WP 500 WP 500

WP 500WP 500ARCTIC GOVERNANCE & ARCTIC GOVERNANCE &

GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS

Leader: Prof. Timo Koivurova,Leader: Prof. Timo Koivurova,UL / ACUL / AC

timo.koivurova@ulapland.fi timo.koivurova@ulapland.fi

Co-Leader: Dr. Sami Moisio, UT Co-Leader: Dr. Sami Moisio, UTsami.moisio@utu.fisami.moisio@utu.fi

CLIMARES Presentation in Bergen, Norway CLIMARES Presentation in Bergen, Norway

22.10.200922.10.2009

mika.flojt@ulapland.fimika.flojt@ulapland.firesearcherresearcher

Arctic Centre / NIEMArctic Centre / NIEM

University of LaplandUniversity of Lapland

FINLANDFINLAND

PartnersPartners• International law:International law: Prof. Timo Koivurova Prof. Timo Koivurova

( Northern Institute for Environmental and ( Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre / University of Minority Law, Arctic Centre / University of Lapland )Lapland )

• AC/ NIEM: Researchers Mika Flöjt, Kamrul AC/ NIEM: Researchers Mika Flöjt, Kamrul HossainHossain

• Geopolitics:Geopolitics: Docent, Dr Sami Moisio, Docent, Dr Sami Moisio, University of Turku, FinlandUniversity of Turku, Finland

• Prof. Klaus Dodds, University of London.Prof. Klaus Dodds, University of London.• Dr. Alan Ingram, University College of LondonDr. Alan Ingram, University College of London• Dr Jason Dittmer, University College of LondonDr Jason Dittmer, University College of London• + 1 PhD student, 2 research assistants+ 1 PhD student, 2 research assistants

WP 500 WP 500 • Overall objectiveOverall objective• The main objective of WP500 is The main objective of WP500 is o provide an in-depth o provide an in-depth

analysis of the evolving international governance and analysis of the evolving international governance and geopolitics dynamics in the Arctic, in particular for the geopolitics dynamics in the Arctic, in particular for the Eurasian part of the Arctic, and suggest ways to make Eurasian part of the Arctic, and suggest ways to make the development sustainable. The importance of this the development sustainable. The importance of this particular objective emerges as rapid environmental particular objective emerges as rapid environmental changes will affect the full range of goods and services changes will affect the full range of goods and services provided by the oceans for which measures could be provided by the oceans for which measures could be developed to mitigate and adapt to the changes. developed to mitigate and adapt to the changes.

• Specific ObjectivesSpecific ObjectivesThe following specific objectives: The following specific objectives: • (1) to focus on international legal processes and (1) to focus on international legal processes and

institution building (Governance)institution building (Governance)• (2) to look into the issues of territorialisation of Arctic (2) to look into the issues of territorialisation of Arctic

marine areas and issues related to marine areas and issues related to militarization/demilitarization (Geopolitics).militarization/demilitarization (Geopolitics).

• (3) to carefully scrutinize how the processes and (3) to carefully scrutinize how the processes and discourses of security, cooperation, contest and discourses of security, cooperation, contest and cooperation are intertwined in the Arctic maritime cooperation are intertwined in the Arctic maritime areas (governance and geopolitics).areas (governance and geopolitics).

• International law and geopoliticsInternational law and geopolitics have their have their own scientific-intellectual paradigms, and thus own scientific-intellectual paradigms, and thus provide different views on Arctic marine provide different views on Arctic marine governance, how it is unfolding and how it governance, how it is unfolding and how it should be developed. should be developed.

• International law and the state systemInternational law and the state system have have grown into each other, and mutually reinforce grown into each other, and mutually reinforce each other. Marine areas in general are densely each other. Marine areas in general are densely regulated by a vast number of international regulated by a vast number of international treaties related to various ocean uses.treaties related to various ocean uses.

• The law of the sea (UNCLOS)The law of the sea (UNCLOS) regulates regulates almost all aspects of ocean use, and is generally almost all aspects of ocean use, and is generally recognised to be an important influence on recognised to be an important influence on state behaviour. state behaviour.

