/web-server-survey/












Performance and scale-out

High Availability, Self-Healing and Data Integrity

Provisioning, Monitoring and Resource Management

Security


High database performance reduces the number of instances that need to beprovisioned to meet service levels. Scale out (and back-in) enables the database tier to expand and contract across commodity hardware to elastically meet fluctuatingworkload demands.

This is important:

For cloud providers: High per-node database performance lowers the costof meeting performance-driven SLAs (Service Level Agreements) by reducinghardware, software, networking and data center resources, along with theassociated operational overhead. Scale-out enables dynamic provisioning of capacity to serve workload demands.

For Cloud users: High per-node performance lowers the cost of consumingcloud services by reducing both the number of instances and the time thatneeds to be provisioned. Scale-out enables dynamic provisioning of capacityto meet dynamic workload demands.


High Availability and Data Integrity are obviously key for database applications ingeneral. Automating the detection of failure and the recovery of individual nodeswithin expansive cloud infrastructures means:

For cloud providers: reduced operational overhead of monitoring andmanaging the underlying platform and software stack, and differentiation fromother cloud providers in delivering highly reliable services.

For Cloud users: even with no operational control over the underlyingplatforms managed by their cloud provider, users achieve high levels of service continuity.


Strong capabilities for provisioning, monitoring and resource management make itfaster and simpler to deploy fully tested and supported database instances in cloudenvironments. They enable the capture of granular resource consumptioninformation, e.g. by users, hosts, accounts, applications, etc. enabling accuratebilling and charge-back.

This is important both for cloud providers & users as it enables new instances to

be deployed quickly and simply to meet sudden increases in demand, with granular




resource accounting for detailed customer billing, and with accurate departmentaland user-level chargeback for cloud utility bills.

Security

Security is obviously a crucial topic, both for cloud services providers and users.Security aspects span data protection, identity management, privacy and more.

3. MySQL: A Natural Choice For The Cloud

MySQL is the world’s most popular open source database. With its proven ease-of-use, performance, reliability and scalability, MySQL has become the leadingdatabase choice for Web-based applications, used by high profile web propertiesincluding Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia and thousands of mid-sized companies.

MySQL’s leadership for web-based applications created the foundation for MySQL tobecome ubiquitous in the cloud. Indeed, the vast majority of cloud computingproviders either offer MySQL-based services or deliver offerings integrating withMySQL.

We will now review how the MySQL Database (versions 5.5 and 5.6) as well as

MySQL Enterprise Edition and MySQL Cluster address the critical requirement weexamined in the previous section:




3.1 MySQL Database


MySQL is renowned for its performance and its ability to scale out. The current GArelease of the MySQL Database, MySQL 5.5, delivered the following performanceimprovements over MySQL 5.1:

Performance enhancements of 360% on Linux and 1500% on Windows,reducing the number of server instances that need to be provisioned tosupport high scale cloud services;

More flexible database partitioning options (i.e. by date and time),enabling greater application performance and scalability on cloudplatforms.

The Release Candidate of MySQL 5.6 delivers the following performance andscalability improvements:

Optimizer enhancements dramatically improve performance by reducingquery execution times, for example from 15 seconds to 90 millisecondswith Index Condition Pushdown, and from 2,000 seconds to 10 secondswith Batch Key Access. As a result, fewer MySQL instances need to beprovisioned to meet performance-driven SLAs;

New backup and recovery of the InnoDB bufferpool on a restartenables the quicker spinning up of new instances when scalingapplications and recovery of failed instances within cloud environments;

Query performance is further accelerated with improved instrumentation,

including richer EXPLAIN functionality and the addition of Optimizer traces;

SSD optimizations, such as Variable Length Page sizes, enable MySQLto fully exploit performance advantages offered by the latest generation of hardware deployed in cloud platforms;

Transportable Tablespaces enable the easy movement of InnoDBtables and data between logical or physical servers.

