AUGUSTANA COLLEGE | APRIL 27-28, 2012

Wounded Knee 1973: Forty Years Later

T H E F O R T Y - F O U R T H A N N U A L

A National Conference on the Northern PlainsHistory | L i terature | Ar t | Archeology

THE CENTER FORWESTERN STUDIES PRESENTS

On display in conjunction with the Dakota Conference is the art exhibitionInterpretations of Wounded Knee 1973 and 1890,

a one-time show featuring the work of twenty-two artists.A public artists’ reception will be held onThursday,April 26, from 4:30-6:30p.m.

This program is supported in part by a Challenge Grant fromthe National Endowment for the Humanities

Welcome, Dakota Conference Presenters and Attendees!

For the Forty-fourth Annual Dakota Conference, the Center for Western Studies will observe the fortiethanniversary of the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. We will do so in the larger context of themassacre at Wounded Knee by the US Seventh Calvary on December 29, 1890. On that date, MiniconjouLakota chief Spotted Elk (Big Foot), over 300 of his Ghost Dance followers, and 38 Hunkpapas wereattacked at their encampment on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Ofthe 230 Indian women and children and 120 men at the camp, at least 153 were counted dead and 44wounded. Army casualties were 25 dead and 39 wounded.

Eighty-three years later, on February 27, 1973, 200 Oglala Lakota and American Indian Movement (AIM)supporters seized and occupied the village of Wounded Knee for 71 days in protest of a recent murder andlong-held grievances against the BIA. They demanded an end to intimidation of AIM members and“traditionals” on the reservation. They demanded that treaties signed by the U.S. government be honored,especially the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, which acknowledged Sioux claims to the Black Hills. The villagewas quickly surrounded by law-enforcement officials, and a siege ensued. Before it ended on May 5, thearmed conflict claimed the lives of two AIM supporters. An FBI agent and a US Marshall were wounded,and 1,200 people were arrested. Through the free and open exchange among all conference attendees,we will consider the legacy of the occupation—and the earlier massacre.

Fourteen books will be represented at the autograph party on Saturday, including several books onWounded Knee. Two new books about the Great Plains will be featured in panel sessions: Remaking theHeartland: Middle America in the 1950s, by Robert Wuthnow, and The Plains Political Tradition: Essayson South Dakota Political Culture, edited by Jon Lauck, John Miller, and Donald Simmons.

Dedicated to examining contemporary issues in their historical and cultural contexts, the DakotaConference is a signature event of the Center for Western Studies, which provides programming inNorthern Plains Studies at Augustana College. In awarding a Challenge Grant in support of the Centerʼsendowment, the National Endowment for the Humanities cited the Dakota Conference specifically for itshallmark blending of academic and non-academic presenters. If you value this approach to learning aboutthe past, there is still time to help CWS meet its NEH endowment match. Thank you to each presenterand session chair and to the staff of Mikkelsen Library for their assistance in so many ways.

Harry F. Thompson, Ph.D., Executive DirectorTim Hoheisel, Director of Outreach and PromotionElizabeth Thrond, Collections AssistantKristi Thomas, Secretary

Financial Contributors

Loren and Mavis Amundson CWS Endowment/SFACFDeadwood Historic Preservation Commission

Tony & Anne HagaCarol Rae Hansen, Andrew Gilmour & Grace Hansen-Gilmour

Carol M. MashekElaine Nelson McIntosh

Mellon Fund Committee of Augustana CollegeRex Myers & Susan Richards

V.R. & Joyce NelsonRollyn H. Samp, in Honor of Ardyce Samp

Roger & Shirley Schuller, in Honor of Matthew SchullerJerry & Gail Simmons

South Dakota Humanities CouncilRobert & Sharon Steensma

Blair & Linda TremereRichard & Michelle Van Demark

Jamie & Penny Volin

Tear

atpe

rfora

tion

The Forty-Fourth Annual Dakota Conference

Wounded Knee 1973: Forty Years LaterThe Center for Western Studies, Augustana College

Sioux Falls, South Dakota, April 27-28, 2012

REGISTRATION FORMPlease return this completed form with payment to:

The Center for Western Studies,Augustana College, 2001 S. Summit Ave., Sioux Falls, SD 57197

For further information, call 605-274-4007 or e-mail cws@augie.edu.For lodging, visit www.augie.edu/lodging.