BackgroundBackground• Arctic marine areas have received a considerable amount of Arctic marine areas have received a considerable amount of

media and policy-orientated attention in the recent times. media and policy-orientated attention in the recent times. Mostly this has related to the continental shelf claims made Mostly this has related to the continental shelf claims made by the Arctic Ocean coastal statesby the Arctic Ocean coastal states, especially that by the , especially that by the Russian Federation following their submission to the CLCS in Russian Federation following their submission to the CLCS in 2001, covering almost half of the Arctic Ocean sea-bed and 2001, covering almost half of the Arctic Ocean sea-bed and reinforced in 2007 by Russian submarines planting their flag on reinforced in 2007 by Russian submarines planting their flag on the central Arctic Ocean seabed. the central Arctic Ocean seabed.

• Some scholars argue that with the melting sea ice, there is Some scholars argue that with the melting sea ice, there is a race (or even ‘scramble’) between the five Arctic Ocean a race (or even ‘scramble’) between the five Arctic Ocean coastal states for offshore resources, whereas another set of coastal states for offshore resources, whereas another set of scholars perceive continental shelf related developments as scholars perceive continental shelf related developments as an orderly process.an orderly process.

• The WP 500 seeks to approach this process from two The WP 500 seeks to approach this process from two angles.angles. Those interested in Arctic governance will focus on Those interested in Arctic governance will focus on international legal processes and institution building. international legal processes and institution building.

• The geopolitics group, for its part, looks at the issue of The geopolitics group, for its part, looks at the issue of territorialisation of Arctic marine areas and issues related to territorialisation of Arctic marine areas and issues related to militarization/demilitarization. It will also carefully scrutinize how militarization/demilitarization. It will also carefully scrutinize how the processes and discourses of security, cooperation, contest and the processes and discourses of security, cooperation, contest and cooperation are intertwined in the Arctic maritime areas.cooperation are intertwined in the Arctic maritime areas.

Framework of Arctic Framework of Arctic governancegovernance

• Overview of the structures of governance in the Overview of the structures of governance in the ArcticArctic

• Arctic Council 8 + 6 PP. (1996)Arctic Council 8 + 6 PP. (1996)• Coastal states (5) ” Ilulissat declaration” 2008Coastal states (5) ” Ilulissat declaration” 2008• Special cases: Hans Island, The Svalvard Treaty Special cases: Hans Island, The Svalvard Treaty

etc.etc.• Different maritime zones of coastal states Different maritime zones of coastal states

(territorial sea, EEZ, continental shelf, (territorial sea, EEZ, continental shelf, (UNCLOS))(UNCLOS))

• International sea areas (high seas, deep sea-bed)International sea areas (high seas, deep sea-bed)• Northern Sea Routes: North-West Passage etc.Northern Sea Routes: North-West Passage etc.• Politics: energy, military, resources, economics, Politics: energy, military, resources, economics,

fisheries etc.fisheries etc.

Arctic Council StuctureArctic Council Stucture(source arctic council)(source arctic council)

Changes in ArcticChanges in Arctic

GeopoliticsGeopolitics• GeopoliticsGeopolitics, as an intellectual field, has traditionally , as an intellectual field, has traditionally

concentrated attention on the role of geographical concentrated attention on the role of geographical and environmental factors in shaping international and environmental factors in shaping international politics. New analytical approaches increasingly focus politics. New analytical approaches increasingly focus on the dynamic interactions between political actors, on the dynamic interactions between political actors, the projection of power over space, and geographic the projection of power over space, and geographic environments. environments.