These can be used to respond to spikes in demand by quicklymove "hot" tables to SSD or other high-speed, cloud-basednetwork storage devices with no downtime. The enhancedPerformance Schema, discussed below, can be used to monitor

the tables that are candidates for being migrated; SaaS providers can quickly spin up new MySQL instances with InnoDB

table definition and data;Global Transaction Identifiers simplify elasticitywhen adding and removing replication slaves to handle dynamicworkloads; They also enable a more reliable implementation of multi-master (circular) replication technologies to allow greater scale-out in thecloud, especially of write-intensive workloads;

Multi-Threaded Slaves, allow multiple execution threads to applyreplication events in parallel to each slave, whether as individual users or multi-tenants, reducing the number of server instances needed for high-scale applications;

Optimized Row-Based Replication reduces the size of the replication

event, thereby reducing server instance memory requirements,provisioned disk space and network bandwidth;




Binlog Group Commit further enhances replication performance, therebyreducing the number of instances needed, by applying updates to thebinary log in parallel and then committing them as a group to the binlog ondisk;

The memcached NoSQL interface delivers significantly higher performance for simple Key/Value queries by eliminating SQL overhead,reducing the number of MySQL instances needed to deliver a service,and eliminating the requirement to also provision a dedicated cachinglayer, hence reducing both cost and complexity.


In MySQL 5.5:

InnoDB became the default MySQL storage engine, with fullyautomatic crash recovery out of the box, enabling self healing in a cloudenvironment;

Semi-synchronous replication ensures at least one slave has receiveda replication event, providing a level of automation in the cloud to improvedata integrity;

Signal / Resignal provides standard error handling to stored objects suchas stored procedures, making applications deployed into the cloud easier to develop, maintain and manage;

While those features deliver great benefits for on-premise deployments, they areeven more important for deployments in the cloud. Indeed, automation is important:

For users, as developers and administrators typically have less control over the infrastructure in the cloud

For Cloud providers, needing to effectively operate a large computinginfrastructure

New High Availability, Self-Healing and Data Integrity features in MySQL 5.6 include:

Global Transaction Identifiers (GTIDs), providing a foundation for reliable automatic failover and promotion to the most current slave. Tocomplement GTIDs, new GTID Replication Utilities provide administrationof GTID-enabled slaves, and monitoring with automatic failover and on-

demand switchover, coupled with slave promotion, enabling self-healingrecovery.

Crash-safe slaves and binlog, which enable automatic recovery of slaves and the MySQL binary log after a failure, supporting a more fullyautomated, self healing environment;

Replication Event Checksums automatically detecting data corruption inthe cloud caused by memory, disk or network failures, or by the databaseitself, and return an error to the user;

The memcached NoSQL interface improves service levels by providinga persistent, scalable, crash-safe and highly available back-end data storeto the caching layer.

Online Operations allow developers and DBAs to add and modifyindexes and tables without blocking transactional throughput. For those




tables with a common schema, typical in SaaS environments for example,changes can be made without interruption to the service, and withouthaving to schedule maintenance windows.


MySQL 5.5 includes features specific to the performance and scaling demands of applications running the cloud:

The Performance Schema enables DBAs and Developers to monitor host,user, and statement level performance statistics that are key to optimizingand tuning application specific performance and scale.

External Authentication API allows users to extend MySQL security toauthenticate users against existing infrastructures. For users who want anout of the box solution, Oracle provides PAM and Windows Authenticationextensions under MySQL Enterprise Edition, so users can quickly deploy their applications with the full support of Oracle;

The MySQL Thread Pool allows MySQL applications in the cloud to sustainperformance as user and sessions continue to grow. Also included in MySQLEnterprise Edition, the Thread Pool further enables cloud users and providersto fully leverage their deployed MySQL 5.5 instances by exploiting thecomputing power of today’s multi-threaded, multi-core architectures;

MySQL 5.6 includes the following new features further expanding MySQL’scapabilities in this area:

New atomic levels of instrumentation, provided by the PerformanceSchema, enable the capture of granular levels of cloud resource consumptionby users, hosts, accounts, applications, etc. for billing and chargeback. Thedata is presented as a series of tables that can be aggregated into DW/BItools for analysis and reporting

Remote Binlog Backup enhances efficiency in cloud operations andmanagement by using the replication channel to create real-time backups,avoiding the need to provision another MySQL instance to translate the binloginto SQL statements.