No.Registration: Required of all attendees

Presenter fee _____ x $45.00 = $ _____Save $5 by registering by April 16 _____ x $50.00 = $ _____Registration after April 16 _____ x $55.00 = $ _____One-day registration (not available to presenters) _____ x $25.00 = $ _____Single-session registration (not available to presenters) _____ x $10.00 = $ _____Full-time undergraduate

student registration (student ID required) _____ x FREECurrent Augustana faculty

(courtesy of Mellon Fund Committee) _____ x FREE

Meals: All meals must be purchased in advance (prices include tax and gratuity).Save $4 by purchasing Full Meal Package (3 meals) _____ x $43.00 = $ _____Friday Lunch with program _____ x $15.00 = $ _____Friday Dinner with program _____ x $17.00 = $ _____Saturday Luncheon with program _____ x $15.00 = $ _____Saturday Trail Breakfast _____ x FREE

Supporting GiftsCWS Endowment Campaign (NEH Challenge Grant will match by 25%) $_________CWS Membership ($50 basic membership) $ _________

TOTAL $ ________�� Check enclosed (made payable to CWS)�� Mastercard �� Visa �� Discover �� American Express

Credit Card # __________________________________________________________Exp. Date _______________ Security Code (on back) _________Signature______________________________________________________________

Name_________________________________________________________________Address _______________________________________________________________City __________________________________ State __________ Zip ______________Phone _________________________ E-mail _________________________________

Award for Distinguished Contributionto the Preservation of the Cultural Heritageof South Dakota and the Northern Plains

Lillian Johnsson

A true “daughter of the prairie,” Lillian Johnsson was born and raised in Worthington,Minnesota, and has been for many years a resident of Chamberlain, South Dakota, with herhusband, Gil Johnsson. She has long been active in the General Federation of WomenʼsClubs (GFWC), serving as President of the South Dakota State Chapter and as a member of

the National Board of Directors Finance Committee. Sherepresented South Dakota on the Presidentʼs White HouseCommission on Women in American History. In 2008 she wasawarded the GFWC of South Dakota Jennie Award forLeadership. The General Federation is the largest volunteerassociation of women in the U.S. and abroad.

Lillian has volunteered with the South Dakota ReadingCouncil; the GFWCʼs Kids Voting Project and Travelers Club;helped to promote meal sites in the local community and onLower Brule and Crow Creek reservations; and serves as adocent at the Akta Lakota Museum. A craft artisan known asthe “Teddy Bear Lady” for her contributions under the nationalprogram Good Bears of the World, Lillian has been active incommunity theater, participated in mission camp activities forthe Lakota and other tribes, and with Gil has led tours toEurope and the Middle East.

She served as the authorʼs special assistant for Kristin Hogansonʼs publication ConsumersʼImperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920 (University of NorthCarolina Press). She has presented numerous programs locally and throughout the state, inschools, retirement centers, and nursing homes. Lillian has given several papers at the DakotaConference and received the Arthur I. and Willmeta Johnson Award for her 2010 paper “SheChose Her Own Path: Nellie Z. Willhite, South Dakotaʼs First Woman Pilot.” She and herhusband, Gil, received the 2008 South Dakota Library Association Friends of the Library Award.

45th Annual Dakota Conference | April 26-27, 2013“The Spanish Northern Plains”

The Center for Western Studies,Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD

Northern Plains Autograph Party | Saturday,April 28, 2012(At the CWS Fantle Building from 12:15-1:00p.m.)

*Please see Session 23 for the list of authors attending the event and their recent books.

Friday, April 27

A History of the Indian Wars: 1891-1973: Violence, IndianResistance, and Historical MemoryJameson Sweet, University ofMinnesota

Session 1Indian History & Culture I

Chair: John McIntyre

9:00 - 9:30 a.m.

Registration (CWS Fantle Building) 8:15 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Session 2People & PlacesChair: Tony Haga

Session 3The West

Chair: Gary Earl

Session 4Archives & MemoryChair: Aaron Woodard

9:35 - 10:05 a.m.

10:10 - 10:40 a.m.

10:45 - 11:15 a.m.

11:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.