• This involves attention to, firstThis involves attention to, first, how different , how different actors frame geopolitical realities (e.g. in images of actors frame geopolitical realities (e.g. in images of the maritime Arctic as a ‘frozen desert’, a zone of the maritime Arctic as a ‘frozen desert’, a zone of resource competition, or a ‘northern Mediterranean’, resource competition, or a ‘northern Mediterranean’, a security issue, or a zone of potential cooperation); a security issue, or a zone of potential cooperation);

• second,second, the strategies they deploy around these the strategies they deploy around these framings (e.g. military deployments or efforts to framings (e.g. military deployments or efforts to promote national identity); and third, how the promote national identity); and third, how the strategies of different actors unfold and interact to strategies of different actors unfold and interact to produce particular geographical outcomes and produce particular geographical outcomes and arrangements.arrangements.

Geopolitics working planGeopolitics working plan• Work within the geopolitics section of the Work within the geopolitics section of the

WP will be broken up into three WP will be broken up into three interconnected strands of research.  interconnected strands of research. 

• The first, “Arctic geopolitics: The first, “Arctic geopolitics: institutions, interests and strategiesinstitutions, interests and strategies', ', will be based at Royal Holloway, University will be based at Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL) under the supervision of of London (RHUL) under the supervision of Prof. Klaus Dodds. Prof. Klaus Dodds.

• This research will focus on state-level This research will focus on state-level activities, particularly the intersection of activities, particularly the intersection of geopolitical agendas with governance geopolitical agendas with governance issues.  This research will be driven by issues.  This research will be driven by discourse analysis of policy documents, discourse analysis of policy documents, public statements, and records of debate public statements, and records of debate within venues such as the Arctic Council.within venues such as the Arctic Council.

• The second, “Arctic geopolitics: The second, “Arctic geopolitics: sustainability, democracy and sustainability, democracy and communitiescommunities”, will be based at University ”, will be based at University College London (UCL) and run jointly by Drs. College London (UCL) and run jointly by Drs. Alan Ingram and Jason Dittmer.  Alan Ingram and Jason Dittmer. 

• This research will serve as a foil to the state-This research will serve as a foil to the state-led narrative of Arctic geopolitics by led narrative of Arctic geopolitics by investigating the political, social, and investigating the political, social, and economic impacts of Arctic securitization on economic impacts of Arctic securitization on users of Arctic Ocean spaces, including those users of Arctic Ocean spaces, including those working in industries such as transportation working in industries such as transportation and resource extraction, as well as indigenous and resource extraction, as well as indigenous peoples.  peoples. 

• This research will utilize interviews and This research will utilize interviews and ethnography in the field as a means of ethnography in the field as a means of engaging with users of Arctic ocean space.  engaging with users of Arctic ocean space. 

• Finally, the Finally, the third strand of researchthird strand of research will be led by Dr. Sami Moisio at the will be led by Dr. Sami Moisio at the University of Turku (UoT), University of Turku (UoT), and will and will focus on the generation of scenarios focus on the generation of scenarios in conjunction with the governance in conjunction with the governance group.  This research will utilize group.  This research will utilize well-established methods of scenario well-established methods of scenario generation as utilized in generation as utilized in International Relations and International Relations and elsewhereelsewhere.  . 

• Dr. Alan Ingram (UCL) would also serve Dr. Alan Ingram (UCL) would also serve as coordinator of the three research as coordinator of the three research strands, ensuring that data and analysis strands, ensuring that data and analysis generated by each unit is conceptually generated by each unit is conceptually interoperable with the others. interoperable with the others.

• Yet, international law has several limitations in studies of Yet, international law has several limitations in studies of international circumstances. international circumstances.

• First and foremost, it is built on an excessively state-centric First and foremost, it is built on an excessively state-centric world-view, which is even more pronounced in marine areas. world-view, which is even more pronounced in marine areas. In other words, non-state organizations and regional In other words, non-state organizations and regional organizations such as EU are comparatively neglected. organizations such as EU are comparatively neglected.

• Second, since the discipline has as its aim to examine the Second, since the discipline has as its aim to examine the normative reality, it cannot really explain relevant behaviour normative reality, it cannot really explain relevant behaviour but only attribute it to nation-states and presume that states but only attribute it to nation-states and presume that states observe international rules. observe international rules.