The memcached NoSQL interface:o Eliminates the requirement to provision separate caching instances

within the cloud and reduces data storage requirements by eliminatingdata duplication between different data stores;

o Eliminates the requirement to provision separate data store images for different access requirements – key/value and SQL/ACID, schemaand schemaless - can be efficiently integrated to a single data store;

Security

MySQL 5.5 enables cloud users and providers to integrate MySQL applications intoexisting centralized security infrastructures and operating procedures. The 5.5External Authentication API allows developers to authenticate MySQL users byextending the MySQL database with their own custom extensions or to leverage




proven commercial extensions for Windows and PAM authentication, provided andfully supported by Oracle as part of MySQL Enterprise Edition.

The new MySQL Enterprise Edition Audit feature provides an easy to use, policy-

based auditing solution that helps cloud providers and users to implement stronger security controls and satisfy regulatory compliance.

As more sensitive data is collected, stored and used within the cloud, databaseauditing becomes an essential component of any security strategy. To guard againstthe misuse of information, popular compliance regulations including HIPAA,Sarbanes-Oxley, and the PCI Data Security Standard require organizations to trackaccess to information.

To meet these demands, organizations must be able to produce an audit trail of information to help track who does what to which piece of data, whether thedatabase is deployed on-premise or in the cloud. Auditing includes login and logoff

activity, attempts to access a database or a table, changes to database schema andmuch more.

Cloud service providers and SaaS vendors can differentiate their offerings byproviding the highest levels of data security by demonstrating that all transactionsacross all customers are logged, archived and traceable in accordance with the moststringent demand of regulatory compliance. The backup/recovery and retention of MySQL EE Audit images also provides an upsell value add opportunity for Cloud/SaaS hosting providers as well.

In addition, Oracle Database Firewall now provides network monitoring of all user activity directed at backend MySQL databases. Auditing data can be collected, andquery activity can be diverted and alerted upon all through a centralized console.

MySQL 5.6 improves security by adding:

Remote Binlog Backup removes the need for individual DBAs to be grantedSSH access to each MySQL master in the cloud.

Automated policies for password management, including expiration dates andstrength. In addition, stronger hashing algorithms are used to afford greater levels of protection.

Removal or encryption of passwords stored on filesystem.

3.2 MySQL Enterprise Edition

MySQL Enterprise Edition includes the most comprehensive set of advancedfeatures, management tools and technical support to help you achieve the highestlevels of MySQL scalability, security and uptime.

It delivers added value in all four areas critical to cloud computing:



Provisioning, Monitoring and Resource Management Security




For instance, MySQL Enterprise Edition includes the following commercialextensions:

The MySQL Enterprise Monitor, that delivers:

Continuous monitoring of all MySQL instances provisioned in the cloud,alerting administrators to potential problems before users are impacted;

Unprecedented views into real-time and historical database performanceto troubleshoot issues, balance workloads, and predict futureresource requirements.

The MySQL Query Analyzer, enabling users to tune queries for maximumperformance, thereby reducing the number of cloud instances they need to provision.




MySQL Enterprise Back-Up, to Perform online "Hot", non-blocking backups of MySQL database instances in the cloud without interrupting queries or updates. Itenables:

Compression reducing database size by up to 90%, thereby reducing

cloud-based storage costs; Incremental and partial back-ups allowing the backup of only data that

has changed, or capturing only certain tables, thereby also reducingstorage requirements

MySQL Workbench: a unified visual tool for database architects, developers, andDBAs. It provides data modeling, SQL development, and comprehensiveadministration tools for server configuration, user administration, and much more, on-premise or in the cloud.

MySQL Enterprise Scalability: enables users to meet the sustained performanceand scalability of ever increasing user, query and data loads in the cloud. The

MySQL Thread Pool provides a highly scalable thread-handling model designed toreduce overhead in managing client connections and statement execution threads.The results are over 20x higher read/write performance, reducing the need toprovision additional MySQL instances to meet performance requirements.