The U.S. Governmental Responseto the 1862 Dakota ConflictRobyn Swets, Sioux Falls, SD

Prelude to Wounded Knee 1890David Kvernes, Carbondale, IL

Indian Archive Project:Genealogical and HistoricalResources at the South DakotaState ArchivesVirginia Hanson, Pierre, SD

Peter Norbeck: Brought ArtesianWater to the Prairie and CommonSense to Washington D.C.Jean Rahja, Aberdeen, SD

Breakneck: “Famous” Hill in SiouxCounty, IowaGordon Iseminger, University ofNorth Dakota

Aeneas MacKay in the White RiverBadlands, August,1849Elwin Rogers, Moorhead, MN

Writing Local History: TheFactual, the Fictive, and theMissing in Six: A Football CoachʼsJourney to a National Record, byMarc RasmussenWayne Kvam, Kent, OH

Central Meade County TenacityBob Benson, Sioux Falls, SD

Homesteading in Dakota TerritoryAlvin Kangas, Lake Norden, SD

Celebrating 150 Years of theHomestead ActMarian Cramer, Bryant, SD

I Paid All My Debts (A NorthDakota Saga)Lloyd Svendsbye, Eden Prairie, MN

World War II Letters from NativeServicemenRebekah Walker, Augustana College(student)

Letters from Mary Collins andFrank WatersSebastian Forbush, AugustanaCollege (student)

Augustana in the 1940s Alden Hovda, Joyce Olson, EuniceMansfield, Marjorie Hanson Meester,and Arlen Viste, Sioux Falls, SD

Letters of LoveSandy Jerstad, Sioux Falls, SD

Session 5: Lunch (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required)Presiding: Harry Thompson, Augustana CollegeAddress: Reporterʼs Notebook: Covering Wounded Knee from the Inside, Kevin McKiernan, Santa Barbara, CA

Me & Wounded Knee: HistoricPhotographsBob Kolbe, Sioux Falls, SD

Session 6Indian Art & Photography

Chair: Michael Haug

1:15 - 1:45 p.m.

Session 7Oral History

Chair: Deb Hagemeier

Session 8Authors

Chair: Blair Tremere

Session 9Indian History & Culture II

Chair: Gary D. Olson

1:50 - 2:20 p.m.

2:25 - 2:55 p.m.

3:00 - 3:30 p.m.

3:30 - 3:45 p.m.

Oscar Howeʼs Wounded KneeMassacre and the Politics &Popular Culture of an AmericanArt Masterpiece Edward Welch, Augustana College

Ghost Dance Material at theNational Museum of the AmericanIndianEmil Her Many Horses, Washington,D.C.

Interpretations of Wounded Knee1973 and 1890Tim Hoheisel, Augustana College

The South Dakota Oral HistoryCenter: Documenting the NorthernPlains through Oral HistoryJennifer McIntyre and Jessica Neal,South Dakota Oral History Center,University of South Dakota

The Digital Library of SouthDakota: Considerations onWounded Knee Oral InterviewsDanielle De Jager Loftus, DavidAlexander, Kathleen McElhinny, and Dan Daily, University of SouthDakota Libraries

Boosting the Black Hills: TourismPromotion, 1880-1941Suzanne Barta Julin, Missoula, MT

Indigenous Poetry and Blood RunBuildersAllison Hedge Coke, University ofNebraska Kearney, and Renee Sans Souci, Sioux City,IA

Letters from Mary Riggs andHerbert Krause Cory Sugden, Augustana College(student)

The Village on the BluffRon Robinson and Adrien Hannus,Augustana College

Dissent in Indian CountryElizabeth Cook-Lynn, Rapid City, SD

Race and Perception: The 1973American Indian MovementProtest in Custer, SDJustin Hammer, Rapid City, SD

Unjustifiable Expectations:Reservations and TribalJurisdictionAnn Tweedy, Hamline Law School

Bureaucratic Propaganda &Persuasion: The Case ofWilsonian Rhetoric during the1973 Wounded Knee IncidentChad Newswander, University ofSouth Dakota

Refreshments (CWS Fantle Building)

Friday, April 27

Racism in Reverse: The WilliamBrown IncidentTerry Townsend, Kilian CommunityCollege

Session 10Plains History IChair: Tom Houle

3:50 - 4:20 p.m.

Session 11Indian History & Culture III

Chair: Edward Welch

Session 12Plains History IIChair: Bob Kolbe

Session 13Panel—Revisiting Key Questions

Concerning the 1973 Takeover andOccupation of Wounded Knee

Chair: Lynn Aspaas

Joseph and John Trimbach, authors of American Indian Mafia

Paul DeMain, publisher, News from Indian County

Denise Maloney, daughter of Anna Mae Aquash

4:25 - 4:55 p.m.

5:00 - 5:30 p.m.

5:35 - 6:05 p.m.