• Geopolitics has an important role here. It can examine the Geopolitics has an important role here. It can examine the messiness of international circumstances (clarifying who the messiness of international circumstances (clarifying who the actors are, why they behave the way they do and how they actors are, why they behave the way they do and how they seek to justify this) and can thus complement the state-centric seek to justify this) and can thus complement the state-centric normative perspectives of international law. Recent work in normative perspectives of international law. Recent work in geopolitics ranges well beyond state and economic interests, geopolitics ranges well beyond state and economic interests, stressing the role of wider political, media and popular stressing the role of wider political, media and popular culture and everyday life in geopolitical dynamics. culture and everyday life in geopolitical dynamics.

• In this sense, the two disciplines certainly complement In this sense, the two disciplines certainly complement each other. Interdisciplinary interaction within the WP each other. Interdisciplinary interaction within the WP will facilitate more nuanced accounts of how things will facilitate more nuanced accounts of how things unfold in Arctic marine areas.unfold in Arctic marine areas.

Tentative tasks: WP 500Tentative tasks: WP 500• Task 1: Task 1:

– Detailed planning of the WPDetailed planning of the WP– Governance baseline.Governance baseline.– Geopolitics baseline.Geopolitics baseline.

• Task 2:Task 2:– Recent Developments in Governance and Geopolitics.Recent Developments in Governance and Geopolitics.– Legitimization of actions by different actors.Legitimization of actions by different actors.– Interplay of conflict and cooperation. Interplay of conflict and cooperation.

• Task 3Task 3– Scenarios for the future Arctic governance.Scenarios for the future Arctic governance.– Building up scenarios for the Arctic geopolitics.Building up scenarios for the Arctic geopolitics.– Evaluation of these scenarios and their connectedness Evaluation of these scenarios and their connectedness

with task 1 and task 2. with task 1 and task 2.

• Task 4Task 4– Production of reportsProduction of reports– Reviews by the project participantsReviews by the project participants– Preparation of articles for peer-reviewed journalsPreparation of articles for peer-reviewed journals

Tentative Deliverables: WP500Tentative Deliverables: WP500• In put: A kick-off meeting,In put: A kick-off meeting, preparing a report on overview, preparing a report on overview,

implementation, structure of the WP 500 and its coherence with the broad implementation, structure of the WP 500 and its coherence with the broad them of the project proposal. them of the project proposal. Out put:Out put: a brief report (5-10 pages). a brief report (5-10 pages).Time of delivery:Time of delivery: month 3 month 3

• In put: Research on task 1.In put: Research on task 1.Out put:Out put: Background papers (15-20 pages combined report of both Background papers (15-20 pages combined report of both Governance and Geopolitics sub-groups).Governance and Geopolitics sub-groups).Time of delivery:Time of delivery: month 9 month 9

In put: Research on task 2,In put: Research on task 2, empirical investigations and internal empirical investigations and internal seminar (physical or telephone).seminar (physical or telephone).Out put:Out put: Report (a combined report containing 20-30 pages). Report (a combined report containing 20-30 pages).Time of delivery:Time of delivery: month 20. month 20.

In put:In put: Research on task 3, production of texts. Research on task 3, production of texts. Out put:Out put: Report (a combined one approximately of 30 pages) Report (a combined one approximately of 30 pages)Time of Delivery:Time of Delivery: Month 30 Month 30

• In put:In put: Article preparation from the texts produced during the previous Article preparation from the texts produced during the previous stages and reviews.stages and reviews.Out put: Out put: Articles to be submitted in the peer-reviewed journals.Articles to be submitted in the peer-reviewed journals.Time of Delivery:Time of Delivery: month 36. month 36.

SourcesSources

• Arctic Council Arctic Council http://www.arctic-council.orghttp://www.arctic-council.org

• European Environmental Agency European Environmental Agency 20072007

• AMAP AMAP http://www.amap.nohttp://www.amap.no• WP 500 CLIMARES Draft WP 500 CLIMARES Draft