MySQL Enterprise Security: provides ready to use external authentication modulesto easily integrate MySQL with existing security infrastructures including PAM andWindows Active Directory. MySQL users can be authenticated using Pluggable Authentication Modules ("PAM") or native Windows OS services.MySQL Enterprise Security:

Enables a single directory of users for centralized provisioning,management and authentication against all granted databases.

Allow cloud providers to implement security using industry standard PAMand Windows modules at a global level.




Enables cloud consumers to enforce centralized authentication for each of their DBAs accessing the organizations provisioned database over thecloud.

MySQL Enterprise High Availability: enables you to make your databaseinfrastructure highly available. MySQL provides you with certified and supportedsolutions, including MySQL Replication, Oracle VM Templates for MySQL andWindows Failover Clustering for MySQL.

Included in MySQL Enterprise Availability is the Oracle VM Template for MySQLEnterprise Edition:

The Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition represents the fastest,easiest and most reliable way to provision virtualized MySQL instances, enablingusers to meet the explosive demand for web and cloud-based services.

The Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition enables rapid deploymentand eliminates manual configuration efforts and risks by providing a pre-installed andpre-configured virtualized MySQL Enterprise Edition software image running onOracle Linux and Oracle VM, certified for production use. It provides the followingHigh Availability, Self Healing and Data Integrity benefits:

Integrated HA mechanisms with auto-failover and recovery, as well aslive server migration over secure SSL links.

Users benefit from a single integrated support experience for their database, OS and VM stack, allowing faster and more comprehensive

problem resolution. Users can easily integrate their own applications on top of the Template

and save as new Golden Images, which can then populate self-serviceprovisioning tools, allowing users and developers to rapidly deliver newservices.

Users can quickly convert the template to specific machine formatssupported by their chosen public cloud vendor, providing performanceand portability across heterogeneous cloud environments.

Oracle Premier Support for MySQL: Oracle’s dedicated MySQL support team isstaffed with senior-level MySQL experts. When getting MySQL support from Oracle,you get support straight from the source, from the largest team of MySQL experts,

delivering and supporting more and better MySQL products than ever before.

Oracle’s MySQL Support Team possesses the breadth of knowledge and experiencenecessary to help you make the most of your MySQL deployments in the cloud. Aspart of the Consultative Support component of Oracle Premier Support for MySQL,experts will help you identify and implement best practices and optimizations thatspan topics such as high-availability, monitoring, backup and recovery, performanceoptimization, and many more.

Oracle Premier Support for MySQL includes the following components:

24 x 7 production support

Direct access to MySQL support engineers, backed by the MySQL

developers

Unlimited support incidents




Knowledge Base

Maintenance releases, bug fixes, patches and updates

MySQL consultative support

MySQL Technical Support in 29 languages

More detailed information about MySQL Enterprise Edition is available at:http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/

3.3 MySQL Cluster

MySQL Cluster is a write-scalable, ACID-compliant transactional database,combining 99.999% availability and real-time performance with the low TCO of open

source. Designed around a distributed, multi-master architecture with no single pointof failure, MySQL Cluster scales horizontally on commodity hardware with auto-sharding to serve read and write intensive workloads, accessed via SQL and NoSQLinterfaces.

MySQL Cluster's real-time design delivers predictable, millisecond response timeswith the ability to service millions of operations per second. Support for in-memoryand disk-based data, automatic data partitioning (sharding) with load balancing andthe ability to add nodes to a running cluster with zero downtime allows linear database scalability to handle the most unpredictable web, enterprise and telecomsworkloads.

Let’s review the features of MySQL Cluster along the dimensions we previouslyconsidered:

Performance and Scale Out:

Auto-sharding of databases across commodity nodes in the cloud for automatic scaling of read and write queries.

Distributed, multi-master architecture for high performance andscalability of cloud services under load.

Dynamically scale the cluster on-demand by adding nodes, withoutdowntime. Scale-in (application nodes only) if demand recedes;

Real-time extensions and NoSQL access for predictable, low latencyresponsiveness of cloud-based applications.