6:15 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.

Letters from William Clevelandand Max EvansMathew Garred, Augustana College(student)

Archival Records of the BergsakerHall Occupation at the Center forWestern StudiesElizabeth Thrond, Augustana College

Bergsaker Hall Occupation:Reflections from an EyewitnessDavid Kemp, Sioux Falls, SD

Dawes Revisited: TerminationPolicies of the Eisenhower EraKent LaCombe, University ofNebraska-Lincoln

We Will Remember SurvivalGroup: Education from Activism Marcella Gilbert, Marty, SD

Indian Agency SchoolAdministration 1891-1896: EdythForney's ExperienceCelia Benson, Sioux Falls, SD

I Can't Forgive You for Hitting MeUntil You Stop: On the Prospectsof Cultural ReconciliationJohn Gehm, Sioux Falls, SD

Catlin and Audubon—Impressionsof the Fur Trade FrontierBrad Tennant, Presentation College

Divide and Conquer—Fur TraderManuel Lisa and the Sioux in theWar of 1812Aaron Woodard, Kilian CommunityCollege

Letters from Samuel Woodfordand Martin Larson Abby DeGroot, Augustana College(student)

Letters from Bishop Hare andFrederick ManfredJordan Dobrowski, AugustanaCollege (student)

Session 14: Dinner (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required) Presiding: Tim Hoheisel, Augustana CollegeRecognition of Authors Attending ConferencePresentation of Awards for 2011 Papers: (Amateur) Arthur I. and Willmeta Johnson Award and Richard Cropp Award;

(Professional) Herbert W. Blakely Award and Ernest M.Teagarden Award; (Student) Cedric Cummins Award; Carol Martin Mashek Award in Womenʼs History; and Ardyce Samp Award

Address: The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder, Stew Magnuson, Arlington, VA

Friday, April 27

8:00 - 9:00 p.m. Special Event: Russell Means, “Wounded Knee, Before, During, and After” (Chapel of Reconciliation, Tickets Required)Free to those who have paid full registration and Augustana students and faculty with ID. Tickets are $10 each for all others.

Refreshments (CWS Fantle Building)

Saturday, April 28

Session 15Panel—Investigations and

Prosecutions Arising out of the1973 Wounded Knee Occupation

Chair: Brad Tennant

Duane Brewer, Pine Ridge, SD

David Gienapp, Madison, SD

James McMahon, Sioux Falls, SD

David Price, Rochester, MN

7:55 - 8:25 a.m.

Trail Breakfast (CWS Fantle Building) Registration Desk Open 7:30 a.m. - 12 noon

Session 16South Dakota HistoryChair: Elizabeth Thrond

Session 17Film Session: Reflections on 1968

and the American IndianMovement

Chair: Richard Muller

“Another Direction,” 10-minute documentary

“Taking AIM: The Story of theAmerican Indian Movement,”

10-minute documentary

“Hanto Po: An HistoricalPhotographic Essay on the

American Indian Movement,” 56-minute documentary

Loris Sofia Gregory, Apple Valley, MN

Session 18Panel—Plains Political Tradition

Chair: Jonathan Ellis

Jonathan K. Lauck,Sioux Falls, SD

Michael Card,University of South Dakota

Molly Rozum, Doane College

Kenneth Blanchard,Northern State University

8:30 - 9:00 a.m.

9:05 - 9:35 a.m.

9:40 - 10:10 a.m.

10:15 - 10:30 a.m.

Dancing With Ghosts: WoundedKnee 1890, Forty Years LaterBlair Tremere, Golden Valley, MN

Damned Indians RevisitedMichael Lawson, Washington, D.C.

Every Stone has a StoryRobert Black, Sioux Falls, SD

Social History in a Rural SouthDakota Township circa 1910Grant K. Anderson, LeCenter, MN

Writing about Place: London,Sioux Falls, the Plains, and PoetryPatrick Hicks, Augustana College

Jules Sandoz: A Waldensian atWounded KneeRichard Voorhees, Bayport, MN

Session 19Panel—Warrior Women of

Wounded Knee and Beyond Chair: Karla Abbott

Elizabeth Castle,University of South Dakota

Madonna Thunder Hawk,Eagle Butte, SD

Marcella Gilbert,Marty, SD

Danyelle Means,Newburgh, NY

10:35 - 11:05 a.m.

