WORTH: 100 200 300 400 500 Enlightenment Thought The Philosophes Enlightened Despots Enlightened...
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Transcript of WORTH: 100 200 300 400 500 Enlightenment Thought The Philosophes Enlightened Despots Enlightened...
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EnlightenmentThought
The Philosophes
Enlightened Despots
Enlightened Religion
Terms/ Ideas
The Enlightenment and Eighteenth Century Thought
WORTH:
Who was Francois Marie Arouet or Voltaire.
He was the most famous of the 18th Century Philosophes, who wrote Candide, a satire on French society, and Letters on the English, which praised the English government.
100 200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Philosophes
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Who was Immanuel Kant?
He was the German Philosophe who wrote, A Critique on Pure Reason, and divided truth into a priori, or that which is known and empirical truth, which can be experienced by the senses.
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SUBJECT:Philosophes
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What was The Spectator?
This was the publication printed by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, which promoted the reading of books, and the value of polite discussion.
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SUBJECT:Philosophes
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Who were Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert?
These were the two French Philosophes who edited the Encyclopedia, a collection of essays and illustrations that eventually numbered seventeen volumes of text and eleven of illustrations.
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SUBJECT:Philosophes
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Who was Jean –Jacques Rousseau?He was the French Philosophe who asked the question of what really constitutes the good life? He also said that civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature, as well as that society was more important than the individual.
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SUBJECT:Philosophes
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Who were Isaac Newton and John Locke?
These are the two Englishmen that influenced the philosophes of the Enlightenment and championed empirical thought and research.
100 200 300 400 500 SUBJECT: Enlightenment Thought
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What were the Salons? One of these Salons was maintained by Madame Helvetius, wife of the scientist Helvetius. Ben Franklin reportedly proposed to her, when she refused, out of devotion to her late husband, Franklin claimed he had visited Heaven in a dream and found Helvetius married there to Franklin's own deceased love, Deborah."Come, let us revenge ourselves," sly dog.
These were the meeting places for the Philosophes, and the educated middle class, to meet and discuss the ideas of the day in the 18th Century.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
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What was Montesquieu’s, Spirit of the Laws? ( he spent
20 years researching and writing this masterpiece)
This was the important work that praised the English form of government and devised the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances which influenced the U.S. Constitution.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
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What were Newspapers and Print Culture?
This was the new medium that allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to spread to the educated middle class and aristocracy.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
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Who were the Physiocrats? ( Free Enterprise and Laissez
faire)
These were the economic reformers of the Enlightenment with Francois Quesnay and Pierre Dupont leading the way, with Adam Smith championing the cause in the English speaking world.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
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Who were Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II, (the Great) of Prussia
and Catherine II ( the Great) of Russia?
These are the three monarchs of the 18th century most closely associated with the Enlightenment and considered by some of the Philosophes to be Enlightened Despots.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
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Who was Frederick II of Prussia? ( most of the reforms were used to
justify Frederick’s expansionist policies)
He was the monarch who after over a decade of continuous fighting sought to promote Enlightenment ideas in agriculture, a mortgage credit system, religious tolerance, and a codification of laws.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
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Who was Joseph II of Austria?
He was the monarch who was nicknamed the “ Peasant Emperor” and slept on a straw pallet and ate mostly beef, which may explain his humorless personality. He did attempt to end serfdom in his domains, limit the power of the Catholic Church, improved agriculture and transportation and attempted to tax the nobility.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
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Who was Catherine II ( the Great of Russia)? Her husband
Peter III was probably murdered with at least her knowledge and at worst
case her assistance.This was the monarch, who lived in fear for 20 years at the court of Elizabeth I, and after a brief interlude becomes the “Enlightened Monarch” who rules from 1762 until 1796.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
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What was Poland? (Partition of 1772, 1793, and 1795)?
This is the country that completely disappears, divided by the three Enlightened Despots, who supposedly embraced the philosophes disgust with warfare, but actually embrace huge tracts of territory of this country that does not re-emerge until after World I.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
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What was Deism? (a belief that most holy scriptures are human generated and thus subject to
interpretation)This was the religion of the Enlightenment, including those enlightened thinkers like Jefferson, Franklin, and Madison, who were religiously tolerant and dedicated to science and reason.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
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What was Islam?
This was the religion that was often criticized by Enlightened Philosophes and was looked on by Voltaire, a voice of religious toleration, as a religion of fanaticism.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
WORTH:
Who was Edward Gibbon in his, History of the Decline and Fall
of the Roman Empire?
This was the influential historian and writer who along with other causes, blamed Christianity for the fall of the Roman Empire.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
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What was, The Turkish Embassy Letters, written by
Lady Mary Montagu?
This was a literary work written by an English woman who had access to women’s quarters in the Ottoman Empire and wrote that Turkish women were relatively free and well treated by their husbands.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
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What was Nathan the Wise, written by Gotthold Lessing?
This was the play written in 1779, by a German playwright and critic which called for religious toleration for all religions, not just Christianity.
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SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
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Who was Voltaire?
He was the famous philosophe who stated, “Crush the infamous thing”, referring to the Catholic Church and “ I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”, defending free speech.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
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Who was Baruch Spinoza?This was the Jewish writer who was criticized by both his Jewish peers and Christians alike for looking at religion and nature with a scientific approach, and in his work Ethics states that they are closely entwined and that man is just another part of the natural world.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
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Who was Cesare Beccaria?
He was the Italian Philosphe who proposed a reform in the prison system prevalent in Europe during the 18th century in his work, “On Crimes and Punishment”.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
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Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau? ( he may have been afraid of child support, since
he deserted his wife and children) This was the Philosophe who in his
novel Emile set forth a rather traditional and conservative approach to the role of women and stated that they operated in different spheres then men, and should be educated to be subordinate to men.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
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Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? ( mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly author of Frankenstein )
She was the woman writer and Philosophe who advocated an equal education for women which would allow them to envision all the possibilities that were open to men.
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SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