Adaptive Query Localization enables real-time analytics across live datasets, eliminating the requirement to provision multiple database instancesand replicate between them in order to handle both use cases.

High Availability, Self-Healing and Data Integrity:

99.999% uptime for the delivery of highly available cloud services.

Auto-failover and recovery to protect against outages, eliminatingadministrative effort and the need to provision and manage additionalthird party software for HA.

http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/






Online Maintenance, to maintain cloud service availability even duringscheduled operations, including adding nodes, schema updates,hardware and software upgrades, patching and back-ups.

Geographic redundancy with active replication to easily provision

clusters across multiple sites, i.e. availability zones, and for scaling geo-graphically dispersed services.

Provisioning, Monitoring and Resource Management:

Monitoring of resource consumption via NDBINFO;

Monitoring of MySQL Cluster performance and availability via theMySQL Enterprise Monitor.

Consolidated User Privileges, means grant tables only need to becreated and maintained on one MySQL Server – not each MySQL Server accessing the cluster.

MySQL Cluster Manager, included in MySQL Cluster Carrier GradeEdition, automates the provisioning and management of MySQL Cluster nodes within the cloud, enforcing best practices and HA to deliver continuously available cloud services.

Security:

Monitoring of MySQL Cluster security via the MySQL EnterpriseMonitor, and MySQL Enterprise Audit and Security modules

4. Best Practices

We recommend the following best practices for MySQL deployments in the cloud.

Run only one MySQL server per compute instanceMySQL will run faster with dedicated computational units and memory resources.Given the ease and relative low cost of creating new compute instances, you will seegreater performance by running a single MySQL instance in a smaller instance typethen by attempting to run multiple MySQL instances in a larger instance type.Remember, you can add as many instances as you need any time your need them,

allowing you to scale out or scale back at will.

Leverage larger instance types for heavy usageYou should consider using larger instance types for high transactional or heavy reador write databases. The larger instance types typically not only have morecomputational units and memory, they also have higher I/O throughput capabilities. Inthis case, paying a little extra is worth the cost. Refer to the figure below for performance metrics on different AWS instance sizes.




Figure x: Measuring MySQL Scalability on AWS

The figure above demonstrates the results of scaling instance size. In both the ReadOnly and Read Write tests, MySQL Sysbench performance scaled linearly with the

doubling of instance size.The instances were configured as follows:

Large Instance: 2 x 2.4GHz E5645 processors, 7.5GB RAM, 2 x 20GBEBS volumes

Extra Large Instance: 4 x 2.4GHz E5645 processors, 15GB RAM, 2 x20GB EBS volumes

The tests were repeated using the DBT2 benchmark, and included a High CPUinstance, configured with:

8 x 2.13GHz E5506 processors and 7GB RAM

In this example, performance again doubled as CPU and memory resource was

doubled. When more CPU was added, but memory reduced, the overall performanceincrease was 1.6x.

Figure x: Measuring affects of CPU and memory on performance

Of course it is not surprising that these results demonstrate that linear scalability oncloud platforms is, like on-premise deployments, dependent on an associatedincrease in CPU and memory resources. There are many different instance typesavailable for users to select, and you can expect MySQL to scale accordingly.

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Predictable I/O, Disk and Network Bandwidth As many databases are disk and I/O intensive, an increasing number of cloudvendors enable customers to define specific I/O performance requirements, andprovision dedicated network resources connecting their instances to persistent

storage. To further scale I/O performance, users can stripe their data sets acrossmultiple volumes of persistent storage. Check the level of redundancy built aroundpersistent volumes as RAID 0 is often sufficient to deliver High Availability (HA) incloud environments.

While these techniques often carry a price-premium, the predictability of performanceand ability to scale the workload is often a worthwhile return for heavily utilizeddatabase instances with growth requirements.

Examples include Provisioned IOPS and EBS-Optimized instances available from Amazon Web Services.

Warm up data partitionsIn the cloud, one typically faces a “first write” performance hit when initially writing tonew partitions. To avoid this penalty, you can “warm up” the partition by executing asort of throw-away command that accesses it. For example, you can use the Linuxdd command to write to the disk. While the penalty still occurs and cannot beavoided, at least the first write to your databases will not suffer the effects.