Session 20Wounded Knee & the Media

Chair: David Kvernes

Session 21People

Chair: Shon Cronk

Session 22Panel—Robert WuthnowʼsRemaking the Heartland:

Middle America since the 1950sChair: Jonathan K. Lauck

Pamela Riney-Kehrberg,Iowa State University

Annette Atkins, College of Saint Benedict/

Saint Johnʼs University

John E. Miller,South Dakota State University

(Emeritus)

Richard J. Jensen, University of Illinois-Chicago

11:10 - 11:40 a.m.

11:45 a.m. - 12:15 p.m.

12:15 - 1:00 p.m.

Wounded Knee: A JournalistReminiscesRichard Muller, University of SouthDakota

Visualizing Wounded Knee:Mainstream and Indigenous MediaJace DeCory, Black Hills StateUniversity

Hero or Villain: Newspaper Imagesof AIM at Wounded Knee 1973Mavis Richardson, Minnesota StateUniversity, Mankato

Lincolnʼs Quest for the PresidencyMiles Browne, Urbandale, IA

Finding Genealogy Information inNorwayVerlyss Jacobson, Lennox, SD

Winter on the Range: TheBlizzards of 1944 in the Letters ofMargaret Swenson and Clarice“Kay” Swenson Weiss Loren Amundson, Sioux Falls, SD

Saturday, April 28

Session 23: Northern Plains Autograph Party (CWS Fantle Building) Elizabeth Castle, “ʻThe Original Gangsterʼ: The Life and Times of Red Power Activist Madonna Thunder Hawk,”

The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism (Rutgers University Press)Sandy Jerstad, Letters of Love: Sermons and Reflections by Mark and Sandy Jerstad (Zion Publishing)Suzanne Barta Julin, A Marvelous Hundred Square Miles: Black Hills Tourism, 1880-1941 (South Dakota State Historical Society Press)Allison Hedge Coke, Blood Run (Salt Publishing); Allison Hedge Coke, ed., and Renee Sans Souci, Sing: Poetry from the Indigenous Americas

(University of Arizona Press)Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, A Separate Country: Postcoloniality and American Indian Nations (Texas Tech University Press), and A Harvest of Words:

Contemporary South Dakota Poetry (Center for Western Studies)Patrick Hicks, A Harvest of Words: Contemporary South Dakota Poetry (Center for Western Studies)Jon Lauck, John Miller, and Donald Simmons, eds., The Plains Political Tradition: Essays on South Dakota Political Culture (South Dakota State

Historical Society Press)Michael Lawson, Dammed Indians Revisited: The Continuing History of the Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux (South Dakota State

Historical Society Press)

List of authors continues on following page…

Continued list of authors…

Stew Magnuson, The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns (Texas Tech University Press)

Russell Means, Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means (St. Martinʼs Griffin)Ron Robinson, with Adrien Hannus, The Village on the Bluff: Prehistoric Farmers/Hunters of the James River Valley (Archeology Laboratory)Lloyd Svendsbye, I Paid All My Debts: A Norwegian-American Immigrant Saga of Life on the Prairie of North Dakota (Lutheran University Press)Joseph Trimbach and John Trimbach, American Indian Mafia: An FBI Agent's True Story about Wounded Knee, Leonard Peltier, and the

American Indian Movement (AIM) (Outskirts Press)Robert Wuthnow, Remaking the Heartland: Middle America in the 1950s (Princeton University Press)

Saturday, April 28

1:15 - 2:30 p.m. Session 24: Luncheon (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required) Presiding: Tony Haga, Chair, CWS Board of DirectorsAward for Distinguished Contribution: Lillian Johnsson, Chamberlain, SDAddress: Reflections on Wounded Knee 1973, Senator James Abourezk, Sioux Falls, SD, Wounded Knee resident Michael Her Many

Horses, Wounded Knee, SD, and AIM co-founder Clyde Bellecourt, Minneapolis, MN

2:45 - 4:00 p.m. Special Film ScreeningPost-conference Event: Screening of “A Good Day to Die: The Movement that Started a Revolution and Inspired a Nation,”

the Dennis Banks documentary (following lunch, Morrison Commons, 3-in-1 Room)*A special screening is made possible by a Media Project Grant from the South Dakota Humanities Councilwww.agooddaytodiefilm.com/

Notes

The Center for Western StudiesAugustana College2001 South Summit AvenueSioux Falls, SD 57197

NON-PROFITORGANIZATIONU.S. POSTAGE

PAIDPIERRE

SOUTH DAKOTAPERMIT NO. 123