Be sure to configure MySQL properlySimply running MySQL in the cloud isn't going to make it fast by default. You cannotskip the configuration and fine tuning of the MySQL system to meet your specificapplication needs. Doing so will allow you to better utilize your cloud provider’s

resources.

Don't forget monitoringYou can and should monitor your MySQL databases running in the cloud. TheMySQL Enterprise Monitor that we presented in the previous section acts as a virtualDBA assistant, helping you identify potential issues before they become costlyoutages.

Use MySQL replicationMySQL replication is very important for scale out, load balancing, and high

availability. The cloud makes these features easier to use because you can create asmany MySQL instances as you need to implement almost any MySQL highavailability solution. The MySQL Enterprise Monitor includes the Replication Monitor,which provides a visual dashboard to manage replicated MySQL databases. With theReplication Monitor you get a consolidated, real-time view into the health,performance and availability of all replication topologies. Plus, the Replication Advisor Rules help DBAs to proactively identify and correct Replication relatedproblems such as Master/Slave performance and latency issues.

Use TemplatesYou can save time and avoid risks of error by relying on templates, such as theOracle VM template for MySQL Enterprise Edition, to configure MySQL and other

components or your cloud architecture. As outlined earlier in this document, theOracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition enables rapid deployment and




eliminates manual configuration efforts and risks by providing a pre-installed and pre-configured virtualized MySQL Enterprise Edition software image running on OracleLinux and Oracle VM, certified for production use.

Use good security practicesThe cloud is no different from any other Internet-connected device. You shouldalways implement well-documented security protocols for MySQL (e.g., don't leaveyour root account password blank). However, you should also restrict access to your cloud instances such that only authorized users (and systems such as replicationslaves) can access your virtual systems.

Mount partitions with the noatime and nodiratime optionsOn Linux, mounting your partitions with either of these options should yield up to10% better I/O performance. This is because Linux will not have to perform a writeoperation after every read access. It should be noted that noatime is a superset of

nodiratime.

Don’t forget Backups MySQL Enterprise Backup is the ideal solution for backing up MySQL databases inthe cloud. MySQL Enterprise Backup performs online "Hot", non-blocking backups of your MySQL databases. Full backups can be performed on all InnoDB data, whileMySQL is online, without interrupting queries or updates. In addition, incrementalbackups are supported where only data that has changed from a previous backup isbacked up. Also partial backups are supported when only certain tables or tablespaces need to be backed up.

Use load balancing Applications with high loads or a high number of concurrent connections can benefitfrom load balancing. You can use MySQL replication across multiple MySQL slavesto improve read performance and use sharding to improve write performance.

Conclusion

In this white paper, we helped you understand why MySQL is already ubiquitous inthe cloud.

Built to deliver web-based applications and to scale out, MySQL’s architecture andfeatures make the database a great fit for the cloud. MySQL Enterprise Editionenables users of MySQL in the cloud to achieve the highest levels of MySQLscalability, security and uptime; and MySQL Cluster expands MySQL’s capabilities tocost-effectively deliver applications demanding very low latency; high availability andhigh write scalability.




Additional Resources

MySQL Whitepapershttp://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/

MySQL Webinars:

Live: http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/web-seminars/index.html

On Demand: http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/on-demand-webinars/

MySQL Enterprise Edition Flash Demo:http://www.oracle.com/pls/ebn/swf_viewer.load?p_shows_id=10146324

MySQL Enterprise Edition Trial:http://www.mysql.com/trials/

MySQL Case Studies:http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/

MySQL TCO Savings Calculator:http://mysql.com/tco

To contact an Oracle MySQL Representative:http://www.mysql.com/about/contact/

http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/


http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/web-seminars/index.html



http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/on-demand-webinars/



http://www.oracle.com/pls/ebn/swf_viewer.load?p_shows_id=10146324


http://www.mysql.com/trials/


http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/


http://mysql.com/tco


http://www.mysql.com/about/contact/










WP MySQL Cloud Final

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